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PubMedDate not supplied

Assessment of postoperation pain in children and adolescents using the adolescent pediatric pain tool.

The location, intensity, and quality of pediatric postoperative pain were assessed in a convenience sample of 65 multiethnic children and adolescents, 8 to 17 years old. Pain was measured daily for 5 days during hospitalization using the Adolescent Pediatric Pain Tool (APPT). Mean pain intensity scores and mean number of pain descriptors (quality) decreased over time, but there was no significant change over time for the number of body segments marked (location). The findings provided valid and reliable estimates of adolescents' and children's self-reports of the location, intensity, and quality of postoperative pain.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The amount and timing of parent-adolescent sexual communication as predictors of late adolescent sexual risk-taking behaviors.

The present study examined the moderating role of timing of first discussion of sexual intercourse with mothers and fathers on the relationship between the amount of sexual communication and sexual risk-taking behaviors in late adolescence. Late adolescents (N = 214) completed questionnaire measures regarding the amount and timing of sexual communication with their mothers and fathers. In addition, the participants provided information about their various sexual risk-taking behaviors. In general, the results suggest that timing of first discussion of sexual intercourse contributes additional variance in several sexually risky behaviors beyond that contributed by the amount of communication with both fathers and mothers. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Summary of the Practice Parameters for the Assessment and Treatment of Children, Adolescents, and Adults with Mental Retardation and Comorbid Mental Disorders. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

This summary provides an overview of the assessment and treatment recommendations contained in the Practice Parameters for the Assessment and Treatment of Children, Adolescents, and Adults With Mental Retardation and Comorbid Mental Disorders. The parameters were written to aid clinicians in the assessment and treatment of children, adolescents, and adults with symptoms of mental retardation (MR) and comorbid mental disorders. MR is a heterogeneous condition defined by significantly subaverage intellectual and adaptive functioning and onset before age 18 years. With an approach underscored by principles of normalization and the availability of appropriate education and habilitation, persons with MR generally live, are educated, and work in the community. Mental disorders occur more commonly in persons with MR than in the general population. However, the disorders themselves are essentially the same. Clinical presentations can be modified by poor language skills and by life circumstances, so a diagnosis might hinge more heavily on observable behavioral symptoms. The diagnostic assessment considers and synthesizes the biological, psychological, and psychosocial context of mental disorders. Comprehensive treatment integrating various approaches, including family counseling, pharmacological, educational, habilitative, and milieu interventions is the rule.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with suicidal behavior. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

These guidelines review what is known about the epidemiology, causes, management, and prevention of suicide and attempted suicide in young people. Detailed guidelines are provided concerning the assessment and emergency management of the children and adolescents who present with suicidal behavior. The guidelines also present suggestions on how the clinician may interface with the community. Crisis hotlines, method restriction, educational programs, and screening/ case-finding suicide prevention strategies are examined, and the clinician is advised on media counseling. Intervention in the community after a suicide, minimization of suicide contagion or imitation, and the training of primary care physicians and other gatekeepers to recognize and refer the potentially suicidal child and adolescent are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Correlates of adolescent reports of sexual assault: findings from the National Survey of Adolescents.

This study examines how key demographic variables and specific child sexual assault (CSA) incident characteristics were related to whether adolescents reported that they had told anyone about an alleged sexual assault. The study also investigates whether there were differences in the correlates of CSA disclosure as a function of gender and race/ethnicity. A national household probability sample of 4,023 adolescents was interviewed by telephone about childhood experiences, including CSA history. Significant gender and racial/ethnic differences were obtained in rates of CSA disclosure: Sexually abused boys and African American youth were less likely to report telling anyone they had been sexually abused. Separate regression models examining correlates of CSA disclosure yielded differences as a function of gender and race/ethnicity.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Adolescent sexual behaviour: results from an Ontario sample. Part II: Adolescent use of protection.

This paper reports the frequency of use of protection and rates of birth control pill/condom use by age and gender among a large, sexually active group of Ontario adolescents who were followed from 12 to 17 years of age. The sample consisted of the 759 males and 690 females who reported engaging in sexual intercourse during the McMaster Teen Project. Significantly more females aged 15-17 years reported always using a method of protection, and using the birth control pill. Condom use was more frequent among males at all ages, but reached statistical significance at ages 12, 13 and 17 years. Although the numbers reporting no use of protection decreased with age, by 17 years 36% of males and 33% of females continued to report no use of protection. Large numbers of sexually active Ontario adolescents continue to be vulnerable to pregnancy, STDs and AIDS.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

A comparison of predictors of the adolescent intention to smoke with adolescent current smoking using discriminant function analysis.

OBJECTIVES: This paper explores one possible operationalization of smoking intention to assist development of adolescent smoking intervention programmes. Such programmes usually focus on predictors of current smoking, ignoring predictors of intentions to smoke, or how intentions relate to actual future smoking. DESIGN AND METHODS: Respondents took part in two stages of a repeated measures national survey on Australian adolescent smoking behaviour (12-month interval between administrations). A total of N=1419 adolescents provided matched data, measuring personal smoking habits, intentions of smoking behaviour, stress (seven subscales), self-esteem and response to the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). RESULTS: A comparison of discriminant function predictors showed similarity between the current smoking and intention to smoke, with only one predictor differing between the functions. Non-smokers were more behaviourally consistent with their stated non-smoking intention over 12 months (i.e. remain non-smokers) than smokers (i.e. intention seemed unrelated to actual behaviour). CONCLUSIONS: While the predictors give no general indication of whether the processes behind the intention to smoke differ from current smoking, the intention to smoke may be a better focus for intervention with smokers given the apparent inconsistency with stated intention. Intervention for non-smokers may be usefully focused on maintaining non-smoking rather than preventing smoking.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Parent-adolescent relations and adolescent functioning: self-esteem, substance abuse, and delinquency.

The present study examined parental support and monitoring as they relate to adolescent outcomes. It was hypothesized that support and monitoring would be associated with higher self-esteem and less risky behavior during adolescence. The diverse sample included 16,749 adolescents assessed as part of the National Educational Longitudinal Study. Both high parental support and parental monitoring were related to greater self-esteem and lower risk behaviors. The findings partially confirm, as well as extend, propositions in attachment theory.

Female↗
PubMed2004

Characterization of interpersonal violence events involving young adolescent girls vs events involving young adolescent boys.

BACKGROUND: Multiple studies have demonstrated that girls are engaging in interpersonal violence. However, little is known about the potentially unique aspects of violent events involving girls. OBJECTIVES: To describe characteristics of interpersonal violence events in preadolescents and young adolescents and to determine if events involving any girl are different than those involving only boys. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey of 8- to 14-year-old patients who were being evaluated at an urban children's hospital emergency department for injuries caused by interpersonal violence was conducted between September 2000 and August 2001. The survey asked the patient to describe details about event circumstances, opponents, weapon use, and injury severity. RESULTS: We enrolled 190 patients into the study; 58 (31%) were girls. Seventy-four events (39%) had a girl involved, 156 (82%) occurred on a weekday, 127 (67%) were classified as fights, 140 (74%) were with a known opponent, and 93 (49%) occurred at school. Events involving girls were more likely than events involving all boys to occur at home (relative risk [RR], 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0-2.5). Both boys and girls reported "being disrespected" and "teasing" as popular reasons for a fight. Events involving girls were more commonly related to a "recurrence of a previous fight" (RR, 6.4; 95% CI, 1.9-21.5), were more likely to end because of adult intervention (RR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1-2.6), and have a family member try to physically break up the fight (RR, 3.7; 95% CI, 1.5-9.1). CONCLUSION: Violent events involving preadolescent and early adolescent girls are more likely to be in response to a previous event and to involve the home environment and family member intervention. Health care professionals should screen violently injured girls for safety concerns and retaliation plans and consider engaging the family in efforts to prevent future events.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Divided loyalties in adolescent psychiatry: late adolescence.

The paper discusses problems that arise in psychotherapy with late adolescent patients when other individuals somehow become indirectly involved in ways that require or suggest some exchange of information. These individuals may be parents or administrative and teaching personnel within an institution. The differences between confidentiality, privileged communication, and privacy are discussed, and specific difficulties discussed in the therapy of late adolescents who are in the process of psychologically (as well as legally) attempting to achieve the independent status of a young adult.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Urgent adolescent psychiatric consultation: from the accident and emergency department to inpatient adolescent psychiatry.

The Rapid Response Model (RRM) provides psychiatric services to children and adolescents seen at the Accident and Emergency (A&E) department or at the Urgent Consultation Clinic of the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Division the next day. In a naturally occurring experiment, the RRM was introduced, withdrawn and restarted. When RRM was withdrawn at one site, it was implemented at another. The RRM reduced nighttime Emergency Consultations and inpatient admissions from A&E, while it increased daytime consultations and daytime admissions. The RRM provided timely, organized emergency psychiatric services. A&E staff expressed satisfaction with the service.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Risk-taking. Adolescent girls versus adolescent boys].

Epidemiologists as well as professionals working in the area of adolescent health generally agree that adolescence is a period characterized by a difference in frequency of risk-taking behaviour between girls and boys. An explanation of these data through ethno-psychological and psychodynamical approaches is hereby presented. Such approaches should be taken into account for general preventive strategies to take effect.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Structural, relative, and absolute agreement between parents' and adolescent inpatients' reports of adolescent functional impairment.

This study assessed agreement between parents' and adolescent inpatients' scores on caretaker and self-report versions of the Functional Impairment Scale for Children and Adolescents (FISCA and FISCA-SR). Self-report data describing impairment in eight domains were collected from 375 inpatients (M age = 15.0 years, 55% females), with parent data available for 233 (62%). Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated structural congruence between a hypothesized, three-factor model, based on a prior study of the parent FISCA, and an observed model, based on responses to the FISCA-SR (GFI = .95). Correlations (measuring relative agreement) and paired comparisons of means (assessing absolute agreement) generally identified stronger agreement in "public" than "private" domains of impairment, and greater relative than absolute agreement in covert, antisocial domains.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

African-American adolescents' knowledge, health-related attitudes, sexual behavior, and contraceptive decisions: implications for the prevention of adolescent HIV infection.

African-American adolescents (N = 195) completed measures of knowledge related to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), attitudes toward condoms, health locus of control, vulnerability to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, peer sexual norms, personal sexual behavior for the past 6 months, and contraceptive preferences. Hotelling's T2 tests revealed that girls were more knowledgeable about AIDS, reported fewer sexual partners, held more positive attitudes toward precautionary sexual behavior, and perceived themselves to have greater self-control than boys. Five variables accounted for 44% of the variance in condom use: condom use from the 1st intercourse occasion, earlier grade in school, lower belief in an external locus of control, and higher scores on the Effect on Sexual Experience and Self-Control subscales of the Condom Attitude Scale. Implications for the content, format, and timing of HIV prevention with African-American adolescents are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Parenting and adolescent problem behavior: an integrated model with adolescent self-disclosure and perceived parental knowledge as intervening variables.

Parental monitoring, assessed as (perceived) parental knowledge of the child's behavior, has been established as a consistent predictor of problem behavior. However, recent research indicates that parental knowledge has more to do with adolescents' self-disclosure than with parents' active monitoring. Although these findings may suggest that parents exert little influence on adolescents' problem behavior, the authors argue that this conclusion is premature, because self-disclosure may in itself be influenced by parents' rearing style. This study (a) examined relations between parenting dimensions and self-disclosure and (b) compared 3 models describing the relations among parenting, self-disclosure, perceived parental knowledge, and problem behavior. Results in a sample of 10th- to 12th-grade students, their parents, and their peers demonstrated that high responsiveness, high behavioral control, and low psychological control are independent predictors of self-disclosure. In addition, structural equation modeling analyses demonstrated that parenting is both indirectly (through self-disclosure) and directly associated with perceived parental knowledge but is not directly related to problem behavior or affiliation with peers engaging in problem behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Interparental conflict and adolescent adjustment: why does gender moderate early adolescent vulnerability?

The role of child gender in the relationship between interparental conflict and adolescent psychological symptoms was examined in a sample of 924 children 10 to 15 years old and 172 of their mothers. Interparental conflict was a significantly stronger predictor of adolescent internalizing symptoms for girls than boys across type of informant (i.e., mother or child). In examining why the risk posed by interparental conflict differed by gender, further analyses indicated that girls' tendencies to experience elevated levels of communion partly accounted for their greater vulnerability to interparental conflict.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Headache intensity and quality of life in adolescents. How are changes in headache intensity in adolescents related to changes in experienced quality of life?

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between changes in actual presence of headache and the experience of different subdomains of quality of life (QoL) in adolescents. DESIGN: Diary entered measurements of headache intensity and frequency were related to simultaneously recorded data on a QoL questionnaire for adolescents. SETTING: Subjects completed both the QoL questionnaires and the headache diaries at home. SUBJECTS: Subjects were selected by screening the total population of two secondary schools (N = 1566) for headache and migraine symptoms. Sixty-four students subject to chronic headache or migraine participated in the study. All subjects were diagnosed by a neurologist, following the IHS criteria for migraine. CONCLUSION: Changes in headache intensity and frequency were related to changes in self-reported QoL within all QoL subdomains. More headache coincided with a lower self-reported QoL.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Adolescents' knowledge and attitudes concerning HIV infection and HIV-infected persons: how a survey and focus group discussions are suited for researching adolescents' HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitudes.

The purpose of this article is to examine how two different corpora of material are suited for researching the sexuality of youth on the basis of material gathered via a structured questionnaire (N = 1183, response rate 87%) and via eight focus group discussions (FGDs), and to investigate the knowledge and opinions of adolescents at the age of 15 years about HIV infection and HIV-infected persons. Both boys and girls showed a good level of knowledge about HIV infection and AIDS. While their level of knowledge was good, their attitude was that the threat of an HIV infection was not a personal issue. Furthermore, negative attitudes to those having HIV/AIDS became more pronounced the more socially distant the infected person was to the respondent. The FGDs presented a more sceptical view of the attitudes of adolescents than the survey, while the knowledge about HIV infection and AIDS was the same regardless of the research method. In the FGDs, girls discussed the topics more extensively than boys, they used longer sentences, there was spontaneous discussion within the groups and the participants commented on each other's opinions. Boys were often content with short dichotomous responses and the interviewers had to qualify the responses with supplementary questions.

Adolescent↗