SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “CONFESSION”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources

PubMed2002

Delayed disclosure and disrupted communication during forensic investigation of child sexual abuse: a study of 47 corroborated cases.

AIM: To study factors of relevance for the understanding of disclosure of child sexual abuse. METHODS: Cases from a Swedish district court involving 47 children in which allegations of child sexual abuse had been corroborated by a confession from the defendant were studied. RESULTS: Delayed disclosure was related to a close relationship with the perpetrator and young age at the first experience of abuse. Disrupted communication during the police interview was related to less violent abuse. CONCLUSION: The findings highlight the importance of social factors in children's disclosure of sexual abuse.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1980

Hypnosis and evidence: help or hindrance?

Clarifying misconceptions about hypnosis can reduce confusion about the place of hypnosis in forensic medicine. Hypnosis identifies a person's capacity for attentive, receptive concentration with parallel awareness. While in trance concentration, memory recall under interrogation should not only be subject to all the usual investigative safeguards with checks and balances, but even more so because the leverage effect of hypnotically enhanced memory is achieved at the risk of contamination by external and/or internal cues. This Janus-like feature enables incredibly accurate revivification and recall of perceived events but can also evoke false memories, false confessions, and the "honest liar syndrome." The internal and external factors that account for these contradictory possibilities--and the appropriate safeguards--are considered with case illustrations. In addition, a new use of trance capacity assessment contributes to clarifying diagnosis and the mental defect/disease issue. Knowledge of the uses and limits of hypnosis by the interrogating professionals enhance the judicious process of eliciting information and evidence.

Crime↗

PubMed1997

Nightmares, dreams, and schizotypy.

The theory that psychosis and dreaming share some common underlying mechanism finds support in the observation that chronic nightmare sufferers are at increased risk for psychopathology. We examined this connection in a large general population sample, administering a battery of psychosis proneness and other personality scales, together with a nightmare distress scale; participants also answered a single question on pleasurable mood associated with dreaming. In addition, they completed the Bem Sex Role Inventory, to reinvestigate previously observed gender differences in nightmare susceptibility. It was found that, among the psychosis proneness scales, the best predictor of nightmare distress was STA, a mostly cognitive measure of schizotypy; this was true even after allowing for a strong influence in the data of general neuroticism. Other aspects of psychosis proneness--e.g. anhedonia--were unrelated to nightmares. However, sex and sex role differences did make a significant contribution, self-confessed feminine females and masculine males reporting, respectively, the highest and lowest nightmare distress. For schizotypy it was further shown that relationships were not confined to the nightmare experience; high (STA) schizotypes also significantly more often reported enjoyable dreaming. It was concluded that a unifying theme explaining the data is the schizotype's greater imaginativeness, which can have both positive and negative expression in sleep and consciousness.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

Coping with fraud.

The tardiness of actions by Harvard officials when faced with confessed fraudulent research conducted by John Darsee is contrasted with the more rapid responses by authorities in the cases of William T. Summerlin (Sloan-Kettering) and Vijay Soman (Yale).

Biomedical Research↗

PubMed1956

On the mitotic movements of chromosomes.

My conclusions, which, I confess, are tentative and based mainly on studies of one kind of cell, the grasshopper neuroblast, may be summarized as follows. The late prophase orientation of the chromosomes is a carry-over from the late telophase orientation. It is apparently maintained by means of the centromeres, which appear to be attached within a limited region of the nucleus throughout telophase, interphase, and prophase. Metaphase orientation of the chromosomes may be explained as the resultant of two forces: a force involving the centromere and spindle, which is responsible for keeping the centromeres in the equatorial plane of the spindle, and a repulsion force involving the noncentromeric portion of the chromosomes, which results in a tendency toward uniform spacing of the chromosomes outside the spindle. Anaphase separation of sister chromatids and their subsequent movement toward the poles of the spindle involves at least four distinct phases: (i) the initial poleward movement of the centromeres, which may be due to intrinsic repulsion or to a force acting between spindle and centromeres that produces an angle of almost 90 degrees between the separated and unseparated portions of the chromatids; (ii) the autonomous separation of the noncentromeric part of the chromosome; (iii) elongation of the spindle, beginning just after the sister chromatids are separated proximally and ending when the longer chromatids are about to lose contact distally; and (iv) the later movement apart of the daughter chromosomes, probably resulting from a pushing force exerted by elongation of the interzonal fibers.

Anaphase↗

PubMed2005

Subtracting insult from injury: addressing cultural expectations in the disclosure of medical error.

This article proposes that knowledge of cultural expectations concerning ethical responses to unintentional harm can help students and physicians better to understand patients' distress when physicians fail to disclose, apologize for, and make amends for harmful medical errors. While not universal, the Judeo-Christian traditions of confession, repentance, and forgiveness inform the cultural expectations of many individuals within secular western societies. Physicians' professional obligations concerning truth telling reflect these expectations and are inclusive of the disclosure of medical error, while physicians may express a need for self-forgiveness after making errors and should be aware that patients may also rely upon forgiveness as a means of dealing with harm. The article recommends that learning how to disclose errors, apologize to injured patients, ensure that these patients' needs are met, and confront the emotional dimensions of one's own mistakes should be part of medical education and reinforced by the conduct of senior physicians.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed2006

The Objective Structured Clinical Examination and student collusion: marks do not tell the whole truth.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the marks in the third year Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) were affected by the collusion reported by the students themselves on an electronic discussion board. DESIGN: A review of the student discussion, examiners' feedback and a comparison of the marks obtained on the 2 days of the OSCE. PARTICIPANTS: 255 third year medical students. SETTING: An OSCE consisting of 15 stations, administered on three sites over 2 days at a UK medical school. RESULTS: 40 students contributed to the discussion on the electronic discussion board. The main points raised were perceived inequity between students who did, or did not, have prior knowledge of the station content, and the lack of honesty and professionalism of their peers. Most contributors claimed to have received, or knew of others receiving, prior knowledge, but none confessed to passing on information. No significant difference (p = 0.16) was observed in the overall mark for the OSCE on day 1 (mean 390 (SD 37)) and day 2 (mean 397 (38)). On day 2, marks were considerably greater for four stations and markedly lower for three stations. It was not obvious why collusion should affect these station marks. A clear indication of the effects of collusion could only be obtained from a single subsection of an individual station (pathology) where 82 students on day 2 incorrectly gave the diagnosis from day 1. CONCLUSION: Marks do not provide a sound inference of student collusion in an OSCE and may mask the aspects of professional development of students.

Clinical Competence↗

PubMed2000

Turkish pepper (extra hot).

A 38 year old female office worker was admitted with a newly discovered blood pressure of 250/110 mm Hg. Evaluation for secondary forms of hypertension was negative and treatment was begun. Sodium excretion was markedly reduced, plasma aldosterone was normal, and plasma renin activity was low. Therefore, presence of an aldosterone-like activity was suspected. Eventually, the patient confessed to abusing "Turkish Pepper", a brand of Scandinavian liquorice candies and "Fisherman's Friend", another brand of liquorice candies, concurrently. After eliminating liquorice from her diet, the hypertension disappeared thus allowing her antihypertensive treatment to be stopped.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Nosology and therapy of mental illness in Ayurveda.

Ayurveda, the ancient Indian system of medicine, is described in Atharva Veda and in subsequent treatises by Charak, Susrut, and Vagbhatt, containing the details of etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, and therapy of afflictions in humans and animals. The science of mental disorders (Bhoot-Vidya) describes extensively conditions from mild anger and greed to severe psychoses. This paper presents a synoptic overview comparing the clinical conditions described in Ayurveda with clinical conditions described in the Internationl Classification of Diseases. The symbiotic relationship between 'psyche' and 'soma' was recognised in Ayurveda, attributing the highest importance to psychic energy as the propulsive power of creation--the original force. According to Vedic concepts, personality is composed of three elements (gunas): i. Satva (pure qualities), ii. Rajas (pleasure-seeking propensities and emotions), iii. Tamas (animal-like behavioural tendencies leading to deterioration). Abnormalities result from the excess of Tomas and Rajas. The main therapies are i. suggestion, auto-suggestion, hynotism, assurance, persuasion, and ritualistic therapy; ii. transferring of symptoms; iii. confession, penance, and sacrifice; iv. use of natural elements; v. medicine and endocrine therapies; and vi. tantic and yogic practices.

History, Ancient↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Venous thrombosis: the history of knowledge.

Venous thrombosis is a frequent disease. It is surprising, therefore, that no case truly compatible with a diagnosis of venous thrombosis was apparently reported in the antiquity. There is no case that could be reasonably attributed to a venous thrombus in the writings of Hippocrates, Galenus, Celius Aurelianus, Ibn an-Nafiz, Avicenna and others. Venous thrombosis is not among the many diseases mentioned in the Bible. The term "leucophlegmasia", first used by Hippocrates and then by Celius Aurelianus, refers to cases of bilateral leg edema, most likely due to conditions such as heart failure, liver cirrhosis and renal insufficiency. Nothing compatible with a diagnosis of venous thrombosis can be found in pieces of art from ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome, Persia and South America. While in these sources there are sometimes representations of varicose veins and ulcers, unilateral leg edema or other pictures compatible with venous thrombosis are not featured. The first well documented case of venous thrombosis is depicted in a beautifully illustrated manuscript written in the 13th century and currently preserved in Paris at the Bibliothèque Nationale (MS Fr 2829, Folio 87). The manuscript describes the case of a young man from Normandy named Raoul who at the age of twenty developed unilateral edema in the right ankle that subsequently extended up to the thigh, with no obvious symptoms in the contralateral leg. Raoul was advised to visit the tomb of Saint Louis who was buried in the church of Saint Denis, where the patient spent several days confessing his sins and praying the saint. Afterwards he chose to collect the dust accumulating below the stone that covered the tomb and to apply it on the fistulae and ulcers of his foot. The openings stopped running and were filled with flesh. He was first obliged to use crutches but subsequently he could walk with a cane, to be eventually able to dispose of all devices, even though his foot throbbed a little. Raoul was cured as described above in the year 1271 and was still alive and well in 1282. Not only this is the first case of venous thrombosis, the young age of the patients leads us to suspect that Raoul had a thrombophilic condition.

History, 15th Century↗

PubMed2003

Paracelsianism and the orthodox lutheran rejection of vital philosophy in early seventeenth-century Denmark.

Paracelsian medicine and natural philosophy was formed during the Radical Reformation and incorporated metaphysical propositions that were incompatible with the Lutheran confession as codified in the Confessio Augustana and elaborated in the ultra-orthodox Formula of Concord. Although Paracelsian ideas and practices were endorsed by important philosophers and physicians in late-sixteenth century Denmark without raising serious alarm, the imposition of strict Lutheran orthodoxy in the Danish Church and a concomitant resurgence of Aristotelian philosophy drew attention to the religious heterodoxies inherent in Paracelsianism. Unacceptable theological and religious propositions, which reached Denmark in Rosicrucian texts and were implicit in certain medical and philosophical treatises, were in many cases inseparable from core Paracelsian concepts, with the result that Danish academic philosophers, physicians, and theologians rejected Paracelsian ideas except where they could be accommodated to acceptable Galenic and Aristotelian interpretations. When this was done, such ideas are arguably no longer Paracelsian in any meaningful way.

Denmark↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Factitious disorders: reformulating the DSM-IV criteria.

The author criticizes and reformulates the DSM-IV criteria in a clinically and nosologically sensitive way. Criterion A, the intentional production of physical or psychological signs or symptoms, emphasizes symptoms and cannot accommodate pseudologia fantastica, voluntary false confessions, and impersonations. Criterion B, the motivation is to assume the "sick role," has no empirical content and fulfills no diagnostic function. The two criteria need reformulating in terms of lies and self-harm, respectively. Criterion C causes misdiagnosis by pushing factitious disorders into the somatoform and malingering categories and should be abandoned. The author discusses the implications for the etiology of conversion disorders and the classification of factitious disorders.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disord↗

PubMed1984

The female chaplain's contributions to breast cancer management.

Maintains that a female chaplain's ministry to women breast cancer patients holds unique qualities because of the chaplain's ease of achieving physical and psychological identification with the mastectomy patient. Notes particularly how a female chaplain can provide a relationship for affirmation of self-esteem, confession, and repentance. Illustrates with actual cases ways the female chaplain can share in the feminine identity crisis, participate in the struggle to claim God-given dignity and worth, and be genuinely present for healing the resentment and guilt often accompanying the mastectomy patient's loss.

Chaplaincy Service, Hospital↗

PubMed2001

Fit to be interviewed by the police--an aid to assessment.

The assessment of a suspect's fitness to be interviewed by the police is becoming an increasingly important part of a police surgeon's workload. This paper discusses the assessment in terms of the various factors that may render a person prone to providing an involuntary or false confession and proposes an aide memoire to assist the examining doctor.

Forensic Psychiatry↗

PubMed1989

Pseudologia Fantastica: a case study of a man charged with murder.

A case of Pseudologia Fantastica is presented in a man charged with murder. Psychological assessment revealed him to be highly compliant and suggestible, consistent with early research (Healy and Healy, 1915) which showed pathological liars to be suggestible to misleading information. A specific dyslexic disorder is also demonstrated, and the possible mechanisms behind the man's lying considered. Some implications regarding the reliability of the man's varying confessions to the police are discussed, and parallels are drawn between this case and that of Timothy Evans, who in 1950 was hanged for murder.

Compulsive Behavior↗

PubMed1994

Intellectual impairment, memory impairment, suggestibility and voir dire proceedings: a case study.

The psychology and psychiatry of interrogation, confession and testimony have recently become the subjects of considerable theoretical analysis, research and professional interest (Gudjonsson, 1992). A case study is reported involving a defendant whose testimony under police interrogation incriminated himself and 13 other defendants in a murder trial. Issues of intellectual impairment, memory impairment, confabulation and suggestibility were addressed in voir dire proceedings, and are described in this paper. The case also demonstrates the importance of psychological tests being administered by suitably qualified personnel.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Homicide by strychnine poisoning.

Homicide by strychnine has become very rare during the last decades. Its bitter taste and the violent mode of death commonly aroused suspicion of poisoning and this, together with its ease of chemical detection, deterred criminals from using it. We present the case of an elderly woman who arrived at the hospital casualty department in extremis and with severe convulsions. Her death was certified nevertheless as due to natural causes and she was buried without the death being reported to the Director of Public Prosecutions. It was not until a month later that investigation led to the exhumation of the body. Biological samples were found to contain strychnine sulphate. The perpetrator was charged and later confessed.

Aged↗

PubMed1999

The management of opiate addicts in police custody.

Many suspects detained at police stations for questioning are under the influence of illicit drugs. This presents a problem, as the reliability of confessions made under the influence of drugs or whilst experiencing withdrawal symptoms may be adversely affected. This paper reviews the current management of opiate addicts in police custody and relevant legislation in the UK to highlight some of the difficulties that arise. It concentrates in particular on the specific problem of defining and assessing fitness for interview in this group and reviews the current evidence of the effect of opiates and opiate withdrawal symptoms on the reliability of testimony. It concludes that any framework for the assessment of fitness for interview must address the question of reliability. More needs to be known about the effects of opiates and opiate withdrawal symptoms on the reliability of testimony in the police interview situation.

England↗