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PubMed1990

Localization of the cytochrome cd1 and copper nitrite reductases in denitrifying bacteria.

The locations of cytochrome cd1 nitrite reductases in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas fluorescens and copper nitrite reductases in Achromobacter cycloclastes and Achromobacter xylosoxidans were identified. Immunogold labeling with colloidal-gold probes showed that the nitrite reductases were synthesized exclusively in anaerobically grown (denitrifying) cells. Little immunogold label occurred in the cytoplasm of these four strains; most was found in the periplasmic space or was associated with cell membranes. Immunogold labeling of thin sections was superior to fractionation by osmotic shock for locating nitrite reductases. The results support models of dentrification energetics that require a periplasmic, not a cytoplasmic, location for nitrite reductases.

Alcaligenes↗
PubMed1979

Semiquantitative catalase test as an aid in identification of oxidative and nonsaccharolytic gram-negative bacteria.

A simple and rapid semiquantitative slide catalase test useful for the identification of oxidative and nonsaccharolytic gram-negative bacteria, i.e., "nonfermenters," is described. Using the interpretative criterion of time of appearance of oxygen bubbles in 3% hydrogen peroxide, three categories of nonfermenters were established. The rapid catalase producers included Achromobacter xylosoxidans and Achromobacter species; Acinetobacter anitratus and Acinetobacter lwoffii; Bordetella bronchiseptica; CDC group IVE; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. fluorescens, P. putida, P. diminuta, and P. acidovorans; and Moraxella urethralis and M-6. The delayed catalase producers included Bordetella parapertussis, CDC group VA-1, P. alcaligenes, P. cepacia, P. mendocina, P. pickettii (VA-2), P. pseudoalcaligenes, P. putrefaciens, P. stutzeri, P. testosteroni, and P. vesicularis. The third group consisted of an additional 17 taxa of nonfermenters which were classified as moderate catalase producers.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2001

Identification of strains of Alcaligenes and Agrobacterium by a polyphasic approach.

The number of stable discriminant biochemical characters is limited in the genera Alcaligenes and Agrobacterium, whose species are consequently difficult to distinguish from one another by conventional tests. Moreover, genomic studies have recently drastically modified the nomenclature of these genera; for example, Alcaligenes xylosoxidans was transferred to the genus Achromobacter in 1998. Twenty-five strains of Achromobacter xylosoxidans, three strains of an Agrobacterium sp., five strains of an Alcaligenes sp., and four unnamed strains belonging to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention group IVc-2 were examined. These strains were characterized by conventional tests, including biochemical tests. The assimilation of 99 carbohydrates, organic acids, and amino acids was studied by using Biotype-100 strips, and rRNA gene restriction patterns were obtained with the automated Riboprinter microbial characterization system after cleavage of total DNA with EcoRI or PstI restriction endonuclease. This polyphasic approach allowed the two subspecies of A. xylosoxidans to be clearly separated. Relationships between five strains and the Ralstonia paucula type strain were demonstrated. Likewise, three strains were found to be related to the Ochrobactrum anthropi type strain. We showed that substrate assimilation tests and automated ribotyping provide a simple, rapid, and reliable means of identifying A. xylosoxidans subspecies and that these two methods can be used as alternative methods to characterize unidentified strains rapidly when discriminant biochemical characters are missing.

Alcaligenes↗
PubMed2005

Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of unusual nonfermentative gram-negative bacilli isolated from Latin America: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (1997-2002).

The antimicrobial susceptibility of 176 unusual non-fermentative gram-negative bacilli (NF-GNB) collected from Latin America region through the SENTRY Program between 1997 and 2002 was evaluated by broth microdilution according to the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) recommendations. Nearly 74% of the NF-BGN belonged to the following genera/species: Burkholderia spp. (83), Achromobacter spp. (25), Ralstonia pickettii (16), Alcaligenes spp. (12), and Cryseobacterium spp. (12). Generally, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (MIC50, < 0.5 microg/ml) was the most potent drug followed by levofloxacin (MIC50, 0.5 microg/ml), and gatifloxacin (MIC50, 1 microg/ml). The highest susceptibility rates were observed for levofloxacin (78.3%), gatifloxacin (75.6%), and meropenem (72.6%). Ceftazidime (MIC50, 4 microg/ml; 83.1% susceptible) was the most active beta-lactam against B. cepacia. Against Achromobacter spp. isolates, meropenem (MIC50, 0.25 microg/ml; 88% susceptible) was more active than imipenem (MIC50, 2 microg/ml). Cefepime (MIC50, 2 microg/ml; 81.3% susceptible), and imipenem (MIC50, 2 microg/ml; 81.3% susceptible) were more active than ceftazidime (MIC50, >16 microg/ml; 18.8% susceptible) and meropenem (MIC50, 8 microg/ml; 50% susceptible) against Ralstonia pickettii. Since selection of the most appropriate antimicrobial agents for testing and reporting has not been established by the NCCLS for many of NF-GNB species, results from large multicenter studies may help to guide the best empiric therapy.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2000

[Isolation and selection of strains used to degrade organic chlorine pesticides and application effects].

With the organic chlorine pesticides (666, DDT) as sole carbon resources, three strains, No. 153 (Bacillus), No. 411 (Achromobacter) and No. 512 (Pseudomonas), which can degrade 666 (BHC), were isolated and selected in Tonomura culture medium. The degradation rates of these strains were 59.6%, 56.9% and 56.0% for total amount of 666, and 55.9%, 57.6% and 56.9% for beta-666, respectively. The other strains, No. 288 (Alcaligenes), No. 410 and No. 411 (Achromobacter) to degrade DDT were also obtained. The degradation rates of the strains were 59.0%, 47.5% and 45.1% for total amount of DDT, and 59.9%, 57.6% and 49.6% for PP'-DDT, respectively. The degradation effects of the mixtures of the isolated strains in pot and field experiments were similar to those of the pure culture, indicating it is a feasible measure to apply the mixture of strains to degrade residual pesticides in fields.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1975

[On the taxonomy and physiology of bacteria utilizing hydrocarbons in the sea (author's transl)].

Using mineral media with gas oil as sole carbon source, 191 bacterial strains were isolated from the costal area of Marseille. These strains were attributed to Achromobacter, Alcaligenes, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter and Arthrobacter genera. Amongst isolated strains there was a predominance of the Alcaligenes-Achromobacter group over others genera. Growth and respiratory activity of 5 strains were studied on hexadecane and acetate. Respiratory activity on hexadecane of 32 strains cultured on acetate has been measured. These strains could be placed in two groups. The group 1 shows an immediate respiratory activity which is not abolished by chloramphenicol. The group 2 presents either an immediate or a delayed respiratory activity which is always abolished by chloramphenicol. Maintenance or suppression of respiration by chloramphenicol is a character which is homogenously distributed amongst the species.

Acetates↗
PubMed2006

Effectiveness of biodegradation of petroleum products by mixed bacterial populations in liquid medium at different pH values.

The possibility of using mineral oils as a carbon source by bacteria adapted to high oil concentrations was tested in liquid media with different pH values (pH = 5, 7 and 9). Two types of inocula were tested: inoculum I consisted of selected strains used in the bioremediation of oil-contaminated soils and inoculum II contained bacteria isolated from soil samples previously bioremediated at pH = 5, 7 and 9. Biodegradation was observed in all the investigated media independently of initial pH value and type of inoculum used. After 21 days of cultivation the reduction of oil content reached 60-70% in medium with pH = 5 and 80-90% in medium with pH = 7 and 9, respectively. Inoculum I consisted of strains of Arthrobacter, Pseudomonas, Agrobacter, Xanthomonas spp. After 21 days of incubation the elimination of some strains was observed. In cultures conducted at pH = 5 Agrobacter strain was no longer found, at pH 9 - the Pseudomonas strain was lost. In cultures maintained at pH = 7 all the introduced strains survived. Prolonged incubation in liquid medium at pH = 5 of strains isolated from bioremediated soils (type II inoculum) leads to the elimination of Bacillus from initial consortium of Arthrobacter, Bacillus and Pseudomonas. In cultures containing bacteria of type II inoculum (Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Achromobacter, Agrobacter, Alcaligenes, Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas, Micrococcus) conducted in liquid media at pH = 9 the Micrococcus strain was no longer present. In liquid cultures incubated at pH = 7 all introduced strains were recovered (Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Achromobacter).

Bacteria↗
PubMed1991

Bacteria associated with tegument of Clinostomum marginatum (Digenea).

Adults of Clinostomum marginatum freshly collected from a heron, Ardea herodias, were examined using transmission electron microscopy. Specimens from the mouth of the bird were encrusted with bacteria that were not removed by washing unless the saline contained antibiotics. There was no evidence that the attached bacteria were damaging to the trematode tegument. Three species of Gram-negative bacteria were isolated from the worm surfaces and identified; Achromobacter sp. was present in pure culture on 4 of 6 original cultures and in mixed culture with Edwardsiella tarda and Enterobacter agglomerans in 2 cultures. These species and 3 unidentified species of bacteria were isolated from the oral epithelium of the heron. Microorganisms were not seen attached to the surfaces of worms recovered from the esophagus. Because E. tarda and E. agglomerans were the only species isolated from the heron esophagus, the intimate bacterial-worm association in the heron mouth may be due specifically to Achromobacter sp.

Alcaligenes↗
PubMed1990

Collagenase activation of latent matrix-degrading proteinases from human plasma fibronectin.

Fibronectin contains two latent gelatinolytic enzymes, FN-gelatinase and FN-laminase that can be activated in the presence of Ca2+ from the purified cathepsin D-produced 190-kDa fibronectin fragment. The results of this work show that Achromobacter collagenase cleaves fibronectin and generates an active FN-gelatinase. In contrast to the cathepsin D digest, the collagenase digest directly exhibits gelatinolytic activity without additional activation. The gelatinolytic activity of the total collagenase digest can be inhibited by phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, a serine proteinase inhibitor and by pepstatin A, an aspartic-acid proteinase inhibitor. FN-laminase activity, when assayed with its synthetic substrate GPAGPR and also with laminin was revealed after separation of the collagenase digest of fibronectin on heparin Ultrogel. FN-gelatinase and FN-laminase activities were found in heparin unretained and heparin strongly retained fractions. These results have demonstrated that in contrast to cathepsin D, Achromobacter collagenase activates two matrix-degrading proteinases from fibronectin, FN-Gelatinase und FN-Laminase.

Alcaligenes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Microflora of active ooze participating in the decomposition of sulfanilic acid].

Microflora of domestic water can be a source of active ooze adapted to sulphanilic acid. Adaptation of the microflora to sulphanilic acid at a concentration of 170-200 mg/l takes 6 to 8 days. The microflora of active ooze, immediately after adaptation, consists mainly of Pseudomonas species, Ps. denitrificans, Ps. fluorescens, Ps. striata, Ps. putida, etc., and also of Achromobacter stutzeri, Achromobacter flavum, Mycobacterium phlei, Mycobacterium mucosum, Bacillus mesentericus, Bac. cereus, saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and Rhodotorula glutinus. The number of the species decreased as a result of long cultivation of active ooze on a minimal medium with sulphanilic acid as a sole source of carbon and nitrogen; the following strains prevailed: Ps. putida, Ps. eisenbergii, strains of Mycobacterium phlei and Flavobacterium solare. The isolated strains of Ps. putida and Ps. eisenbergii decomposed sulphanilic acid by 60.0--79.5 percent, and together with Mycobacterium phlei by 100 percent during 4 to 7 days. The ability to oxidize sulphanilic acid decreased after storage. Addition to the medium of other sources of carbon, nitrogen and vitamins did not restore the lost ability of the microorganisms to decompose sulphanilic acid.

Alcaligenes↗
PubMed1996

Human colorectal carcinomas specifically accumulate Mr 42,000 ubiquitin-conjugated cytokeratin 8 fragments.

Recent studies have shown that various tumor cells accumulate ubiquitin (Ub)-conjugated proteins, the profiles of which differ from those of normal cells. To identify the Ub-conjugated proteins accumulated specifically by human carcinoma cells, a two-dimensional immunoblot analysis of 31 surgically resected human primary colorectal carcinoma tissues was performed using an anti-Ub monoclonal antibody, KM691. Two distinct Mr 42,000 and 45,000 proteins in the Triton X-insoluble fractions of carcinoma tissues reacted with this antibody, whereas only one Mr 45,000 protein reacted in normal tissues. The Mr 42,000 Ub-conjugated proteins were specific to carcinoma tissues from 25 patients (80.6%). One of the purified Mr 42,000 proteins was digested with Achromobacter protease I. This protein was identified as a cytokeratin 8 (CK 8) fragment based on both molecular mass determination and molecular mass searching of Achromobacter protease I-digested fragments of proteins registered in a protein sequence data base. Two-dimensional immunoblot analysis with an anti-CK 8 antibody confirmed that all of the Mr 42,000 proteins were CK 8 degradation products. These results demonstrate that human colorectal carcinomas specifically accumulate Mr 42,000 Ub-conjugated CK 8 fragments. This accumulation was observed frequently not only in advanced (18/22, 81.8%), but also in early stage cases (7/9, 77.8%), suggesting that it occurs even in the early stages of colorectal carcinoma progression.

Adult↗
PubMed1963

Repression of Staphylococcus aureus by food bacteria. II. Causes of inhibition.

Two food bacteria, Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas sp. CS-1, inhibited an enterotoxigenic strain of Staphylococcus aureus, apparently by out-competing it for nutrients. Five others, Bacillus cereus, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli H-52, Aerobacter aerogenes, and Achromobacter sp., inhibited by means of antibiotic substances which were Seitz-filterable, dialyzable, and stable at 90 C for 10 min. Inhibition was not caused by changes in pH, oxidation-reduction potential, or production of peroxide or fatty acids. The concentrated antibiotic material from E. coli H-52 contained amino acids but not peptides and was especially effective against staphylococci and micrococci.

Achromobacter↗
PubMed1963

BACTERIOLOGY OF SPOILAGE OF FISH MUSCLE. I. STERILE PRESS JUICE AS A SUITABLE EXPERIMENTAL MEDIUM.

A sterile raw fish muscle press juice, diluted 1:4 with saline, has been prepared. This dilution greatly facilitated Seitz filtration and affected the spoilage properties of the medium only negligibly. At 5.5 C, the spoilage pattern of naturally contaminated diluted juice was almost identical to that of naturally contaminated fillets. This was shown by comparing the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the bacterial flora on the two substrates and by measuring the production of volatile reducing substances (VRS) and of trimethylamine (TMA). With the sterile raw muscle press juice, some preliminary data showed that individual members of the genera Achromobacter and Pseudomonas differ markedly in their spoilage capabilities: some grew but did not produce spoilage detectable either organoleptically or chemically; others gave rise to strong off odors and to high levels of VRS and TMA.

Achromobacter↗
PubMed1964

BACTERIOLOGY OF SPOILAGE OF FISH MUSCLE. II. INCIDENCE OF SPOILERS DURING SPOILAGE.

A test medium consisting of a sterile raw press juice from fish muscle was used to determine the incidence of spoilage bacteria on stored fillets of English sole (Parophrys vetulus). The initial load of spoilers was shown to be consistently below 10%. This percentage rose but slightly toward the middle of the spoilage runs, and actually declined when spoilage was most apparent both organoleptically and chemically. Further evidence implicating the Pseudomonas and Achromobacter groups in the spoilage of fresh fish is presented.

Achromobacter↗
PubMed1965

BACTERIOLOGY OF SPOILAGE OF FISH MUSCLE. 3. CHARACTERIZATION OF SPOILERS.

A total of 807 bacterial isolates from fresh and spoiling fillets of English sole (Parophrys vetulus) stored at 5 C were classified as to genus and tested for various biochemical activities, including the ability to spoil sterile muscle press juice at 5 C. Production of off-odor, volatile reducing substances, and trimethylamine was used to estimate spoilage. It was found that (i) spoilers could be distinguished from nonspoilers on the basis of the juice spoilage test, (ii) differentiation between spoilers and nonspoilers could not be achieved by means of the usual biochemical tests, (iii) no micrococci, flavobacteria, and "coryneforms" were spoilers, (iv) certain specific subgroups of the genus Pseudomonas consisted exclusively of spoilers whereas others were inactive, (v) the genus Achromobacter likewise consisted of spoilers and nonspoilers, and (vi) "coliforms" could produce spoilage. It was concluded that a method is now available to determine directly and unequivocally the role played in spoilage by various bacterial groups and that it is no longer necessary to rely on indirect evidence.

Achromobacter↗
PubMed1962

Bacterial oxidation of dipicolinic acid. II. Identification of alpha-ketoglutaric acid and 3-hydroxydipicolinic acid and some properties of cell-free extracts.

Kobayashi, Yasuo (University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan) and Kei Arima. Bacterial oxidation of dipicolinic acid. II. Identification of alpha-ketoglutaric acid and 3-hydroxydipicolinic acid and some properties of cell-free extracts. J. Bacteriol. 84:765-771. 1962-When a dipicolinic acid (DPA)-decomposing bacterium, Achromobacter strain 1-2, was incubated at 30 C with shaking in a DPA solution containing 10(-3)m arsenite, a keto acid was accumulated. The 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone of this acid was synthesized and identified as alpha-ketoglutaric acid by paper chromatography, visible absorption spectrum, infrared analysis, elemental analysis, and mixed melting point. During this incubation, oxalic acid equivalent to the consumed dipicolinic acid was produced. A fluorescent material was also isolated from culture fluid and identified as 3-hydroxydipicolinic acid by paper chromatography and the ultraviolet absorption spectrum. Further, cell-free extracts were prepared by sonic oscillation. Ferrous ion and a reduced di- or triphosphopyridine nucleotide-generating system were proven to be required for enzymic oxidation of DPA. And 3-hydroxydipicolinic acid was also oxidized by this preparation. From the results obtained, a possible metabolic pathway of dipicolinic acid was proposed.

Achromobacter↗
PubMed1965

NITROGEN FIXATION BY MEMBERS OF THE TRIBE KLEBSIELLEAE.

Mahl, M. C. (University of Wisconsin, Madison), P. W. Wilson, M. A. Fife, and W. H. Ewing. Nitrogen fixation by members of the tribe Klebsielleae. J. Bacteriol. 89:1482-1487. 1965.-Strains of species of the tribe Klebsielleae were tested for nitrogen fixation by inoculating actively growing cultures into side-arm flasks containing a medium with a growth-limiting quantity of combined nitrogen (25 mug of nitrogen per ml as ammonium sulfate). The flasks were evacuated, filled with pure N(2), sealed, and placed on a shaker at 30 C. Growth was followed by optical-density measurements; maximal growth was obtained in 9 to 10 hr. Yeast extract was then added as a source of amino acids to shorten the induction time for the nitrogen-fixing enzymes. Fixation was determined either by estimating total nitrogen with a semimicro Kjeldahl technique or by exposing 20- to 22-hr-old samples to an atmosphere of N(2) (15) and helium for 5 hr and then analyzing the digested sample for N(15) in a mass spectrometer. None of the 22 strains of the two Enterobacter (formerly Aerobacter) species fixed nitrogen; neither did any of eight strains of Serratia species that were tested. Of 31 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae, 13 incorporated atmospheric nitrogen. Net nitrogen fixed ranged from 17 to 65 mug/ml. It is concluded that these facultative anaerobic, gram-negative, nitrogen-fixing rods should be placed in the genus Klebsiella pneumoniae. The nitrogen-fixing organism tentatively classified as Achromobacter N-4 should also be changed to K. pneumoniae strain N-4, because it has been found to be an anaerogenic strain of K. pneumoniae.

Achromobacter↗
PubMed2005

Quantifying maintenance requirements from the steady-state operation of a two-phase partitioning bioscrubber.

An innovative method for directly and explicitly quantifying the maintenance energy requirements of pure cultures growing on volatile organic compound (VOC) substrates in a two-phase partitioning bioscrubber is described. Direct evidence of maintenance energy requirements of Achromobacter xylosoxidans Y234 is provided both through observed reductions in the macroscopic biomass-to-substrate yield with decreasing specific growth rates, but more remarkably through achievement of steady-state operation. The data conclusively show that maintenance activities do occur in the two-phase partitioning bioscrubber and clearly illustrate the importance of this phenomenon to the operation of this process, and similar bioreactor systems. While benzene was selected as the principal, sole substrate of interest in this study, ethylbenzene degradation experiments were also subsequently performed to illustrate and confirm the general applicability of the proposed technique, as well as the potential capabilities of the two-phase partitioning bioscrubber for the continuous treatment of waste gases containing various VOCs. The proposed method has been shown to generate maintenance energy estimates that are consistent with those obtained while employing more widely recognized estimation strategies, further validating its capabilities. The proposed steady-state mode also offers key operational advantages in terms of decreased disposal requirements in two-phase partitioning bioscrubbers. (c) 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Achromobacter denitrificans↗