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Giovanni Alfonso Borelli: "Father of spinal biomechanics".

The first modern textbook on spinal biomechanics was written by Giovanni Alfonso Borelli in 1680. A mathematician, astronomer, and physicist by trade, Borelli became consumed in the physical laws of nature and the human body. His work served as a monumental contribution to ascertain, in depth and with undiminished accuracy, the basic biomechanical principles of the human body.

Anatomy↗

The dawn of plastic surgery in Mexico: XVIth century.

An aspect of early Mexican surgery in the sixteenth century is presented. The treatment of facial wounds by Alonso Lopez de Hinojosos and Agustin Farfán is reviewed. Farfán proposed total nose reconstruction, with a cutaneous arm flap, 18 years before its description in De Curtorum Chirurgia, by Tagliacozzi, in 1597 in Venice, Italy. The chapter on facial wounds by Lopez de Hinojosos and Farfán shows their concern for the final aesthetic results and should be considered the first Mexican publication in the field of plastic surgery.

Facial Injuries↗

Lorenz Heister's "molar gland".

The buccal fat pad is a mass of specialized adipose tissue described in 1801 by famous French anatomist Xavier Bichat and referred to in medical literature as the "boule de Bichat." This study considered medical publications from 1538 to 1801 and found no descriptions of the buccal fat pad until 1727, when Lorenz Heister, anatomist and surgeon from Altdorf, Germany, first identified the "glandula molaris" and painted it in his Compendium Anatomicum, which appeared in several Latin editions during the eighteenth century.

Adipose Tissue↗

Exploration and high adventure: the legacy of Grey Walter.

Although many people feel themselves to be familiar with Grey Walter's ideas, and with the design principles of his tortoises, most of the published sources are lacking in detail. This paper gathers together images and written material from a variety of published and unpublished sources to set both the man and his work in a richer context than has been possible for many decades. Grey Walter emerges as a fascinating and far-seeing figure whose work has not dated, perhaps because it was explicitly based on similar principles to those used today in biologically inspired robotics.

Artificial Intelligence↗

C. Langton Hewer.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Anesthesiology↗

100 years of 'Allergy': can von Pirquet's word be rescued?

Summary It is 100 years since Clemens von Pirquet wrote his classic paper introducing the term 'allergy'. Although the word is no longer used in the way he intended, his concept of 'changed reactivity' laid the foundation for the modern science of immunology.

Allergens↗

Virginia Henderson and her timeless writings.

This paper provides a reflection on the written works of Miss Virginia Avenel Henderson. Miss Henderson is a nurse, a scientist, an artist and a quintessential human being--all traits which informed her written output. Nursing practice, research and education were all subjects of her extensive chronicle. The four-volume Nursing Studies Index is her contribution to nursing research. The Index was sandwiched between two revisions of Principles and Practice of Nursing (5th and 6th eds), the placement of which caused the Index to focus on practice and the Principles (6th ed.) to be based on research. The sixth edition of Principles, written with Gladys Nite and 17 contributors, is considered the most important single professional document written in the twentieth century. The book synthesizes nursing practice, education, theory and research in an age when many nurses are challenged by the seeming incongruity in these essential professional functions.

Abstracting and Indexing↗

Twenty years of NZOVRF-supported scientific inquiry.

For many years, Alan Bott travelled from his optometric practice in Paeroa to supervise the contact lens laboratories and clinics at The University of Auckland. He was one of the founders of the New Zealand Optometric Vision Research Foundation (NZOVRF) working closely with Eugene Hirst and Dr Leon Garner (now Professor Emeritus Garner) to raise nearly $500,000 for the Foundation from 1985 to 1988. Alan passed away in 1999 as a result of prostate cancer. He is remembered fondly by all who knew him. Since its inception 20 years ago, the NZOVRF has supported research that has advanced our knowledge and understanding in many areas of optometry and vision science. Even a brief discussion of each of the 39 studies that the foundation has supported would result in a very long report, so I shall confine my remarks to an area that has been of great interest and controversy, especially concerning whether myopia and other refractive anomalies occur as a result of hereditary or environmental influences or both.

Biomedical Research↗