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At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Retained presumed intraocular cotton fiber after cataract operation: long-term follow-up with in vivo confocal microscopy.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the long-term clinical outcomes in eyes with retained presumed intraocular cotton fibers after cataract surgery. SETTING: Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Hong Kong, The People's Republic of China. METHODS: A retrospective review of 19 eyes with retained presumed intraocular cotton fibers after cataract surgery was performed. Outcome measures were fiber-related complications. In vivo confocal microscopy was performed in eyes with entrapped cotton fibers at the wound site. RESULTS: The duration of retained presumed cotton fibers ranged from 5 to 110 months (mean 42.3 months). No complications were noted in any of these eyes, including endophthalmitis, persistent uveitis, or corneal endothelial cell loss. In vivo confocal microscopy in eyes with entrapped fibers at the wound site showed normal corneal endothelium morphology with no keratocyte activation or inflammatory response. CONCLUSIONS: Retained presumed fibers after cataract operations are more common than anticipated. In contrast to other organic foreign bodies, these retained fibers appear to be well tolerated. Conservative treatment can be adopted for these fibers as these pose minimal toxicity to the eye.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Morphological defects in cotton hairs and the nature of their origin.

In vivo observations of the origin of native defects in cotton hairs were carried out during their development in unopened cotton bolls. It is shown that the formation of these structural defects is related to features of their packing inside the cotton bolts during the formation of the boll segments. A mechanism explaining the origination of these morphological defects is proposed. It is based on the hydrodynamic properties of the cytoplasm at the sites of bending in developing cotton hairs.

Cotton Fiber↗
PubMed2005

Effect of humidity on the supramolecular structure of cotton, studied by quantitative spin probing.

The effect of water content on the physicochemical properties of the amorphous regions in cotton were investigated by measuring the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) of TEMPOL nitroxide radicals, deposited in cotton at different loadings, as a function of the relative humidity (RH) and temperature. Three different components contribute differently to the experimental EPR spectra, corresponding to (a) mobile radicals absorbed in the bulk amorphous region, (b) slow moving radicals adsorbed on the crystallite surfaces in cotton, and (c) aggregated radicals. These components were analyzed by means of computer-aided simulations of the line shapes and simplified line width methods. Polarity and mobility parameters were extracted from the analysis of the spectra. For all loadings and temperatures, the polarity suddenly dropped when the water content fell below approximately 3 wt %, i.e., when water was removed from the bulk amorphous regions. At the lowest loading (2 x 10(-5) mol kg(-1)), the spectra were independent of the RH, and only mobile radicals were observed. At intermediate loading (10(-4)-10(-3) mol kg(-1)) both mobile (fast) and adsorbed (slow) moving radicals were present, the fraction of which depended on the RH. The mobility of the adsorbed and mobile radical signals was smaller at higher loadings, indicating microdomains of different character. The temperature dependence of the rotational correlation times provided the activation energies, which were much lower than in liquids. An equilibrium exists between the mobile and the adsorbed radicals. The temperature dependence of the equilibrium constant, K, gave the enthalpy and the entropy of the adsorption process. At low RH, the enthalpy and the entropy values indicated a simple adsorption process. At 10(-3) mol kg(-1), the values were independent of the RH, but at low loadings the values increased with the increase in the RH, which suggested a displacement of adsorbed water by the radicals at high water content. At loadings above 10(-3) mol kg(-1), signals from radicals strongly interacting via spin exchange were observed, which are assigned to aggregated radicals; simulation of the spectra gave an activation energy of 13 kJ mol(-1) for the spin exchange process. These effects are rationalized on the basis of microdomains of different character within cotton, reflecting the variation in pore sizes (0.5-8 nm) and the relaxation behavior of the cellulose chains.

Cotton Fiber↗
PubMed2004

Characterization of the brassinosteroid insensitive 1 genes of cotton.

Suppression of brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthesis in cotton ovules by treatment with brassinazole inhibits fiber formation, indicating that BR plays an important role in cotton fiber development. Plant responses to brassinosteroids (BR) are mediated through a plasma membrane-bound leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor-like protein kinase known as BRI1. Mutations in the BRI1 genes of several species result in dwarfed plants with reduced sensitivity to BR. A single expressed sequence tag (EST) from cotton with strong sequence similarity to Arabidopsis BRI1 ( AtBRI1 ) was identified in a search of publicly available databases. With this EST as a starting point, full-length cDNAs and genomic coding sequences from upland cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum ) BRI1 ( GhBRI1 ) were obtained and characterized. Ectopic expression of this coding sequence in BR-insensitive Arabidopsis plants resulted in recovery of normal growth indicating that GhBRI1 is a functional homologue of AtBRI1. G. hirsutum is an allotetraploid (AADD) derived from diploid ancestors. Analysis of several GhBRI1 cDNAs showed two distinct sequences indicating the presence of two GhBRI1 genes, denoted GhBRI1-1 and GhBRI1-2. Sequence comparisons between these GhBRI1 coding sequences and those from related A and D genome diploid Gossypium species ( G. arboreum and G. thurberi ) indicated that GhBRI1-1 is likely to the A sub-genome orthologue while GhBRI1-2 is from the D sub-genome.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

The fungal profile of cotton lint from diverse sources and implications for occupational health.

There is mounting evidence that inhalation of fungal spores and their fragments and toxins may cause respiratory illness, particularly in indoor environments and industrial settings. However, analysis of these organisms on cotton has not been carried out in detail and, hence, further examination may prove important in identifying sources of these organisms and assessing the risks posed to cotton workers. This study identified fungi from cotton lint samples originating in 12 world regions and revealed six different fungal genera, with the following rank order of sample isolation incidence: Aspergillus > Cladosporium > Fusarium > Rhizopus > Penicillium > Alternaria. Aspergillus was the most common genus and Aspergillus niger in particular was the pecies most frequently identified. Improved understanding of the variety of organisms that contaminate cotton may help to reduce prevalence of organic dust-related lung diseases.

Cotton Fiber↗
PubMed2004

Chromosomal assignment of RFLP linkage groups harboring important QTLs on an intraspecific cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Joinmap.

Chromosome identities were assigned to 15 linkage groups of the RFLP joinmap developed from four intraspecific cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) populations with different genetic backgrounds (Acala, Delta, and Texas Plains). The linkage groups were assigned to chromosomes by deficiency analysis of probes in the previously published joinmap, based on genomic DNA from hypoaneuploid chromosome substitution lines. These findings were integrated with QTL identification for multiple fiber and yield traits. Overall results revealed the presence of 63 QTLs on five different chromosomes of the A subgenome (chromosomes-03, -07, -09, -10, and -12) and 29 QTLs on the three different D subgenome (chromosomes-14 Lo, -20, and the long arm of -26). Linkage group-1 (chromosome-03) harbored 26 QTLs, covering 117 cM with 54 RFLP loci. Linkage group-2, (the long arm of chromosome-26) harbored 19 QTLs, covering 77.6 cM with 27 RFLP loci. Approximately 49% of the putative 92 QTLs for agronomic and fiber quality traits were placed on the above two major joinmap linkage groups, which correspond to just two different chromosomes, indicating that cotton chromosomes may have islands of high and low meiotic recombination like some other eukaryotic organisms. In addition, it reveals highly recombined and putative gene abundant regions in the cotton genome. QTLs for fiber quality traits in certain regions are located between two RFLP markers with an average of less than one cM (approximately 0.4-0.6 Mb) and possibly represent targets for map-based cloning. Identification of chromosomal location of RFLP markers common to different intra- and interspecific-populations will facilitate development of portable framework markers, as well as genetic and physical mapping of the cotton genome.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2004

A plant-specific kinesin binds to actin microfilaments and interacts with cortical microtubules in cotton fibers.

A novel kinesin, GhKCH1, has been identified from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) fibers. GhKCH1 has a centrally located kinesin catalytic core, a signature neck peptide of minus end-directed kinesins, and a unique calponin homology (CH) domain at its N terminus. GhKCH1 and other CH domain-containing kinesins (KCHs) belong to a distinct branch of the minus end-directed kinesin subfamily. To date the KCH kinesins have been found only in higher plants. Because the CH domain is often found in actin-binding proteins, we proposed that GhKCH1 might play a role in mediating dynamic interaction between microtubules and actin microfilaments in cotton fibers. In an in vitro actin-binding assay, GhKCH1's N-terminal region including the CH domain interacted directly with actin microfilaments. In cotton fibers, GhKCH1 decorated cortical microtubules in a punctate manner. Occasionally GhKCH1 was found to be associated with transverse-cortical actin microfilaments, but never with axial actin cables in cotton fibers. Localization of GhKCH1 on cortical microtubules was independent of the integrity of actin microfilaments. Thus, GhKCH1 may play a role in organizing the actin network in coordination with the cortical microtubule array. These data also suggest that flowering plants may employ unique KCHs to coordinate actin microfilaments and microtubules during cell growth.

Actin Cytoskeleton↗
PubMed2005

A 20-year follow-up study on chronic respiratory effects of exposure to cotton dust.

In order to evaluate chronic effects of long-term exposure to cotton dust on respiratory health, and the role of dust and endotoxin, longitudinal changes in lung function and respiratory symptoms were observed prospectively from 1981 to 2001 in 447 cotton textile workers, along with 472 silk textile controls. The results from five surveys conducted over the 20-yr period are reported, including standardised questionnaires, pre- and post-shift spirometric measurements, work-area inhalable dust sample collections and airborne Gram-bacterial endotoxin analysis. Cotton workers had more persistent respiratory symptoms and greater annual declines in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity as compared with silk workers. After exposure cessation, in the final 5-yr period, the rate of FEV1 decline tended to slow in nonsmoking males, but not in nonsmoking females. Workers who reported byssinotic symptoms more persistently suffered greater declines in FEV1. Chronic loss in lung function was more strongly associated with exposure to endotoxin than to dust. In conclusion, the current study suggests that long-term exposure to cotton dust, in which airborne endotoxin appears to play an important role, results in substantial adverse chronic respiratory effects.

Byssinosis↗
PubMed2005

Mode of action of cellulases on dyed cotton with a reactive dye.

Cotton woven fabrics which were previously dyed with a reactive dye were treated with a commercial cellulase preparation. Dyeing with a reactive dye for cotton apparently inhibited the weight loss activity and saccharification activity of cellulase. In addition, dyed cotton was treated with highly purified cellulases which were exo-type cellulases (Cellobiohydrolase I (CBH I) and Cellobiohydrolase II (CBH II)) and endo-type cellulase (Endoglucanase II (EG II)). Exo-type cellulases were inhibited more than endo-type cellulase by dyeing in the case of saccharification activity. CBH I was severely inhibited by dyeing as compared with CBH II or EG II from the viewpoint of morphological changes in the fiber surface. Dyes on the cellulose substrates severely influenced CBH I in spite of the rare modification, because CBH I hydrolyzed cellulose with true-processive action. The change in the activity of each cellulase component on dyed cotton can affect the synergistic action of cellulases.

Cellulase↗
PubMed2005

Analysis of sticky cotton by near-infrared spectroscopy.

"Stickiness" in cotton is a major problem affecting throughput in cotton gins and spinning mills alike. Stickiness is thought to be caused by the deposition of sugars by insects, principally aphid and whitefly, on the open boll. Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy was used to develop models for sugar content from high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), thermodetector, and mini-card data. A total of 457 cotton samples were selected to represent both Upland and Pima varieties and cotton processing before and after ginning. The Unscrambler was used to develop the models. A successful model was made to determine the mini-card value and successfully detect "stickiness". The standard error of cross-validation (SECv) was 0.26 with an R2 of 0.96. The model was not improved by increasing the range of "stickiness" as measured by the mini-card from the usual 0-3 scale to a scale of 0-8. If a value is determined to be greater than 1 it will be difficult to blend bales at a spinning plant "opening line" to allow for maximum efficiency of spinning.

Carbohydrates↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Anal cytology as a screening method for early detection of anal cancer: are hydrophilic cotton smears really unsatisfactory?].

PURPOSE: To test the ability of analpaps performed with cotton swab smears to produce satisfactory cytologic readings as compared to traditional sampling materials. METHODS: 318 consecutive patients were examined at the Ambulatório Araújo Lima of Hospital Universitario Getúlio Vargas in the Anal Cancer Prevention Week and were sampled for the performance of analpap. 180 of these patients were randomly sorted to be sampled by either one of the following materials: cytologic brush, dacron swab or cotton swab. The ability of cotton in producing satisfactory anal cytologic readings as compared to dacron and cytologic brush was analised. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference among the materials employed in the ability to produce satisfactory citological readings in analpaps. (p > 0.05) CONCLUSION: Our results showed that cotton swabs were as efficient as dacron swabs or cytologic brushes in the ability to produce satisfactory analpap readings.

Anal Canal↗
PubMed2005

[Cloning and expression analysis of two Rac genes from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)].

Plant Rac proteins belong to an important group of signal switches anchoring on membranes, involved in various physiological processes including cell polar growth, synthesis of secondary wall, resistance response and hormone signaling. In the attempt to elucidate the molecular mechanism of initiation and elongation of cotton fiber, two cotton Rac protein genes, designated as GhRacA and GhRacB, were amplified from elongating fibers and cloned. It was demonstrated that, the cDNA of GhRacA contained 959 bp and encoded a putative polypepetide of 211 aa, while GhRacB was 920 bp in length, encoding a predicted protein of 195 aa. These two cotton Rac proteins, GhRacA and GhRacB, contained conserved regions involved in GTP/GDP binding and activation, an effector region and a polybasic region. A conserved prenylation site CSIL was found in GhRacB, while no apparent prenylation site was discovered in GhRacA. Sequence comparisons showed that GhRacA and GhRacB were two novel Rac proteins from cotton. The expression patterns of GhRacA and GhRacB was analyzed by RT-PCR. It was demonstrated that these two Rac protein genes were both expressed in root, hypocotyls, stem, leaf and fibers, and the highest level of transcripts was to accumulate in the fibers at the stage of initiation and elongation, suggesting that the two Rac genes, GhRacA and GhRacB, might play an important role in the early stage of fiber development.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1987

Artificial impaction in hip fracture. By F. J. Cotton, 1911.

Frederic Jay Cotton (Fig. 1) was born in Prescott, Wisconsin, and educated at Harvard. After postgraduate study in New York and in Europe, he returned to Boston where he had an association with most of the important hospitals. In addition to great surgical talent, he also was an able administrator and medical politician. He is remembered primarily for his work on fractures, which is summarized in his book, Dislocations and Joint Fractures. The two editions of this book were illustrated by many of the author's own drawings. Cotton was a founder of the American College of Surgeons and served as Regent of the College as well as on the Committee on Fractures. He served in both the Spanish American War and World War I. In the summer of 1918, he was the Chief of Surgery at Walter Reed Army Hospital in Washington, D.C. This article on "Artificial Impaction in Hip Fracture" is an example of the application of a clinical observation to the development of an improvement in the care of patients. It had been known for a long time that impacted fractures of the neck of the femur healed, while displaced fractures did not. Cotton was the first to suggest that impaction, after reduction of the fracture, would be of value. Cotton published three additional papers on the use of impaction in the treatment of hip fractures, the last in 1938, the year of his death. Impaction of fractures of the neck of the femur after reduction of the displacement was rapidly incorporated into all of the procedures for internal fixation of such injuries.

Femoral Neck Fractures↗
PubMed2002

Monocyte CD14 response following endotoxin exposure in cotton spinners and office workers.

BACKGROUND: Monocyte cell surface CD14 acts as the major lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding structure, and as such is of interest in the etiology of LPS induced disease. METHODS: The objective was to assess change in monocyte cell surface CD14 and CD4+ CD25+ lymphocytes in a group of cotton workers exposed to LPS over a working week, and to compare this to changes in office workers. Twenty-five cotton workers and nine office workers were studied. Monocyte CD14 fluorescence was measured by flow cytometry, on samples taken pre-shift on a Monday morning (baseline/pre-exposure), and subsequently after 6 and 72 hr. The majority of cotton workers were exposed to at least 1 EU/m(3) of endotoxin over a working shift, and some highly exposed (between 100 and 400 EU/m(3)). RESULTS: After 6 hr of work in the mill, cotton workers developed a significant upregulation in CD14 in comparison to office workers (P = 0.016), whereas CD14 expression had returned to levels not significantly differing from the office workers at 72 hr after first work exposure (P = 0.426). CONCLUSIONS: We propose that CD14 expression on monocytes may help to determine the mechanism of action of lipopolysaccharide in producing respiratory ill health, and may ultimately play a role in monitoring the health effect associated with LPS exposure in the workplace.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

An environmental and medical study of byssinosis and other respiratory conditions in the cotton textile industry in Egypt.

This study was conducted in a typical Egyptian textile plant located in Alexandria. Male workers from all operations (N = 506) were examined and their dust exposures were assessed. Results showed that airborne dust concentrations were very high and that the plant fraction is mostly concentrated in respirable dust. Byssinosis prevailed in 21% of workers in opening and cleaning sections and in 13% in carding and combing rooms, but was found in none of the workers in drawing, twisting, and spinning operations, in only 1.1% in weaving, and in 3.1% of workers in other "auxiliary" occupations. The rare prevalence of byssinosis among the latter workers' groups was attributed to the workers' continuous exposure without fixed weekend interruption, the personal and family history of exposure to cotton, the low proportion of plant materials in dust evolved in related operations, the fine quality of Egyptian cotton, and/or the population characteristics of Egyptian workers. Reduction in FEV 1.0 at the end of the first work shift after absence from work occured more often than byssinosis, which indicates the importance of this test for the early detection of effects of cotton dust exposure. It is suggested that a nationwide study in the cotton textile industry is indicated.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Methods to assess airborne concentrations of cotton dust.

Assessment of concentrations of airborne cotton dust in the factory is necessary to determine adherence to applicable Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) on a day-to-day basis, as well as for investigatory studies of an epidemiological nature. The latter are required on an ongoing basis to determine the adequacy of PELs to prevent disease in the exposed population. A strategy of sampling includes considerations of the numbers of samples to be obtained for statistical validity and the locations of samples. Current practice is to obtain more "personal samples" of exposure wherever possible, but with regard to cotton dust, instrumentation is not available for such sampling. In the U.S., the vertical elutriator is the instrument of choice for determining the concentrations of cotton dust in air. Results are expressed as milligrams of airborne particulate (cotton dust) per cubic meter.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed2005

Micro-injection of Lygus salivary gland proteins to simulate feeding damage in alfalfa and cotton flowers.

Alfalfa and cotton flowers were pierced with small glass capillaries of an overall size and shape similar to that of Lygus stylets, and injected with small quantities (6 to 100 nL) of solutions that contained Lygus salivary enzymes. Crude and partially purified protein solutions from Lygus heads and isolated salivary glands showed substantial polygalacturonase (PG) activity, as has been previously reported. Following injection with both crude and partially purified protein solutions, as well as with pure fungal and bacterial PGs, flowers of both alfalfa and cotton exhibited damage similar to that caused by Lygus feeding. Injection with the same volume of a buffer control as well as a buffer control containing BSA at a comparable protein concentration (approximately 6 microg/mL) showed no symptoms. These results are consistent with a previously suggested hypothesis that the extensive tissue damage caused by Lygus feeding is primarily due to the action of the PG enzyme on the host tissue, rather than to mechanical damage caused by the insect stylet. Substantial genotypic variation for a PG inhibiting protein (PGIP) exists in alfalfa and cotton. We, therefore, suggest that breeding and selection for increased native PGIP levels, or transformation with genes encoding PGIP from other plant species, may be of value in obtaining alfalfa and cotton varieties that are more resistant to Lygus feeding damage.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Production of galacto-oligosaccharides from lactose by Aspergillus oryzae beta-galactosidase immobilized on cotton cloth.

The production of galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) from lactose by A. oryzae beta-galactosidase immobilized on cotton cloth was studied. The total amounts and types of GOS produced were mainly affected by the initial lactose concentration in the reaction media. In general, more and larger GOS can be produced with higher initial lactose concentrations. A maximum GOS production of 27% (w/w) of initial lactose was achieved at 50% lactose conversion with 500 g/L of initial lactose concentration. Tri-saccharides were the major types of GOS formed, accounting for more than 70% of the total GOS produced in the reactions. Temperature and pH affected the reaction rate, but did not result in any changes in GOS formation. The presence of galactose and glucose at the concentrations encountered near maximum GOS greatly inhibited the reactions and reduced GOS yield by as much as 15%. The cotton cloth as the support matrix for enzyme immobilization did not affect the GOS formation characteristics of the enzyme, suggesting no diffusion limitation in the enzyme carrier. The thermal stability of the enzyme increased approximately 25-fold upon immobilization on cotton cloth. The half-life for the immobilized enzyme on cotton cloth was more than 1 year at 40 degrees C and 48 days at 50 degrees C. Stable, continuous operation in a plugflow reactor was demonstrated for 2 weeks without any apparent problem. A maximum GOS production of 21 and 26% (w/w) of total sugars was attained with a feed solution containing 200 and 400 g/L of lactose, respectively, at pH 4.5 and 40 degrees C. The corresponding reactor productivities were 80 and 106 g/L/h, respectively, which are at least several-fold higher than those previously reported.

Aspergillus oryzae↗