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PubMed1998

Latent class analysis of temperance board registrations in Swedish male-male twin pairs born 1902 to 1949: searching for subtypes of alcoholism.

BACKGROUND: Alcoholism is clinically heterogeneous. We have attempted to identify and validate subtypes of broadly defined alcoholism. METHODS: Latent class analysis (LCA) was applied to data on the number, age at onset and reasons for temperance board registration (TBR) in all male-male twin pairs of known zygosity born in Sweden from 1902-1949. RESULTS: Of the five classes identified, two were relatively common: single-cause registrant-drunk (SCR-D); and early-onset multiple-cause registrant (EO-MCR). In contrast to the SCR-D class, the EO-MCR class was characterized by: (i) earlier age at first TBR; (ii) higher number of TBRs; (iii) TBRs for drunk driving and alcohol-related crimes; (iv) much higher risk for alcohol-related imprisonment and hospitalization; (v) higher levels of neuroticism and novelty-seeking; and (vi) much greater risk for TBR in co-twins. In twin pairs concordant for TBR, concordance for LCA-derived class assignment far exceeded chance expectation, more so in monozygotic than in dizygotic pairs. CONCLUSIONS: Alcoholism is aetiologically as well as clinically heterogeneous. The two most common subtypes identified in these analyses bear substantial but imperfect resemblance to previously proposed typologies.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1997

A large localized outbreak of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection on a temperate southern Australian island.

Mycobacterium ulcerans, the organism which causes Buruli or Bairnsdale ulcer, has never been isolated in culture from an environmental sample. Most foci of infection are in tropical regions. The authors describe the first 29 cases of M. ulcerans infection from a new focus on an island in temperate southern Australia, 1992-5. Cases were mostly elderly, had predominantly distal limb lesions and were clustered in a small region in the eastern half of the main town on the island. The authors suspected that an irrigation system which lay in the midst of the cluster was a source of infection. Limitation of irrigation was associated with a dramatic reduction in the number of new cases. These findings support the hypothesis that M. ulcerans has an aquatic reservoir and that persons may be infected directly or indirectly by mycobacteria disseminated locally by spray irrigation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Utilisation of inorganic and organic nitrogen sources by Amanita species native to temperate eastern Australia.

The abilities of isolates of Amanita alboverrucosa, A. conicoverrucosa, A. fuscosquamosa, A. nauseosa, A. ochrophylla, A. pyramidifera, A. roseolamellata, A. xanthocephala and six unidentified Amanita species from eastern Australian temperate sclerophyll forests to utilise a range of inorganic and organic nitrogen sources for growth was examined in axenic liquid cultures. All taxa utilised NH4+ and at least some amino acids readily, while biomass yields on NO3- and histidine were generally low. All taxa were able to utilise bovine serum albumin, but for most taxa biomass yields on this substrate were significantly lower than on NH4+. Significant intraspecific variation in biomass yield was observed on all substrates for taxa for which multiple isolates were screened. As a group, eastern Australian Amanita species thus have the potential to utilise nitrogen from a broad range of organic substrates and this might be important in the nitrogen nutrition of their ectomycorrhizal tree hosts in sclerophyll forests.

Amanita↗
PubMed2003

Is a universal model of organic acidity possible: comparison of the acid/base properties of dissolved organic carbon in the boreal and temperate zones.

The acid/base properties of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) are an important feature of soil and surface waters. Large differences in the acid/base properties of DOC found by different studies might be interpreted as spatial and temporal differences in these properties. Different analytical techniques, however, may explain some of the differences. We used a combination of ion-exchange techniques, titration, and surface water chemistry data to evaluate DOC character from two substantially different areas--the relatively pristine boreal zone of Sweden and the heavily acidified temperate zone of the Czech Republic. We found a significantly higher site density (amount of carboxylic groups per milligram of DOC) for the Swedish sites (10.2 microequiv/mg of DOC +/- 0.6) as compared to the Czech sites (8.8 microequiv/mg of DOC +/- 0.5). This suggests a slightly higher buffering capacity for Swedish DOC. A triprotic model of a type commonly incorporated in biogeochemical models was used for estimating the DOC dissociation properties. For Swedish sites, the following constants were calibrated: pKa1 = 3.04, pKa2 = 4.51, and pKa3 = 6.46, while the constants for Czech sites were pKa1 = 2.5, pKa2 = 4.42, and pKa3 = 6.7. Despite differences in site density values, both models predict very similar dissociation and thus pH buffering by DOC in the environmentally important pH range of 3.5-5.0. This can be incorporated into models to make reliable estimates of the effect of organic acids on pH and buffering in different regions.

Carbon↗
PubMed2006

Gross photoreduction kinetics of mercury in temperate freshwater lakes and rivers: application to a general model of DGM dynamics.

Previous published measurements of mercury photoreduction are for net-photoreduction, since photooxidation processes occur simultaneously. In this research we combine continuous dissolved-gaseous mercury (DGM) analysis with a photoreactor and a quartz sparger in order to derive mercury gross photoreduction rate constants for UVB and UVA irradiations. The DGM concentration in each filter-sterilized freshwater was measured at 5 min intervals over a period of 23 h. Photoreduction proceeded for the initial 200 min, after which, reducible mercury was depleted in the sample. Substantial losses in DOC fluorescence were observed during the incubations for UVA radiation but not for UVB; therefore, UVB photoreduction dynamics are not linked to a loss in DOC fluorescence. Pseudo first-order reaction kinetics fit the data well (r2 > 0.87). The rate constants appear divided between lakes and rivers with the mean lake UVB rate constant (kUVB = 8.91 x 10(-5) s(-1)), significantly less than the mean rate constant (kUVB = 1.81 x 10(-4) s(-1)) for the river samples. However, while there were differences for the UVB rates between lakes and rivers, the mean and median rate constants for UVA in lakes (kUVA = 7.76 x 10(-5) s(-1)) did not differ significantly from the mean rate constant forthe river sites (kUVA = 1.78 x 10(-4) s(-1)). Here, we propose a model for mercury photoredox dynamics for both temperate lake and river systems. The lake model was validated using principal axis analysis to compare observed and predicted DGM data (n=279) from a variety of lake sites in Nova Scotia and Central Quebec. Principal axis analysis found a linear fit (correlation = 0.81; slope = 2.13) between predicted and observed environmental DGM values when log-normalized. The constant bias on the predicted values was attributed to estimates of available reducible mercury and the effect of DGM volatilization on observed data.

Fresh Water↗
PubMed2001

MRI prior computation and parallel tempering algorithm: a probabilistic resolution of the MEG/EEG inverse problem.

Since the MEG inverse problem is ill-posed and admits many possible solutions, it is not possible to give it a single "true" answer. Therefore, we propose here to use a specific probabilistic algorithm to map the full probability distribution of the MEG sources with Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods. Using a Bayesian approach, the probability of the MEG solutions is expressed as the product of the likelihood by the prior probability. To compute the prior and constrain the MEG inverse problem resolution, MRI data are also acquired and automatically processed to determine the brain position and volume. We then use Parallel Tempering algorithm to estimate the full posterior probability and determine the likely solutions of the inverse problem. We illustrate the method with results obtained from the analysis of somatosensory data. This illustrates both the MRI processing for the prior computation, and how the knowledge of the full posterior probability distribution can be used to estimate the position of the sources, as well as their likely extension.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Three species of Pycnadenoides Yamaguti, 1938 (Digenea: Opecoelidae), including two new species from temperate marine fishes of Australia.

Pycnadenoides pagrosomi Yamaguti, 1938 and P. reversati n. sp. from Pagrus auratus (Sparidae) and P. invenustus n. sp. from Nemadactylus valenciennesi (Cheilodactylidae) are described from the temperate marine waters off south-west Western Australia and south-east Queensland. The difference in the anterior extent of the vitelline follicles observed in P. reversati n. sp. recovered from off south-east Queensland waters and the material from off Western Australia is discussed. P. reversati n. sp. is distinguished from P. pagrosomi mainly in the position of the genital pore and in the arrangement of the testes, and from P. invenustus n. sp. in the posterior extent of the cirrus-sac. P. reversati belongs to the group of species with a short cirrus-sac and P. invenustus to the group with the cirrus-sac reaching into the anterior hindbody.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Epidemiology of allergic occupational diseases induced by Tetranychus urticae in greenhouse and open-field farmers living in a temperate climate area.

BACKGROUND: The role of Tetranychus urticae (TU) as an occupational allergen has thus far been investigated only in selected farmer samples. METHODS: The prevalence of TU-induced sensitization and occupational diseases in a randomized sample of farmers living in a temperate climate area was investigated. Occupational/nonoccupational symptoms, skin prick test (SPT) results with common allergens and TU, specific occupational test results, and greenhouse or open-field sources of TU exposure were assessed. The study design was cross-sectional. RESULTS: The prevalence of positive SPT to TU was 6%. TU-induced allergic/nonallergic complaints accounted for 65% of farmers with challenge-confirmed occupational disease. In all farmers, sensitization to common allergens was a risk factor for both current occupational and nonoccupational complaints, while TU sensitization was a prominent risk factor for occupational complaints. Furthermore, in SPT-positive farmers, only the presence of seasonal occupational complaints was significantly associated with TU sensitization. Common allergen sensitization was a risk factor for development of TU sensitization, which was more frequent in greenhouse than in open-field workers. CONCLUSIONS: TU was a common nontraumatic, allergic occupational hazard for farmers. Since occupational seasonal symptoms could be directly related to the presence of TU sensitization, allergy to this mite should be routinely investigated in farmers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

In glaucoma, should enthusiasm about neuroprotection be tempered by the experience obtained in other neurodegenerative disorders?

Some in vitro and in vivo evidence, as well as rare observations in human eyes with glaucoma, suggests that retinal ganglion cells could be lost by apoptosis during the course of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. There exist also observations indicating that in the vitreous of patients with glaucoma it is possible to measure an increased concentration of glutamate (an excitotoxic amino acid known to induce neuronal apoptosis in animal models). These observations, among others, suggest the possibility of an excitotoxicity mechanism in the pathogenesis of glaucoma and as a consequence the potential for a neuroprotective approach to treating this disorder. Amazingly, not only in glaucoma but also in other neurodegenerative disorders (Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stroke, etc.) it has been postulated that neurons could be lost through an excitotoxic mechanism. In these non-glaucomatous disorders, quite a large number of clinical trials have already been conducted to determine the potential benefit of different neuroprotective therapies. Unfortunately, with a few rare exceptions, the results of these clinical studies have been very disappointing (in contrast to encouraging results obtained in preclinical trials). The experience acquired in other neurodegenerative disorders should probably be kept in mind when addressing the question of neuroprotection in glaucoma. In particular, the hope raised by preclinical studies showing that drugs could have a beneficial effect on the survival of retinal ganglion cells should certainly be tempered until such an effect is confirmed by clinical trials conducted in patients with glaucoma.

Apoptosis↗
PubMed2004

A newly discovered Roseobacter cluster in temperate and polar oceans.

Bacterioplankton phylotypes of alpha-Proteobacteria have been detected in various marine regions, but systematic biogeographical studies of their global distribution are missing. Alpha-Proteobacteria comprise one of the largest fractions of heterotrophic marine bacteria and include two clades, SAR11 and Roseobacter, which account for 26 and 16% of 16S ribosomal RNA gene clones retrieved from marine bacterioplankton. The SAR11 clade attracted much interest because related 16S rRNA gene clones were among the first groups of marine bacteria to be identified by cultivation-independent approaches and appear to dominate subtropical surface bacterioplankton communities. Here we report on the global distribution of a newly discovered cluster affiliated to the Roseobacter clade, comprising only as-yet-uncultured phylotypes. Bacteria of this cluster occur from temperate to polar regions with highest abundance in the Southern Ocean, but not in tropical and subtropical regions. Between the south Atlantic subtropical front and Antarctica, we detected two distinct phylotypes, one north and one south of the polar front, indicating that two adjacent but different oceanic provinces allow the persistence of distinct but closely related phylotypes. These results suggest that the global distribution of major marine bacterioplankton components is related to oceanic water masses and controlled by their environmental and biogeochemical properties.

Climate↗
PubMed2001

The genetic bases of divergence in desiccation and starvation resistance among tropical and temperate populations of Drosophila melanogaster.

Desiccation and starvation resistance are two stress-related traits which vary geographically with climate in Drosophila melanogaster. To investigate the contribution of epistasis to population divergence for these traits, we crossed tropical and temperate populations from two different geographical regions to produce F1, F2 and first backcross generations. Line-cross analysis of generation means revealed that genetic bases of divergence for both traits were complex and remarkably similar in a number of respects. Strong additive and dominance effects were present in most of the models, whereas epistatic and maternal effects were less common. The presence of epistatic effects in approximately half of the models presented in this study is consistent with line-cross studies of diverged traits in other animals, and does not support the view that epistasis is the predominant means by which populations diverge. In addition, evidence of maternal effects in both traits adds to a growing body of recent evidence that suggests maternal contributions to population differentiation are more widespread than previously thought. This finding undermines the accuracy of studies inferring epistasis directly from the magnitude of F2 breakdown. More line-cross analysis studies of naturally diverged populations that take into account maternal effects will shed further light on the true incidence of epistasis and its importance in the evolutionary process.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2001

Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota in temperate estuarine sediments.

AIMS: Application of molecular techniques to ecological studies has unveiled a wide diversity of micro-organisms in natural communities, previously unknown to microbial ecologists. New lineages of Archaea were retrieved from several non-extreme environments, showing that these micro-organisms are present in a large variety of ecosystems. The aim was therefore to assess the presence and diversity of Archaea in the sediments of the river Douro estuary (Portugal), relating the results obtained to ecological data. METHODS AND RESULTS: Total DNA was extracted from sediment samples obtained from an estuary deprived of vegetation, amplified by PCR and the resulting DNA fragments cloned. The archaeal origin of the cloned inserts was checked by Southern blot, dot blot or colony blot hybridization. Recombinant plasmids were further analysed by restriction with AvaII and selected for sequencing. Phylogenetic analyses of 14 sequences revealed the presence of members of the domain Archaea. Most of the sequences could be assigned to the kingdom Crenarchaeota. CONCLUSION: Most of these sequences were closely related to those obtained from non-extreme Crenarchaeota members previously retrieved from diverse ecosystems, such as freshwater and marine environments. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The presence of archaeal 16S rDNA sequences in temperate estuarine sediments emerges as a valuable contribution to the understanding of the complexity of the ecosystem.

Cloning, Molecular↗
PubMed2002

Identification and characterization of phage-resistance genes in temperate lactococcal bacteriophages.

The sie2009 gene, which is situated between the genes encoding the repressor and integrase, on the lysogeny module of the temperate lactococcal bacteriophage Tuc2009, was shown to mediate a phage-resistance phenotype in Lactococcus lactis against a number of bacteriophages. The Sie2009 protein is associated with the cell membrane and its expression leaves phage adsorption, transfection and plasmid transformation unaffected, but interferes with plasmid transduction, as well as phage replication. These observations indicate that this resistance is as a result of DNA injection blocking, thus representing a novel superinfection exclusion system. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based strategy was used to screen a number of lactococcal strains for the presence of other prophage-encoded phage-resistance systems. This screening resulted in the identification of two such systems, without homology to sie2009, which were shown to mediate a phage-resistance phenotype similar to that conferred by sie2009. To our knowledge, this is the first description of a phage-encoded super-infection exclusion/injection blocking mechanism in the genus Lactococcus.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase as a putative factor involved in sex differentiation of fish (temperate wrasse, Halichoeres poecilopterus).

Temperate wrasse (Halichoeres poecilopterus) is known to undergo sex transition from female to male (protogyny). In order to detect factors related to male sex differentiation which appear during sex transition, we compared protein constituents between transitional and mature gonads by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Eight proteins were found to increase in amount considerably in the transitional gonads in comparison with the counterparts in ovaries. Five of the eight proteins were also found in mature testes. One of the proteins shared by testes and transitional gonads had an isoelectric point at pH 5.3 and an apparent molecular weight of 26 kDa. Thus we termed the protein p 26. It was abundant in degenerating ovary, transitional gonad, and mature testis and less abundant in mature ovary and brain. Therefore, the expression of p 26 seemed to start during sex transition and continue during maturation of the testis. Amino acid sequence analysis revealed high homology of p 26 to ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase, which is supposed to cleave ubiquitin associated with nuclear proteins and a transcriptional repressor. Therefore, p 26 was supposed to regulate gene expression through the mediation of ubiquitin. Proteins which seemed to be counterparts of p 26 were detected in testes of two other fish species by an antiserum against p 26. These results suggest that p 26 is a possible candidate for the factor which is related to sex differentiation.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Towards a lower prevalence of Oestrus ovis infections in sheep in a temperate climate (south west France).

Oestrus ovis larvae are obligatory parasites of the nasal and sinus cavities of sheep and goats. In the temperate climate of western Europe, fly attacks occur between May and October and the first stage larvae arrest their development within the host between October and February. Oestrosis clinical signs such as nasal discharge and sneezing are well known by sheep breeders in southwest France. According to veterinarian recommendations, most of them treat their animals with long lasting fasciolicides once a year at least, mainly during the fly activity period and at the beginning of the hypobiotic period (when the parasitic population is only constituted of larvae). The consequences of these therapeutic programs were analysed in a local slaughterhouse by larval counts. Both prevalence and intensities of O. ovis infections decreased between 1989-1991 (before the use of systematic treatments) and 1996-1998 (after the spread of these treatments). The use of systematic treatments during the fly activity period and the beginning of the hypobiotic period seems to be very efficient in O. ovis control and could theoretically lead to a possible 'eradication' program as with cattle hypodermosis. Nevertheless the presence of parasites in apparently healthy goats, the possibility for a fly generation to develop before the first treatment in July-August and the succession of several fly generations all around the year in southern Mediterranean and tropical countries will maintain O. ovis infections. Furthermore, there are increased concerns about drug residues on consumer health and environment and this is the basis for the prospect of alternative strategies in O. ovis control.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2003

Clinical promise tempered by reality in the delivery of combined chemoradiation for common solid tumors.

Until quite recently, there was no firmly established role for cytotoxic chemotherapy in the curative management approach for many of our most common malignancies. Systemic therapy was often reserved for recurrent or metastatic disease after initial surgery and/or radiotherapy. Today, the treatment of many advanced cancer patients involves integration of chemotherapy into the definitive treatment strategy. This evolution in therapy is largely a reflection of the clinical trials process that has defined clinical benefit for the addition of chemotherapy in several settings. This is good news overall. It validates years of preclinical experimentation that predicted advantage in combining chemotherapy with radiation. Moreover, with a primary objective to increase cancer cure rates, we now see confirmatory evidence across a spectrum of recent clinical trials. Tempering this good news is the fact that these gains are often quite small. They are commonly accompanied by increased toxicity and are generally achieved in good performance status patients who may not accurately reflect the broad cancer population. In addition, the first generation of positive trials for a particular disease site are often accomplished with vastly differing treatment regimens. This frequently leaves the general oncologist to query "which specific approach is best?" In this article, we briefly trace the evolution of current therapy approaches in 2 common human solid tumors, namely cancer of the head and neck and non-small-cell cancer of the lung. The focus involves the development of chemoradiation strategies in the definitive treatment setting. Clearly, surgery plays a critical role in treatment for many patients in these anatomic categories. However, we lack randomized trials that directly compare operative versus nonoperative treatment approaches and thus have consciously neglected review of the surgical series for purposes of this article.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols↗
PubMed2006

Growth rings in the roots of temperate forbs are robust annual markers.

There is increasing interest in the analysis of annual growth rings in the secondary root xylem of perennial forbs (herb-chronology). Therefore, we need to verify whether these growth rings are always formed annually. To investigate the formation of root rings we performed common garden experiments at two distinct sites in Switzerland. We grew nine unrelated forb species from seed and subjected them to competition and clipping treatments. Anatomical developments in the roots of the individuals were tracked during five growing seasons. Across all species and treatments at least 94 % of the expected growth rings associated with full growing seasons were identifiable and the development of the anatomical patterns was consistently seasonal. While the distinctness of annual rings varied somewhat between species and sites, the treatments had no effect on the presence of annual rings. In no case were false rings developed. The results of this study demonstrate that the growth rings in the roots of northern temperate forbs represent robust annual growth increments and, hence, can reliably be used in herb-chronological studies of age- and growth-related questions in plant ecology.

Ecosystem↗
PubMed2006

13C labelling reveals different contributions of photoassimilates from infructescences for fruiting in two temperate forest tree species.

The pathways of currently fixed carbon in fruit bearing branchlets were investigated in two temperate forest tree species (CARPINUS BETULUS and FAGUS SYLVATICA), which differ in texture of their vegetative infructescence tissues (leaf-like in CARPINUS vs. woody in FAGUS). During late spring, (13)C pulse-labelling was conducted on girdled, defoliated, girdled plus defoliated and untreated fruiting branchlets of mature trees IN SITU, to assess changes in C relations in response to the introduced C source-sink imbalances. At harvest in early August, 75 - 100 % of the recovered (13)C label was bound to infructescences (either fruits or vegetative infructescence tissue), revealing them as the prime C sinks for current photoassimilates. Leaves on girdled branchlets were not stronger labelled than on ungirdled ones in both species, indicating no upregulation of the leaves' photosynthetic capacity in response to the prevention of phloemic transport, which was also supported by measurements of light saturated photosynthesis. In contrast, (13)C labels tended to be higher after complete defoliation in the vegetative infructescence tissues of CARPINUS, suggesting enhanced net photosynthesis of green infructescence parts as compensation for the loss of regular leaves. The total labelling-derived (13)C content of whole infructescences was very similar between foliated and defoliated CARPINUS branchlets. Cupulae of FAGUS, on the other hand, remained almost unlabelled on defoliated branchlets, indicating the photosynthetic inactivity of this woody infructescence tissue. Consequently, CARPINUS still produced relatively high fruit masses on girdled plus defoliated branchlets, while in FAGUS fruit development ceased almost completely at this most severe treatment. Our results highlight that green vegetative infructescence tissue assimilates substantial amounts of C and can partly substitute regular leaves as C sources for successful fruit development.

Betulaceae↗