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Results for “Adolescent Development”

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At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Body composition development of adolescent white females: the Penn State Young Women's Health Study.

OBJECTIVE: To obtain simultaneous and longitudinal measures of height, weight, total body bone mineral content, total body bone mineral density, percentage of body fat, lean body mass, and body mass index in healthy white females between the ages of 11 and 18 years. DESIGN: A longitudinal, observational study. SETTING: University medical center in a small city. STUDY PARTICIPANTS: At initiation in 1990, 112 premenarchal, healthy girls were enrolled. Results presented in this report are based on measurements made on the 82 participants who remained in the study in 1996 and for whom we had comprehensive measurements. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was used to obtain measurements of total body bone mineral content, total body bone mineral density, percentage of body fat, and lean body mass every 6 months for the first 4 years of the study and yearly thereafter. RESULTS: The mean age for peak velocity and peak accumulation for each measurement was as follows: height, 11 1/2 and 17 1/2 years, respectively; weight, 11 1/2 and 17 1/2 years; body mass index, 11 1/2 and 17 1/2 years; percentage of body fat, 11 1/2 and 13 1/2 years; lean body mass, 12 and 17 1/2 years; total body bone mineral content, 13 1/2 and 17 1/2 years; and total body bone mineral density, 13 1/2 and 17 1/2 years. CONCLUSIONS: Among a healthy population of white females, the age of peak velocities for height, weight, body fat, and lean body mass occur at 11 1/2 to 12 years. Thus, peak soft-tissue velocities precede hard-tissue velocities by about 2 years, with peak accumulation of all tissue components being reached, on average, by age 17 1/2 years.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1999

Some clinical applications of religious development in adolescence.

The use of religion in the lives of adolescents to repair problematic or disrupted attachments is discussed in the context of attachment theory and Kohut's self-psychology theory, with particular reference to the self-object. It is proposed that adolescents do not seek to break ties with parents or adults so much as to revise their relationships in a more adult direction. Two adolescent cases, one beginning treatment in childhood and the other in early adolescence, are presented and discussed in the context of attachment theory and self-psychology.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Parental and peer attachment and identity development in adolescence.

The main aim of this study was to test the situational hypothesis of parent-peer conflict and the parent-peer linkages hypothesis with regard to parental and peer attachment and identity. The situational hypothesis predicts that parental attachment will be associated with school identity and peer attachment with relational identity. The parent-peer linkages hypothesis suggests that parental attachment influences peer attachment and through peer attachment school and relational identity. Data from a survey of 148 middle adolescents from various ethnic groups were used. The findings offer strong support for the situational hypothesis, and only limited evidence in favor of the parent-peer linkages hypothesis. In addition, systematic links were found between parent and peer trust and commitment, and parent and peer communication and exploration. Adolescents from ethnic minority groups reported higher levels of school commitment and exploration compared with indigenous Dutch adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

P300 development during adolescence: effects of DRD2 genotype.

OBJECTIVE: Young boys at high risk for alcoholism by having a family history of alcoholism (FH+) have lower amplitude of the visual P300 event-related scalp potential. They have also been reported to have a slowing in the rate of P300 amplitude change during adolescence. The present study examined whether the change in P300 amplitude during adolescence in sons of alcoholics and nonalcoholics is affected by D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) polymorphism. METHODS: P300 was elicited with a visual discrimination task from 71 adolescent sons of alcoholics and social drinkers (Time 1, T1). The task was readministered 2 years later (Time 2, T2). Comparisons were made between boys who had the DRD2 A1 allele (A1+) and boys who did not (A1-), and between boys with one or both parents being alcoholic (FH+) and boys having no alcoholic parents (FH-). RESULTS: Discrimination task accuracy was lowest in the highest risk group (A1+, FH+) at T1, and highest in the lowest risk group (A1-, FH-) at T2, producing a significant interaction of allelic group x family history group x session. Reaction time was faster at T2 than T1, and this effect was larger in FH-boys (125 ms) than FH+boys (40 ms). Overall, the behavioral results suggest mild performance deficits on the discrimination task are associated with higher risk for alcoholism. In both testing sessions, P300 attained larger amplitudes in sons of nonalcoholics than sons of alcoholics. At T2 compared to T1, both the latency and amplitude of the P300 were decreased. However, while the developmental P300 latency effect was equivalent in both the A1+ and A1- allelic groups, the P300 amplitude reduction during adolescence, measured both in response to targets and in target minus non-target subtraction waveforms, was only found in boys with the A1- allele. CONCLUSION: Differences in the developmental course of P300 amplitude over the course of adolescence are dependent on DRD2 polymorphism. SIGNIFICANCE: These results suggest the importance of genetic determinants of the dopaminergic system in understanding the P300 as a risk marker for substance abuse using an integrative developmental perspective.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Contributions of the social context to the development of adolescent substance use: a multivariate latent growth modeling approach.

This article demonstrates a latent growth curve methodology for analyzing longitudinal data of adolescent substance use. Hypotheses concerning the form of growth in alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use, and covariates influencing the form of growth, were tested. Participants were male and female adolescents (n = 664) assessed at three time points. A common trajectory existed across the developmental period with significant increases in all three substances. Second-order multivariate extensions of the basic latent growth modeling framework suggested that associations among the individual differences parameters, representing growth or change in the various substance use behaviors, could be adequately modeled by a higher-order substance use construct. Inept parental monitoring, parent-child conflict, peer deviance, academic failure, gender, and age, were significant predictors of initial levels and the trajectory of substance use.

Achievement↗
PubMed2000

Stages in the development of adolescent smoking.

Many researchers have conceptualized smoking uptake behavior in adolescence as progressing through a sequence of developmental stages. Multiple social, psychological, and biological factors influence this process, and may play different functions at different points in the progression, and play different roles for different people. The major objective of this paper is to review empirical studies of predictors of transitions in stages of smoking progression, and identify similarities and differences related to predictors of stages and transitions across studies. While a number of factors related to stage of progression replicated across studies, few variables uniquely predicted a particular stage or transition in smoking behavior. Subsequently, theoretical considerations related to stage conceptualization and measurement, inter-individual differences in intra-individual change, and the staged or continuous nature of smoking progression are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Parents, peers, and problem behavior: a longitudinal investigation of the impact of relationship perceptions and characteristics on the development of adolescent problem behavior.

This study examined longitudinal relations among adolescents' family relationships, peer relationships, and problem behavior. Participants were 1,357 African American and European American adolescents who were interviewed at 3 time points: 7th grade (mean age = 12.7 years), the summer after 8th grade (mean age = 14.2 years), and 11th grade (mean age = 17.1 years). For all racial and gender groups, 7th-grade family characteristics (youth perceptions of autonomy and warmth) predicted a risky peer context during 8th grade, which in turn predicted problem behavior during 11th grade. Additionally, problem behavior in the 7th grade predicted 11th-grade problem behavior, directly as well as indirectly through the peer context. Racial and gender differences are discussed, as are implications for future research.

Adolescent↗