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At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Experimental exposure to propylene glycol mist in aviation emergency training: acute ocular and respiratory effects.

OBJECTIVES: Propylene glycol (PG) (1-2 propanediol; CAS No 57-55-6) is a low toxicity compound widely used as a food additive, in pharmaceutical preparations, in cosmetics, and in the workplace-for example, water based paints, de-icing fluids, and cooling liquids. Exposure to PG mist may occur from smoke generators in discotheques, theatres, and aviation emergency training. Propylene glycol may cause contact allergy, but there is sparse information on health effects from occupational exposure to PG. METHODS: Non-asthmatic volunteers (n=27) were exposed in an aircraft simulator to PG mist over 1 minute, during realistic training conditions. Geometric mean concentration of PG was 309 mg/m3 (range 176-851 mg/m3), with the highest concentrations in the afternoon. The medical investigation was performed both before and after the exposure (within 15 minutes). It included an estimate of tear film stability break up time, nasal patency by acoustic rhinometry, dynamic spirometry, and a doctor's administered questionnaire on symptoms. RESULTS: After exposure to PG mist for 1 minute tear film stability decreased, ocular and throat symptoms increased, forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) was slightly reduced, and self rated severity of dyspnoea was slightly increased. No effect was found for nasal patency, vital capacity (VC), FVC, nasal symptoms, dermal symptoms, smell of solvent, or any systemic symptoms. Those exposed to the higher concentrations in the afternoon had a more pronounced increase of throat symptoms, and a more pronounced decrease of tear film stability. In four subjects who reported development of irritative cough during exposure to PG, FEV1 was decreased by 5%, but FEV1 was unchanged among those who did not develop a cough. Those who developed a cough also had an increased perception of mild dyspnoea. CONCLUSION: Short exposure to PG mist from artificial smoke generators may cause acute ocular and upper airway irritation in non-asthmatic subjects. A few may also react with cough and slight airway obstruction.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Fatigue in operational settings: examples from the aviation environment.

The need for 24-h operations creates nonstandard and altered work schedules that can lead to cumulative sleep loss and circadian disruption. These factors can lead to fatigue and sleepiness and affect performance and productivity on the job. The approach, research, and results of the NASA Ames Fatigue Countermeasures Program are described to illustrate one attempt to address these issues in the aviation environment. The scientific and operational relevance of these factors is discussed, and provocative issues for future research are presented.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed2001

Health risks from radiation exposure for civilian aviation flight personnel: a study of Italian airline crew members.

A study of the effects of exposures of civilian aviation flight personnel to atmospheric ionizing radiation (including high-energy neutrons) is being performed. The results of previous studies and of the criteria required for a more satisfactory outcome in future studies are presented, along with a description of the protocol for the Italian national study. A description of the cohort is given in terms of its size, composition and member eligibility. The various ways of determining the exposure and the health status of past and current aircrew members are discussed, and follow-up procedures are described. An overview of the data management and processing philosophy adopted in the Italian study is given with regard to flight routes, radiation dose evaluation along the flight paths, and construction of exposure matrices. Other studies of potential interest are also discussed. The study is still in progress, so the results are preliminary.

Aircraft↗
PubMed1990

Crop duster aviation mechanics: high risk for pesticide poisoning.

A cross-sectional medical survey was conducted among 63 Nicaraguan aviation mechanics exposed to organophosphate and other toxic pesticides. Thirty-one (49 percent) reported having been acutely poisoned on the job. Also, seven of 14 novice mechanics, with less than one year on the job, reported that they had been poisoned. Thirty-eight (61 percent) had cholinesterase levels below the lower limit of normal, including three workers with levels less than 20 percent of the lower limit of normal. Risk factors for low cholinesterase included recent hire and recent poisoning. Workers did not use protective equipment, nor were there facilities for bathing on site. As a result of this survey, the government has prohibited the mixing and loading of pesticides at this airport and requires the washing of planes prior to maintenance work; coveralls and thin, pesticide impermeable gloves are to be issued to mechanics handling pesticide-contaminated parts. Closed system mixing and loading systems have been installed at satellite airstrips.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical aviation medicine: safe travel by air.

Commercial air travel has increased dramatically in the last 25 years, which has resulted in an increased number of passengers travelling. In 1995, approximately 1.4 billion passengers flew. There are very few contra-indications to flying in commercial jet aircraft and even passengers with medical conditions travel regularly without incident. To avoid in-flight emergencies which potentially have implications for the patient's medical condition and the operation of the flight it is essential to assess significant medical conditions prior to travel. With appropriate assessment by a physician who has an understanding of the aviation environment and its potential interaction with the patient's medical condition, the majority of passengers may be carried. If a medial emergency occurs in flight the medical practitioner may have a role to play when asked by the crew, whose training has recently been augmented by many airlines to include the use of self diagnosing defibrillators. This team approach is important and is of benefit to the patient; it may avoid disruption to the flight.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1999

Common peroneal nerve palsy in a UH-60 aviator.

A case of common peroneal nerve palsy in a UH-60 Blackhawk U.S. Army helicopter pilot is reported. A review of the literature revealed several reports of common peroneal nerve palsy, although there were no published reports of this injury secondary to performing flight duties in the UH-60 cockpit. A common practice among Blackhawk pilots is to brace the "collective" with their left knee, subjecting the common peroneal nerve to possible injury. This action should be considered as a possible cause of common peroneal nerve palsy in this select group of aviators.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Accidental injection of a U.S. Air Force aviator by a pralidoxime chloride auto-injector: a case report.

To counter the threat of organophosphate nerve agents, military personnel may be issued auto-injectors containing pralidoxime chloride. This drug helps to dephosphorylate the nerve agent-acetylcholinesterase complex and, thus, regenerate the enzyme. In non-poisoned persons, pralidoxime chloride is rapidly excreted by the kidneys and is fairly well tolerated. We present the first reported case of an accidental injection of an Air Force aviator by an auto-injector. The patient recovered well with no specific treatment needed. The pharmacology and toxicology of pralidoxime chloride are discussed.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2000

Aeromedical decision-making for aviators with malignant melanoma: an update and review.

A review of the recent medical literature on malignant melanoma yielded sufficient information to correlate readily identifiable tumor characteristics to disease-free intervals, and in turn to subsequent risk of cerebral metastasis and neurologic incapacitation. These data were used to construct a new decision table to help guide flight surgeons considering a flying waiver for aviators with a history of melanoma.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Early menopause presenting with mood symptoms in a student aviator.

The clinical presentation of menopause can resemble the symptoms of a mood disorder. We describe the case of a 31-yr-old student helicopter pilot who presented to the Aviation Psychiatry Department with a several-month history of inconsistent training performance, mood lability, tearfulness, anxiety, insomnia, fatigue, and decreased concentration. Symptoms persisted despite stress management training and resolution of family stressors, and further evaluation revealed other symptoms consistent with early menopause. Symptoms responded to estrogen/progesterone therapy, and patient returned to flight training. The clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, treatment, and aeromedical disposition of perimenopause and menopause are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Predictive validities of several clinical color vision tests for aviation signal light gun performance.

Scores on the American Optical Company (AOC) test (1965 edition), Dvorine test, Farnsworth Lantern test, Color Threshold Tester, Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue test, Farnsworth Panel D-15 test, and Schmidt-Haensch Anomaloscope were obtained from 137 men with color-defective vision and 128 men with normal color vision. The validity of each of these tests in predicting scores on the aviation signal light gun was assessed by using daytime and nighttime administrations of the light gun as the criteria. Two "best sets" of plates from the AOC and Dvorine tests were selected by calculating a multiple regression equation in a stepwise manner with the nighttime and then the daytime administration of the signal light gun test as the criteria. Based on a graphic presentation of the miss and false alarm rates for each test at various possible cut scores, suggestions were made regarding the use of each test and the selection of optimal pass/fail scores.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1975

Efficiency of constant-flow oxygen masks for general aviation: a new method of mask evaluation.

Three commercially popular oxygen masks for general aviation were tested by measuring arterial blood gases at altitude and alveolar gases at ground level with a respiratory mass spectrometer. At 4,575 m (15,000 ft) and 3.65 1/min oxygen flow, calculated fractional inspired oxygen (F102) averaged 38.1% for the Hudson-type mask; 49.6% for the Scott Sky Mask; and 52.4% for the Scott Duo Seal Mask. At ground level, 1280 m (4,200 ft) 2.6 1/min oxygen flow, F102 calculated from alveolar gases averaged 41.5% plus or minus S.D. 5.3 for the Hudson Mask; 48.0% plus or minus 5.2 for the Scott Sky Mask; and 54.9% plus or minus S.D. 6.2 for the Scott Duo Seal Mask. The asymptomatic hyperventilation observed in all subjects at altitude degraded the performance of all three masks to a sufficient degree to offset the benefits of increased oxygen flow achieved through the regulator at higher altitudes. The respiratory mass spectrometer provides a new technique for analyzing efficiency of oxygen masks and the effect of changes in mask design.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1975

Central nervous system involvement following type I aviator's bends complicated by complacency.

A false sense of security surrounds the possibility of post-flight complications resulting from "aviator's bends." The accepted clinical clue that a patient is at risk for serious complications is the presence of some form of dysbarism at altitude. This principle has been inappropriately extended to imply that serious post-flight complications of the evolved gas syndrome only follow serious in-flight symptoms. This paper, in addition to reporting the occurrence of post-flight neurologic signs in a patient after Type I pain-only bends during an altitude chamber flight, also identifies a broader subtle complacency in the professional community that routinely deals with hypobarics.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Soft hydrophilic contact lenses in civil and military aviation.

This study was undertaken to evaluate that possible acceptability of the hydrophilic contact lenses, both in military and civil aviation. Twelve volunteers, senior pilots of both military and civilian aircraft, were accepted for the first phase of this study. Hydrophilic contact lenses were evaluated in different flights conditions, including different altitudes, pressures and humidities, as well as the effects of light and glare and the special tasks of military flight. Although the series investigated is small, the results obtained indicate that hydrophilic contact lenses may favorably replace regular spectacles worn by pilots of military or civilian aircraft.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed2001

Blood-injection-injury phobia in a commercial aviator: a case report.

A small percentage of the population suffers from blood-injection-injury phobia. These individuals can have vasodepressor syncope related to episodes when their phobia is triggered by a stimulus such as the sight of blood or receiving an injection. A case is presented in which a commercial aviator had a vasodepressor syncopal event during flight. She is referred for evaluation. A discussion of the diagnosis, disease, treatment, and follow-up recommendations are included.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Toxicology and drug testing in aviation.

The occupational physician working in the aviation industry must have some toxicological expertise. Airline production and maintenance operations, while similar to other large manufacturing facilities, use some exotic metals and composites with unique toxicity. Airport operations involve exposure of the ground crew to de-icing chemicals and jet fuels. Moreover, evaluation of drug test results requires a background in pharmacology, physiology, and laboratory methods. Frank response to employees and coordination of plans with industrial hygienists, managers, and employees are necessary when toxicological questions arise. This article also offers a Controversy (Substituted Urine: Offer a Retest or Not?).

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed2002

[Contemporary aspects of aviation ophthalmic ergonomics].

The article tackle problems of ophthalmic ergonomics in contemporary aviation. The authors necessitate PC software to be put into practice of medical examination in pilots, stress efficacy of photorefraction surgery for vision rehabilitation and better occupational adequacy of pilots.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed2002

Cases from the aerospace medicine residents' teaching file. Case report of an aviator with focal myocarditis mimicking myocardial infarction with normal coronaries.

A military aviator was initially diagnosed with myocardial infarction following a viral syndrome. Confusion about recurrence of chest pain versus gastritis led to his continued cardiac patient status until this was clarified diagnostically. He was presumed to have had coronary vasospasm, and was treated with a calcium channel blocker. Absent his strong desire to return to flying duties, he may have continued in that diagnostic pathway indefinitely. After thorough aeromedical evaluation, resolved focal viral myocarditis was felt to be the most likely diagnosis and he was returned to military flying duties.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Determination of 2,6-di-tertbutyl-4-methylphenol in an aviation jet fuel by high performance liquid chromatography].

The content of antioxidant of 2,6-di-tertbutyl-4-methylphenol(BHT) in a new aviation jet fuel (HDF-1) was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The influences of the volume ratio of methanol and acetate buffer and the flow rate for BHT separation from HDF-1 were studied and the best analysis conditions were obtained. The optimum volume ratio is 85:15 and the optimum flow rate is 1 mL/min. The relation of BHT mass fraction and its peak area has been analyzed and simulated. It was found that they had a good linear relationship.

English Abstract↗