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PubMed1991

Perceptions of current and ideal body shape of athletes and nonathletes.

This study was done to examine the relationship between sex and perception of body image among athletes and nonathletes. A total of 211 men and women athletes and nonathletes completed a questionnaire which asked them to identify from a nine-figure body-silhouette scale their current image and the image that they thought was most ideal. t tests showed no significant differences for men based upon athletic participation and that both athletes and nonathletes were satisfied with their body image. However, when comparing current image and ideal image, significant differences were found for women athletes and nonathletes. These data support previous research documenting women's dissatisfaction with their body images and show athletic participation is not associated with this perception.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Medical imaging in pediatric ophthalmology.

The use of CT and MR imaging has improved the understanding of many congenital and acquired conditions in pediatric ophthalmology, resulting in more appropriate therapeutic intervention and giving insight into the pathogenesis of these conditions.

Child↗
PubMed2003

Severe relapsing polychondritis occurring after ear piercing.

We describe a case of relapsing polychondritis with laryngo-tracheal involvement, occurring after ear piercing in a 39-year-old woman. Polychondritis was clearly time-related to ear piercing. This association draws attention to the risk of relapsing polychondritis during body art practices with cartilage trauma.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Gains and losses of vascular surgery patients.

Understanding the gains and losses experienced by the patient and his family aids in assessing the psychologic sequela of peripheral vascular surgery. Placing the patients' individual responses into the categories of: function, self-directiveness, self-definition, and future orientation offers a way to conceptualize the meaning of the illness to the patient. Factors such as physical mobility and integrity, self-concept and body image greatly influence the adaption process. Conceptually, these elements provide a framework upon which to base nursing intervention. Careful observation, skillful interviewing, and interpersonal support are appropriate nursing considerations when caring for the patient with peripheral vascular disease. The goal of adaption is a successful reintegration of the whole person,which comes from an acceptance of both gains and losses experienced in surviving peripheral vascular surgery.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1999

Effects of in-season (5 weeks) creatine and pyruvate supplementation on anaerobic performance and body composition in American football players.

The purpose of this investigation was to study the efficacy of two dietary supplements on measures of body mass, body composition, and performance in 42 American football players. Group CM (n = 9) received creatine monohydrate, Group P (n = 11) received calcium pyruvate, Group COM (n = 11) received a combination of calcium pyruvate (60%) and creatine (40%), and Group PL received a placebo. Tests were performed before (T1) and after (T2) the 50 week supplementation period, during which the subjects continued their normal training schedules. Compared to P and PL, CM and COM showed significantly greater increases for body mass, lean body mass, 1 repetition maximum (RM) bench press, combined 1 RM squat and bench press, and static vertical jump (SVJ) power output. Peak rate of force development for SVJ was significantly greater for CM compared to P and PL. Creatine and the combination supplement enhanced training adaptations associated with body mass/composition, maximum strength, and SVJ; however, pyruvate supplementation alone was ineffective.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Evaluation of a cardiovascular health program for participants with mental retardation and normal learners.

An evaluation was conducted to compare the impact of an 8-week cardiovascular disease risk reduction group teaching program for 92 individuals with mental retardation (MR; IQ less than 70) and 97 normal learners. The curriculum emphasized exercise, nutritional choices, and stress reduction. Body Mass Index (BMI; weight in kilograms, divided by height in meters, squared), knowledge of healthy eating choices, self-report of fruit and vegetable intake, and exercise were measured before and after the intervention. The mean BMI decreased by .89 for normal learners and not at all for the group with MR. However, BMI decreased by at least .75 units (or approximately 5 pounds) for 18.5% of individuals with MR and 44.3% of normal learners.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Diet and biomarkers of oxidative damage in women previously treated for breast cancer.

This study sought to evaluate the relationship between dietary intake of fat, polyunsaturated fat, saturated fat, arachidonic acid, and selected dietary antioxidants and levels of oxidative damage as measured by urinary levels of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha (8-iso-PGF2alpha) in women previously treated for breast cancer. Two hundred two study subjects participating in the Women's Healthy Eating and Living (WHEL) study were included in this ancillary study. Dietary intakes and concentrations of urinary 8-OHdG and 8-iso-PGF2alpha were measured at baseline and 12 mo in the 179 women included in the analytical cohort. Study subjects demonstrated a significant reduction in dietary total, polyunsaturated, and saturated fat intake and a significant increase in vitamins E and C and beta-carotene intake from baseline to 12 mo. Linear mixed-models analysis using baseline and Year 1 data indicated that vitamin E intake was inversely associated with both 8-OHdG and 8-iso-PGF2alpha. 8-Iso-PGF2alpha is increased with increased body mass index (BMI) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake, indicating an increase in lipid peroxidation with greater BMI and higher PUFA intake. 8-OHdG was inversely related to age but positively related to arachidonic acid, indicating an increase in DNA damage with higher intake of arachidonic acid (meat). The results of this nested case-controlled study provide potential mechanisms by which a high fruit and vegetable, low-fat diet might reduce the recurrence rate of or early-stage breast cancer.

8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine↗
PubMed1986

A system of indoleamine-accumulating neurons in the rabbit retina.

The indoleamine-accumulating neurons of the rabbit retina were labeled by intraocular injection of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT). The retinas were fixed with 2.5% paraformaldehyde and 0.2% glutaraldehyde and inspected by fluorescence microscopy. Five kinds of cell accumulated the indoleamine. They were labeled to essentially the same brightness and remained so despite variations in the concentration at which 5,7-DHT had been applied or the duration of its application. Experiments in which 5,7-DHT was applied to retinas incubated in vitro gave identical results. To see the whole shape of the cells, we visually guided micropipettes to the fluorescent cell bodies and injected the cells with Lucifer yellow CH. To study the cells as a population, we used a new method in which the fluorescence of 5,7-DHT is photochemically converted to an insoluble diaminobenzidine product. The dendrites of all of the indoleamine-accumulating cells were then simultaneously visible. Used together, these techniques revealed an interrelated system of indoleamine-accumulating neurons. All of the cells contribute processes to a dendritic plexus that lies at the inner margin of the inner plexiform layer. The plexus is roughly 4 micron thick. It is pierced by the stalks of the Müller cells and is occasionally interrupted by ganglion cell bodies, where they extend above the average margin of the ganglion cell layer. Otherwise it fills much of the space at the junction of the plexiform and ganglion cell layers. The type 1 and type 2 cells are amacrine cells with cell bodies at the inner margin of the inner nuclear layer. They have 5-8 radially branching primary dendrites which extend horizontally across the inner plexiform layer before descending to join the dendritic plexus. They differ from each other in cell body shape, dendritic morphology, and the course of their dendrites within the inner plexiform layer. Each has a "displaced" counterpart, with a morphology similar to the type 1 or type 2 cell but with a cell body located in the ganglion cell layer. The displaced cells are separate functional elements because, in contrast to the type 1 and type 2 cells, they have no dendrites (and hence can have no synaptic connections) in the outer part of the inner plexiform layer. The fifth kind of cell (type 3) appears not to have been described before. Its cell body is located at the outer margin of the inner nuclear layer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine↗
PubMed2003

Effects of different set configurations on barbell velocity and displacement during a clean pull.

The effects of 3 types of set configurations (cluster, traditional, and undulating) on barbell kinematics were investigated in the present study. Thirteen men (track and field = 8; Olympic weightlifters = 5) (mean +/- SEM age, 23.4 +/- 1.1 years; height, 181.3 +/- 2.1 cm; body mass, 89.8 +/- 4.2 kg) performed 1 set of 5 repetitions in a cluster, traditional, and undulating fashion at 90 and 120% of their 1 repetition maximum (1RM) power clean (119.0 +/- 4.3 kg). All data were collected at 50 Hz and analyzed with a V-Scope Weightlifting Analysis System. Peak velocity (PV) and peak displacement (PD) were analyzed for each repetition and averaged for each set type. Results indicated that a significantly (p < 0.016) higher PV occurred during the cluster set when compared with the traditional sets at both intensities. PD was significantly higher than traditional sets at the 120% intensity. The present study suggests set configuration can affect PV and PD during clean pulls.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Flow-volume curve changes in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea and brief upper airway dysfunction.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and those with brief upper airway dysfunction (BUAD) have been reported to have abnormalities of maximal flow-volume curves. This study was designed to assess the ability of flow-volume curves to predict the presence of OSA or BUAD. METHODOLOGY: Four maximal flow-volume manoeuvres performed by 33 OSA patients and 16 BUAD patients were compared with those of 36 normal subjects. Flow-volume indices, their variability, saw-toothing in the curve and an algorithm based on the flow ratios and shape of the curves were assessed. RESULTS: When the confounding factors, body mass index (BMI), age, gender and smoking status were taken into account, there was no significant difference in a variety of indices derived from the flow-volume curves between OSA and normal subjects. No BUAD patient had normal flow-volume curves as determined with the algorithm. After BMI, age, gender and smoking status were accounted for, decreased forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), and increased variability of peak expiratory flow (PEF)/peak inspiratory flow (PIF) and FEV1/PEF remained significantly associated with BUAD. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that flow-volume curve indices have no value in predicting OSA. Some abnormalities are found in patients with BUAD; a normal flow-volume curve makes the diagnosis of BUAD unlikely.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Metabolism of arachidonic acid by isolated rabbit ciliary epithelium.

We examined the ability of rabbit ciliary epithelium to metabolize arachidonic acid in vitro. The epithelium was homogenized and incubated with 14C-labeled arachidonic acid. 14C-labeled metabolites were extracted and then separated by thin layer chromatography. The range of arachidonic acid metabolites synthesized by ciliary epithelium was compared to the metabolites generated by rabbit iris-ciliary body. Ciliary epithelium produced substantial amounts of arachidonic acid metabolites that comigrated with 5-HETE and 12-HETE. Authenticity of the 12-HETE produced by ciliary epithelium was confirmed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The ciliary epithelium generated only small amounts of the cyclooxygenase products, PGF2 alpha, PGE2, PGD2 and 6k-PGF1 alpha. In contrast, the iris-ciliary body produced large amounts of cyclooxygenase products such as PGF2 alpha and PGD2. The ability of the ciliary epithelium to generate 12-HETE is noteworthy since 12(R)-HETE is known to be capable of lowering intraocular pressure.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Thermal energy balance as a measure of adequate rewarming from hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the amount of heat (thermal energy) used actively to rewarm patients on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was a better indicator of adequate rewarming from hypothermic CPB than core temperature. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Single hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-four sequential patients undergoing hypothermic CPB. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Thermal energy balance (TEB) (net heat supplied to or removed from the body, from initiation to termination of CPB) was measured using previously validated apparatus. Adequacy of rewarming was assessed by measuring the coldest postoperative core (tympanic membrane) temperature and the time to rewarm postoperatively to a core temperature of 37.0 degrees C. Core temperature on termination of CPB did not correlate with the degree of postoperative hypothermia as judged by time to rewarm postoperatively to 37.0 degrees C (r = 0.14; p = 0.33), but did correlate with coldest postoperative core temperature (r = 0.47; p = 0.0003). TEB correlated better with time to rewarm to 37.0 degrees C (r = 0.43; p = 0.001) and coldest postoperative core temperature (r = 0.58, p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: TEB is a better predictor than corresponding values of core temperature on termination of CPB in predicting the coldest postoperative temperature and time to rewarm to 37 degrees C.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Weight gain and recovery of pre-cancer weight after breast cancer treatments: evidence from the women's healthy eating and living (WHEL) study.

PURPOSE: To examine predictors of weight gain following breast cancer diagnosis and subsequent return to pre-cancer weight. OBJECTIVES: To determine (1) the associations of anti-neoplastic chemotherapy and/or, Tamoxifen((R)) therapy on weight change following breast cancer diagnosis, (2) whether chemotherapy modified the effect of specific demographic and tumor characteristics on weight gain, (3) the proportion and characteristics of women who gained significant weight on chemotherapy and returned to their pre-cancer weight during follow-up. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Participants were 3088 breast cancer survivors, aged 27-74 years. Weight was measured at baseline and years 1 through 6; pre-cancer weight was self-reported. Cancer stage and treatment modalities were obtained by medical record review; demographic and physical activity data were obtained from questionnaires. Weight gain of >/=5% body weight following cancer diagnosis was considered significant. RESULTS: Chemotherapy was significantly associated with weight gain (OR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.12, 2.43) and Tamoxifen((R)) was not (OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.71, 1.51). Tamoxifen((R)) did not modify the effect of either chemotherapy or its different regimens on weight gain. Both types (anthracycline: OR = 1.63, p-value = 0.01, non-anthracycline: OR = 1.79, p = 0.003) and all regimens of chemotherapy (AC: OR = 1.55, p-value = 0.01, CAF: OR = 1.83, p = 0.003, CMF: OR = 1.76, p = 0.004) were associated with weight gain but the associations were not different from one another. Only 10% of participants returned to their pre-cancer diagnosis weight at the follow-up visits; the degree of initial gain (p for trend <0.0001) predicted that return. CONCLUSION: Chemotherapy was associated with clinically meaningful weight gain, and a return to initial weight following weight gain was unlikely.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Diagnostic chelation challenge with DMSA: a biomarker of long-term mercury exposure?

Chelation challenge testing has been used to assess the body burden of various metals. The best-known example is EDTA challenge in lead-exposed individuals. This study assessed diagnostic chelation challenge with dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) as a measure of mercury body burden among mercury-exposed workers. Former employees at a chloralkali plant, for whom detailed exposure histories were available (n = 119), and unexposed controls (n = 101) completed 24-hr urine collections before and after the administration of two doses of DMSA, 10 mg/kg. The urinary response to DMSA was measured as both the absolute change and the relative change in mercury excretion. The average 24-hr mercury excretion was 4.3 microg/24 hr before chelation, and 7.8 microg/24 hr after chelation. There was no association between past occupational mercury exposure and the urinary excretion of mercury either before or after DMSA administration. There was also no association between urinary mercury excretion and the number of dental amalgam surfaces, in contrast to recent published results. We believe the most likely reason that DMSA chelation challenge failed to reflect past mercury exposure was the elapsed time (several years) since the exposure had ended. These results provide normative values for urinary mercury excretion both before and after DMSA challenge, and suggest that DMSA chelation challenge is not useful as a biomarker of past mercury exposure.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed2005

Age at menarche and adult BMI in the Aberdeen children of the 1950s cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have examined whether the inverse association of age at menarche with adult body mass index (BMI) is due to the tendency of BMI to track between childhood and adult life, with childhood BMI playing a causal role in determining age at menarche. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to investigate whether the association of younger age at menarche with a high BMI and increased likelihood of obesity in middle age is due to confounding with early childhood BMI. DESIGN: In a historical cohort of 3743 Scottish females born between 1950 and 1955, height and weight were measured in early childhood, and age at menarche and height and weight in middle age were obtained by questionnaire. RESULTS: The age-adjusted change in mean adult BMI per additional year of age at menarche was -0.64 (95% CI: -0.78, -0.50). Adjustment for childhood BMI measured between 4 and 6 y reduced this value to -0.57 (-0.71, -0.43). Adjustment for childhood and adult social class, parity, smoking, and alcohol intake had little effect. The odds ratio for being obese compared with not being obese in adulthood was 0.82 (0.76, 0.86) per 1-y increase in age at menarche and was unchanged by adjustment for childhood BMI and other covariates. CONCLUSIONS: The inverse association of age at menarche with BMI and obesity in middle age is not explained by confounding by early childhood BMI. Instead, age at menarche may simply be a proxy marker for the pace of sexual maturation, which itself leads to differences in adiposity (and BMI) in the peripubertal period that track into adult life.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

"I can't taste ice cream": an unusual case of tinnitus and dysgeusia.

Auricular foreign bodies are usually presented to the emergency department in an easily recognizable fashion. We report the case of a 16-year-old male who presented to the emergency department with complaints of unilateral tinnitus and dysgeusia. He denied any history of injury except for falling from his bike in the woods earlier that day. On examination, a wooden foreign body was found in the external auditory canal. A computed tomography scan revealed a 3-cm-long twig that pierced the middle ear disrupting the ossicles. He was taken to the operating room for removal and microscopic evaluation. On evaluation, the chorda tympani nerve was found to be severed along with disruption of the ossicles. This is an unusual presentation for an aural foreign body, and the resulting injury of the chorda tympani is not well published. One should consider the possibility of injury to the middle and inner ear and perform the necessary clinical evaluation before and after removal of aural foreign bodies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Microencephaly and hyperactivity in adult rats can be induced by neonatal exposure to high blood alcohol concentrations.

To investigate whether or not blood alcohol concentration during the brain growth spurt has an influence on the permanency of alcohol-induced central nervous system damage, an artificial rearing technique was used to administer a daily dose of alcohol (6.6 g/kg/day) to neonatal rats during postnatal days 4 to 10. The alcohol was administered either in a condensed pattern over 8 h resulting in cyclic blood alcohol concentrations with high peaks, or uniformly over each 24-h period resulting in stable, but low peaks. The condensed alcohol exposure resulted in considerable microencephaly (20% to 25%), with significant growth deficits in the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem of rats of either sex at day 10; there still was significant microencephaly (16% to 19%) in adult rats that received the condensed alcohol exposure as neonates. Furthermore, activity at day 90 in rats of either sex that had condensed alcohol exposure was elevated compared with that of the gastrostomy control group. In contrast, the rats having uniform alcohol exposure had only nonsignificant changes in brain weight both on day 10 and day 90 and did not exhibit hyperactivity at day 90. Thus, neonatal alcohol exposure producing high blood alcohol concentrations caused permanent deficits in brain growth and significant changes in activity, whereas the same daily dose of alcohol administered in a pattern that resulted in consistently low blood alcohol concentrations failed to produce either permanent microencephaly or increased activity. These data support the hypothesis that patterns of alcohol exposure that produce high concentrations in the blood, such as "binge-drinking," increase the risk of permanent damage to the developing brain.

Animals↗