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At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Flaubert and Madame Bovary: an intimate courtship.

The process by which Gustave Flaubert created the character of Emma Bovary is examined, as are various of the author's sources for the heroine and their transformation in the course of composing the novel. Certain aspects of the authors psychic makeup, including his bisexuality, are discussed in this light, as are Flaubert's early traumatic losses and their influence on his way of working. Finally, it is suggested that writing had multiple functions for the author and that the creation of Emma Bovary served as a partial solution to unmet needs.

Famous Persons↗
PubMed2001

[Brain central regions in courtship sound production in Drosophila melanogaster].

There are debates about the function of the two main central brain structures of insects--mushroom bodies and the central complex--in the control of motor co-ordination and triggering of different behaviour programs including sound production. To throw additional light onto this problem we analysed the parameters of the love song produced by 5-day old males courting for 5 minutes a fertilised CS female at 25 degrees C, in two wild-type strains of Drosophila melanogaster (Berlin and CS), hydroxyurea (HU)-treated flies (chemical ablation of the mushroom bodies) two mushroom body mutants (mbm1 and mud1), two central complex mutants (ccbKS127 and cexKS181) and a mutant cxbN71 with defects both in the mushroom bodies and in the central complex. It was found that the love song of HU-treated flies devoid of the mushroom bodies is very similar to that of wild-type flies. In mbm1 and mud1 the main parameters of the song (interpulse interval, IPI, and train duration) are slightly shifted from those of wild type but the sharpness of tuning of the pulse oscillator is the same. The flies of all these strains are equal to wild-type strains in mating success (% of copulations with virgins in 10-min test). On the contrary, the songs of the central complex mutants differ from those of wild-type flies. First of all, the sharpness of tuning of the pulse oscillator is destroyed,--the IPIs become highly variable. The pulses often are much longer and polycyclic as in well known cacophony mutant. The mean duration of pulse trains is much shorter. The males of the mutant cexKS181 usually court violently, but in most cases abnormal sounds are produced. Both cexKS181 and ccbKS127 males are much less successful in matings in comparison to wild-type flies. One can conclude that the central complex plays probably a very important role in the control of singing, whereas the mushroom bodies are practically not involved in this function.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Intrahypothalamic implantation of progesterone in castrated male whiptail lizards (Cnemidophorus inornatus) elicits courtship and copulatory behavior and affects androgen receptor- and progesterone receptor-mRNA expression in the brain.

A primary tenet of behavioral neuroendocrinology is that gonadal steroid hormones act on limbic nuclei to activate mating behavior in vertebrates. Traditionally, research has focused on the regulation of male-typical sexual behavior by testicular androgens and female-typical sexual behavior by ovarian estrogen and progesterone. Indeed, progesterone generally is regarded as an antiandrogen, acting centrally to inhibit sexual behavior in males. However, experiments with lizards, and more recently with rats, have challenged this paradigm. For example, exogenous progesterone induces mating behavior in some, but not all, castrated male whiptail lizards. The present study determined that implantation of progesterone into the anterior hypothalamus preoptic area of castrated, progesterone-sensitive males completely restored sexual behavior but failed to elicit sexual activity in castrated, progesterone-insensitive males. Further, androgen receptor -and progesterone receptor-mRNA expression in specific brain regions was significantly different in progesterone-sensitive versus progesterone-insensitive animals. Progesterone-sensitive males showed significantly higher relative abundance of androgen receptor-mRNA in the preoptic area, amygdala, and lateral septum, as compared with progesterone-insensitive animals receiving the same treatment. In contrast, progesterone receptor-mRNA abundance was lower in preoptic area of progesterone-sensitive males than in progesterone-insensitive males. No differences were found in the baseline abundance of androgen receptor-or progesterone receptor-mRNA in these nuclei between control groups of progesterone-sensitive and progesterone-insensitive males who were castrated but not implanted. This suggests that progesterone differentially regulates its own receptor as well as androgen receptor in areas of the brain involved in the control of sexual behavior of males and that the nature of this regulation shows individual variability.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1998

Campus courtship behavior and fear of human immunodeficiency virus infection by university students.

Data were collected by telephone from a random sample of 762 students at the University of Northern Colorado to examine students' fear of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and their suggested approaches to prevent the spread of the disease. Of the 762 students interviewed, 177 (24.1%) believed that HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was a threat to socialization on campus. Fourteen percent of the female students considered HIV/AIDS to be a threat compared with 10.1% of their male counterparts. Among all interviewees, 573 (76.7%) believed HIV/AIDS was a threat to romance at the university. Statistically significant association was found between the perceived fear of HIV/AIDS and gender. With regard to actual sexual intercourse, 86.4% of the students believed that HIV/AIDS was a major threat compared with 13.6% who did not. The association between the perception about HIV/AIDS as a threat to on-campus sexual intercourse and gender was statistically significant. Of the entire sample, 69.3% suggested abstinence as an approach to avoid HIV infection. Slightly more than 24% suggested condom use. Eighteen (10.8%) students advised that sexual contact should be only with a trusted partner. More information about HIV/AIDS should be provided to all students, especially women, in institutions of higher learning. More information can reduce the fear associated with this deadly disease.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2004

Effects of melatonin on the behavioral and hormonal responses of red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) to exogenous corticosterone.

We investigated possible interactions between melatonin and corticosterone in modulating the reproductive behavior of male red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) following spring emergence. We also examined whether melatonin's modulatory actions could be explained by its potential properties as a serotonin receptor antagonist. Exogenous corticosterone significantly reduced courtship behavior of male snakes in a dose-dependent manner. Melatonin also significantly reduced courtship behavior of male garter snakes. Pretreatment with melatonin before administering corticosterone treatments further suppressed courtship behavior of red-sided garter snakes. These results indicate additive inhibitory effects of melatonin and corticosterone in modulating reproductive behavior. Snakes receiving ketanserin, a serotonergic type 2A receptor antagonist, followed by corticosterone also showed reduced courtship behavior; this serotonin receptor antagonist followed by treatment with vehicle did not significantly influence courtship behavior of male snakes. Neither melatonin nor corticosterone treatments significantly influenced testosterone + 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone concentrations of male garter snakes, supporting a direct effect of melatonin and corticosterone on courtship behavior that is independent of any effect on androgen concentrations. We propose that a serotonin system is involved in the modulation of male courtship behavior by melatonin and corticosterone. In addition, our data support the hypothesis that melatonin may function as a serotonin receptor antagonist. Further research is necessary to discern whether the actions of melatonin and corticosterone are converging on the same pathway or if their effects on different pathways are having additive inhibitory effects on courtship behavior.

Analysis of Variance↗