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PubMed1987

Human breast epithelial cells in serum-free collagen gel primary culture: growth, morphological, and immunocytochemical analysis.

Human breast epithelial cells derived from various sources (fibroadenoma, reduction mammoplasty, and mastectomy tissues from premenopausal patients) have been cultured in collagen gel matrix using serum-free medium. Response to various additives has been analyzed for growth-promoting effect when added to a basal medium containing insulin, cholera toxin, and BSA. A consistent observation has been the effect of EGF and cortisol in growth stimulation of human breast epithelial cells, while separately, each additive elicited only a small response. Under this condition, employing EGF and cortisol combinations, these cells gave rise to organized colonies consisting of clusters of cells, usually spherical, without any duct-like extensions. Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical studies, using a panel of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, have shown that cell types and features that can be identified in the original breast tissue can also be delineated in the progeny populations. The topographical feature, consisting of lumina surrounded by a single inner layer of epithelial cells and an outer layer of basal/myoepithelial cells, can be re-created in the collagen gel system starting from small clumps of cells.

Adenofibroma↗
PubMed1991

Granule changes of human skin mast cells characteristic of piecemeal degranulation and associated with recovery during wound healing in situ.

Human skin mast cells (HSMC) in situ were examined by electron microscopy of surgical biopsy specimens obtained from a wide variety of circumstances. From these studies, it is apparent that the general ultrastructural morphology of normal HSMC is similar to that of human mast cells from other sites, except that the most prevalent granule pattern is that of crystal granules. Scroll granules, particle granules, and mixed granules can also occur in HSMC. Cytoplasmic lipid bodies occur in HSMC extremely rarely, unlike mast cells from lung and gut. Circumstances in which piecemeal degranulation (PMD) of HSMC occurs, such as bullous pemphigoid, examined at high magnifications, revealed typical, focal geographic losses from cytoplasmic granules, often leaving completely empty granule containers in the cytoplasm. Crystal portions of mixed granules were uniquely susceptible to granule losses typified by PMD. Cytoplasmic smooth vesicles were prominent in PMD. These structures were either empty or contained granule-like dense materials and were free in the cytoplasm or attached to granules. HSMC present in wound healing revealed recovery from PMD losses. Typically these granules contained numerous irregular foci of markedly dense new granule products within empty or partially empty granule containers. The morphology of PMD and recovery of HSMC in vivo is contrasted with the morphology of anaphylactic degranulation (AND) and recovery of human mast cells ex vivo.

Adenofibroma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ovarian fibromas and cystadenofibromas: MRI features of the fibrous component.

Ovarian fibromas and cystadenofibromas are neoplasms that share a similar distinctive tissue component of dense fibrous tissue. We sought to describe the MRI features of these neoplasms and to determine if the fibrous component shows distinctive characteristics. Fourteen patients in whom MR images performed with multicoil and fast-spin-echo images and who subsequently underwent surgery for resection of ovarian fibromas or cystadenofibromas were identified from two institutions. Five patients had ovarian fibromas, and nine patients had fourteen cystadenofibromas. 1.5-T MR studies used T1-weighted spin echo and multiplanar T2-weighted fast-spin-echo images, with fat saturation gadolinium-enhanced fast multiplanar gradient-echo images in seven patients. Studies were reviewed for findings of low (approximately equal to skeletal muscle) signal intensity solid components on T2-weighted images, characteristics of gadolinium enhancement, and associated endometrial findings. Images were obtained ex vivo from three adnexal surgical specimens with an 8-cm field of view and correlated with histology. All five of the fibromas showed predominantly very low signal intensity, similar to skeletal muscle, on T2-weighted images. Two of five fibromas were in patients with endometrial polyps and increased amounts of fluid in the pelvis. Thirteen cystadenofibromas were multicystic masses with bands of very low signal intensity ranging from 2 to 20 mm in the wall of the mass, and one was predominantly solid fibrous tissue. Pathologic correlation with specimen images showed that the low signal intensity material was the subepithelial fibrous component of the cystadenofibromas. Fibrous components of ovarian fibromas and cystadenofibromas are demonstrable by MR as solid components representing fibrous tissue of very low signal intensity on T2-weighted images.

Adenofibroma↗
PubMed1976

Tritiated thymidine labeling index of benign and malignant human breast epithelium.

38 specimens of benign breast tissue from young women and 92 primary breast carcinomas were evaluated for tritiated thymidine ([3H]TdR) labeling index (TLI) by in vitro pulse labeling. The TLI on nonneoplastic, terminal breast ducts was significantly higher during the latter half than during the first half of the menstrual cycle (P less than 0.001), and a geometric mean TLI of 1.5 during the latter half of the cycle is consistent with approximately 47% turnover of these cells during the menstrual cycle. Ducts of fibroadenomas showed similar menstrual variation TLI. The range of TLI observed in the carcinomas was 0.04-18.6, arithmetic mean 3.7, geometric mean 2.1. The TLI of carcinomas was not significantly correlated with size of the tumor, but tended to be higher in women less than 50 yr old than in women older than 50 yr (P less than 0.05), and in the presence of two or more metastatic axillary lymph nodes than when fewer than two nodes were involved (P less than 0.02).

Adenofibroma↗
PubMed1977

Autoantibodies to an altered IgG in human breast cancer.

Recent studies have shown that antibody in the serum of patients with carcinoma of the breast reacts with two distinct antigens obtained from breast cancer tissue. Hence, there are two antibodies. The first antibody reacts against the Fc fragment of immunoglobulin and is also found in the sera of patients with benign breast disease and certain inflammatory lesions and, therefore, does not seem to have any significant meaning for the patient with carcinoma of the breast. The second antibody is directed against the Fab fragment of human immunoglobulin that is found in breast cancer tissue. Recent experiments have shown that in immunodiffusion tests, this autoantibody reacts not with normal IgG(Fab), but rather with heat-aggregated Ig(Fab). It is thought that tumor-associated antibodies react with antigens on the tumor cell surface. Intracellular enzymes then proceed to fragment the attached antibody, leaving the Fab fragments attached on the cell surface. With intact immunosurveillance, the host appreciates this altered immunoglobulin (Fab). It is suggested that the autoantibody then formed against this fragment reacts with the fragment attached to the tumor cell, thereby allowing the tumor cell to be destroyed. Clinical data supporting this hypothesis are derived from the fact that 9 patients having this autoantibody to the Fab fragment are alive at 1 year after their carcinoma of the breast.

Adenofibroma↗
PubMed1978

Visualization of breast lesions with an advanced ultrasonic device: results of a pilot study.

A pilot study is described in which a new design of a sensitive ultrasonic device was used to visualize breast lesions in nine patients. The results were in general accord with clinical, histologic, and x-ray examinations, although ultrasound was superior to x-ray mammography in the visualization of discrete cysts in breasts having a "dense" background. As the device provides an indication of the capabilities of ultrasonic equipment which will be generally available within the next two years, projections are made on the impact of this equipment on the earlier diagnosis and prognosis of cancer, together with a discussion of the negligible radiation bio-hazards posed by devices of this type, in the light of present knowledge.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1979

Steroid receptors in sarcomatous lesions.

Clinical observations showed that the natural history of sarcomatous lesions may be different among males and females, and it may be influenced by hormonal factors. Estrogen receptors (ER) were measured on biopsy specimens of melanoma (two patients), soft-tissue sarcoma (four patients), cystosarcoma phylloides (five patients), benign breast tissues (27 patients), and breast carcinoma (109 patients). Thirty-four specimens also had progesterone receptors (PR) analyzed. One of the five cystosarcoma phylloides and five of the six nonmammary sarcoma tissues contained ER (mainly of the 4 Svedburg (S) variety) of more than 7 femtomoles (fmoles)/mg cytosol proteins (6/11 = 54%). For comparison three of the 14 fibroadenoma specimens and two of the 13 patients with other benign lesions had positive ERs (5/27 = 19%), whereas 56% of the breast carcinomas were ER positive. Since the amount of 8S ER found in sarcomatous tissues is relatively low, hormonal treatment would not be effective.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1980

Granular cell tumor: a clinicopathologic study of 110 patients.

The clinicopathologic features of 118 granular cell tumors (GCT) encountered at two affiliated hospitals were reviewed. A total of 110 patients were affected over this 32-year period of study (71 men, 39 women), and in 5% GCT were multiple. Patients ranged in age from 16 to 58 years (average 32 years) and were symptomatic for an average duration of 11 months prior to diagnosis. There was a greater than expected frequency of GCT among black patients (29%). Although tongue was the single most common anatomic site involved, relatively more GCT (44%) occurred in skin or subcutaneous tissue. Less common locations were breast parenchyma (10 cases), rectal mucosa and anus (6), vulva (4), esophagus and larynx (2 cases each). The correct preoperative diagnosis of this protean tumor was made in only three patients. GCT were surgically treated with the average diameter of resected tumor being 1.2 cm (range 0.2--3.5 cm). Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia was noted in 11 tumors and in one vulvar GCT there was overlying in situ squamous cell carcinoma. Tumors were incompletely excised in 24 of 56 patients having adequate followup; only five of these 24 patients experienced a local recurrence of tumor. Malignant behavior was not observed. Results of histochemical and ultrastructural study are briefly discussed. The precise histogenesis of GCT is uncertain but Schwann cell origin is favored in most cases.

Adenofibroma↗
PubMed1980

Carcinomas arising in fibroadenomas: a report of two cases and a review of the literature.

Carcinomas arising in fibroadenomas are rare. Two such cases are being presented; one is of the ductal variety and the other, lobular. Both cases clearly demonstrate the overall configuration of fibroadenomas with foci of in situ and infiltrating carcinoma, the surrounding breast tissue being devoid of malignant changes. The diagnosis was clinically unsuspected in both cases and in only one of them was it suspected at the time of gross pathological examination. The intent of this presentation is to increase general awareness as to the existence of carcinomas arising in fibroadenomas and also to actively discourage the practice of rendering gross pathological diagnoses of fibroadenomas at table diagnosis, however innocuous these neoplasms may appear to be, without microscopic examination by frozen sections.

Adenofibroma↗
PubMed1985

What ultrasonography can tell in breast masses that mammography and physical examination cannot.

The capability of ultrasonography to provide additional information to the physical and mammographic examination for therapeutic decision was investigated in a prospective study. Four hundred patients with palpable or radiologic breast masses requiring surgical biopsy were studied. The high resolution and accuracy of ultrasonography vs. mammography in the diagnosis of cystic masses (96%, 63/66 vs. 42%, 20/48) (p less than 0.001) and fibrocystic masses (84%, 131/156 vs. 74%, 80/108) (p less than 0.10), led to a substantial reduction of surgical biopsies in favor of aspiration or follow-up policy, particularly when physical examination and mammography were inconclusive. Breast cancers were accurately diagnosed in 73% (88/120) by sonography and 84% (98/116) by mammography (p greater than 0.10). The major limitation of ultrasonography was noticed in the diagnosis of minimal breast cancer (23%, 5/21) due to its inability to visualize microcalcifications. Our study validates the importance of ultrasonography in the diagnosis and therapeutic decision of cystic and fibrocystic masses but cannot substitute mammography in early detection of breast carcinoma.

Adenofibroma↗
PubMed1985

Carcinoma arising in fibroadenoma: case report and review of the world literature.

To date 119 cases of "carcinoma arising in a fibroadenoma" have been reported in the world literature. A total of 120 cases, including the case described here, are analyzed. The mean age of the affected females was 43 years. A few patients complained of several disorders other than breast tumor before and during the development of the tumor. The tumor was most frequently located in the upper outer quadrant of the breast. Most carcinomas in fibroadenomas were lobular carcinoma in situ followed by duct carcinoma in situ. There was only one squamous cell carcinoma. The malignant process was confined to the fibroadenoma in over half of the cases. In some cases additional foci outside the fibroadenoma were reported. Radical mastectomy was the most frequent treatment. The prognosis was usually good.

Adenofibroma↗
PubMed1987

Proton NMR of human breast tumors: correlation with clinical prognostic parameters.

Proton NMR spectroscopy and imaging of human breast tissue have provided new methods in studying breast carcinomas. Continuous wave proton NMR spectroscopy in this study is able to discriminate breast carcinomas from normal breast tissue on the basis of the integrated area under the water and lipid peaks, width at half height of the water peak, and chemical shift of the lipid peak. In addition, the NMR parameters were correlated with the following clinical and pathologic prognostic indices: TNM tumor stage, nuclear grade, and estrogen receptor status (ER). Width at half height of the lipid peak (1/2 delta lipid) correlated with tumor content and ER. Studies using higher resolution proton or phosphorus NMR spectra may separate signals that can correlate with biological information on breast neoplasms useful to the clinician. Chemical shift of the lipid peak may be used to sharpen contrast on MRI of breast tumors.

Adenofibroma↗
PubMed1990

Stromal neoplasms of the breast: a comparative flow cytometric study.

We analyzed 42 mammary spindle cell neoplasms (10 conventional fibroadenomas, 8 giant fibroadenomas, 17 cystosarcoma phyllodes, and 7 stromal sarcomas) by flow cytometry to assess the diagnostic and prognostic relevance of DNA content analysis in the pathologic evaluation of these lesions. Our data indicate that all fibroadenomas were diploid, cystosarcoma phyllodes displayed diploid and aneuploid DNA content irrespective of their histological categorization, and that stromal sarcomas were all aneuploid and clinically aggressive. Diploid cystosarcoma phyllodes were biologically indolent, whereas most of the aneuploid neoplasms killed their hosts (P = 0.03). The present study indicates that a DNA content abnormality it is a reliable marker of malignancy in these neoplasms, and it may identify subsets of patients with variable biologic courses within the histopathologic spectrum of cystosarcoma phyllodes.

Adenofibroma↗
PubMed1992

Breast masses in adolescent females.

In a retrospective study of 38 adolescent females operated on for mammary masses, 42 fibroadenomata (FA), 2 fibrous scars around abscesses, and one papilloma were found. All were postmenarchal. Clinical and pathological features were reviewed and the patients reexamined or interviewed. FA were mostly asymptomatic and removed a few weeks after incidental discovery. They were often seen in Jewish girls of parents born in North Africa and the Middle East, and were more frequently located in the outer superior quadrant of the left breast. New FA appeared in almost half of the cases later on in the same breast, as well as in the other breast, or bilaterally. Necrosis occurred in three FA and was unrelated to the size of the tumor. There was no correlation between the size of FA, multiplicity, or necrosis, nor between increased stromal or epithelial atypia, cellularity, or mitotic activity. One explanation for the high rate of multiplicity might be related to this neoplasm occurring in an actively developing organ under hormonal control. There was no increased breast carcinoma apparent in the family history. Therefore, except in cases of fast-growing tumors, a conservative approach is recommended because of the frequency of multiple FA as well as aesthetical postoperative complications.

Adenofibroma↗