Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “immune profiling”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 415 records · Page 23Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Immune complexes and complement profile in essential mixed cryoglobulinemia before and after plasma exchange.

Five patients affected by essential mixed cryoglobulinemia (EMC) with renal involvement unresponsive to high doses of corticosteroids, have been treated with 16 plasma exchanges (PE). The plasma removed at each apheresis was 1652 +/- 416 ml. The following data were evaluated before and after PE: levels of immune complexes as detected by cryocrit and C1q binding assay; total complement activity (CH50) and alternative pathway complement activity (APCH 50); concentrations of 9 complement components (C1q, C1s, C4, C3, C5, C6, B, I and H) and of the C3 split product C3d. By definition all serum samples had detectable cryoprecipitates and 4 out 5 had C1q binding activity higher than the upper limit of 2 SD. The effect of the PE was the decrease of cryocrit and of C1q binding activity approximately to one half their initial values. The basal complement profile suggested and excessive activation of complement through the classical pathway. Indeed we found low levels of the early complement components (C1q, C1s and C4), reduced CH50, normal levels of C3 and an increase of C3 split product C3d concentrations. APCH50 as well as C5, C6, B, I and H concentrations were found within the normal range. After each PE a significant decrease of the previously normal components was observed. The decrease was independent of the replacement fluid used (5% albumin solution or fresh plasma or cryoglobulin-depleted autologous plasma) and had a short duration. Indeed all these components after the drop following the PE increased rapidly reaching the basal level over a period of 24-48 hours.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Antigen-Antibody Complex↗
PubMed2002

Microarray-based expression profiling of normal and malignant immune cells.

Recent advances in gene microarray technology have facilitated global analyses of gene expression profiles in normal and malignant immune cells. Great strides have been made in our understanding of molecular differences among various types of immune cells, the process of T and B cell activation, and the genomic changes that convert normal cells to malignant ones. Genomic analysis has become a crucial aspect of cancer classification, diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis. This technology has the potential to reveal the comprehensive transcriptional alterations that dictate fundamental biological processes such as signal transduction in response to specific stimuli, cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. While reaping the benefits of genomic analyses, it is important to realize its limitations with respect to accuracy of interpretation, reproducibility, and signal detection. It is crucial to optimize signals for individual probe-target pairs and to develop a uniform set of criteria for data analyses. The development of a public-access database of results from individual laboratories will pave the way for identifying discrepancies and advancing scientific breakthroughs.

Gene Expression Profiling↗
PubMed1999

Effects of cocaine administration to influenza virus-immunized mice on cytokine profiles of individual splenic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.

We have analysed the effects of cocaine, administered to mice during the in vivo differentiation of effector T cells stimulated by antigen (influenza virus) recognition, on the frequency of IL-2-, IL-4- and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-expressing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Each animal was injected intraperitoneally with 10 mg/kg of cocaine 6, 24, 48 and 72 h after immunization with A/PR8 influenza virus (PR8). This enabled the determination of the pharmacological effects of cocaine on T cells during the initial step of the immune response, which is characterized by the production of large amounts of immunoregulatory cytokines. The distribution of IL-2-, IL-4- and IFN-gamma-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was assayed on unseparated PR8-immune spleen cells, obtained from mice treated with cocaine or vehicle, and restimulated in vitro with UV-inactivated PR8 virus. The frequency of T cells singly or co-expressing the above three cytokines was determined at single-cell level by simultaneous flow cytometric analysis of intracellular cytokines and surface antigen expression. In parallel, the levels of IL-2, IL-4 and IFN-gamma in the culture supernatants were quantified by ELISA. The results showed that cocaine, administered during the in vivo virus-induced differentiation of T cells, caused an increase of both the frequencies of CD8+ T cells singly and co-expressing IL-2 and IFN-gamma and the levels of these cytokines in virus-restimulated spleen cell culture supernatants, compared with those of untreated controls. In contrast, no effect was found on IL-4-positive CD8+ T cells and on IL-2-, IFN-gamma- and IL-4-positive CD4+ T cells. Our findings suggest that the immunomodulatory effects of cocaine may be due to the up-regulation of the production of IL-2 and IFN-gamma by CD8+ T cells with a type 0 cytokine profile.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Phenotypic analysis of resident lymphoid cells in the conjunctiva and adnexal tissues of rat.

The conjunctival associated lymphoid tissue is considered to be an integral part of the mucosal immune system. Under normal circumstances immune mechanisms in mucosal associated lymphoid tissue of the gut and bronchus can selectively suppress, rather than enhance, immune responsiveness to encountered antigens, inducing a state of tolerance. It is possible that conjunctival associated lymphoid tissue can also induce a state of tolerance to encountered antigens. Such a response may be exploited to modulate immune mediated ocular disease. Enhanced tolerance may protect the host against foreign antigen. Alternatively, under certain circumstances when the normal immune system is altered or disrupted the mucosal tissue may act to induce sensitisation and trigger immune mediated disease. The rat is frequently used as an animal model of immune mediated eye disease, but the normal profile of immune cells in the rat conjunctiva has not been studied. This information is essential for meaningful interpretation in the experimental situation. In this study we examined the immunophenotype of lymphoid tissue associated with the conjunctiva, lacrimal gland and Harderian gland of the Lewis rat. CD4+, Ia+ and the monocyte/macrophage population of cells were found predominantly in the substantia propria of the conjuctiva and interstitial connective tissue of the glands. CD8+ cells were distributed mainly in relation to the conjunctival and glandular epithelium. Goblet cells stained strongly with the monoclonal antibody (MAb) MRC OX-39, which is a marker for IL-2 receptors. The overall pattern of distribution of immunocompetent cells in the rat was found to be similar to that reported in humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Factors influencing the binding of large immune complexes to the primate erythrocyte CR1 receptor.

This study was undertaken to ascertain the relationship between the size of immune complexes and their capacity to be bound by primate erythrocytes, and to examine the role of complement in the binding of very large immune complexes to erythrocytes. Preformed bovine serum albumin-rabbit anti-bovine serum albumin immune complexes were solubilized in a fivefold antigen excess, and the supernatant fluids were subjected to differential centrifugation to select immune complexes of varying size. The size profile of immune complexes was measured on isokinetic sucrose gradients. Immune complexes were incubated with erythrocytes, and unbound immune complexes were separated from erythrocyte-bound immune complexes by centrifugation on Percoll. The results indicate that large immune complexes were bound more efficiently by primate erythrocytes than were smaller immune complexes. Depletion of complement by a variety of procedures abrogated binding of immune complexes to erythrocytes. Only the erythrocytes of primates had the capacity to bind immune complexes. Baboon or rabbit sera supported immune complex binding to baboon or human erythrocytes. In contrast, human and guinea pig sera supported immune complex binding to human erythrocytes, but these sera failed to support immune complex binding to baboon erythrocytes. These data indicate that the immune complex size and the source of serum complement are important factors which influence the binding of immune complexes to primate erythrocytes.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Immune challenge affects basal metabolic activity in wintering great tits.

The costs of exploiting an organism's immune function are expected to form the basis of many life-history trade-offs. However, there has been debate about whether such costs can be paid in energetic and nutritional terms. We addressed this question in a study of wintering, free-living, male great tits by injecting them with a novel, non-pathogenic antigen (sheep red blood cells) and measuring the changes in their basal metabolic rates and various condition indices subsequent to immune challenge. The experiment showed that activation of the immune system altered the metabolic activity and profile of immune cells in birds during the week subsequent to antigen injection: individuals mounting an immune response had nearly 9% higher basal metabolic rates, 8% lower plasma albumin levels and 37% higher heterophile-to-lymphocyte ratios (leucocytic stress indices) than sham-injected control birds. They also lost nearly 3% (0.5 g) of their body mass subsequent to the immune challenge. Individuals that mounted stronger antibody responses lost more mass during the immune challenge. These results suggest that energetic expenditures to immune response may have a non-trivial impact upon an individual's condition.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Increased serum levels of neopterin and soluble interleukin-2 receptor in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.

OBJECTIVES: The etiology of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP), a pregnancy-specific complication, remains not completely understood. Some alterations of immunity in ICP were reported, but the profile of immune alteration was far from clarified. The aim of this investigation was to characterize the changes of serum levels of neopterin, a marker for the activation of macrophage, and soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R), a marker for the activation of lymphocyte, in ICP. METHODS: Serum levels of neopterin and sIL-2R were assayed with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 30 patients with ICP and 30 normal pregnant women. Student's t-test was used for statistic analysis, and p < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Compared with control, serum levels of neopterin (p < 0.005) and sIL-2R (p < 0.05) were increased significantly in women with ICP. CONCLUSIONS: Activation of monocyte-macrophage and lymphocyte was demonstrated in ICP, and the participation of the activation of macrophage and lymphocyte in pathogenesis of the disease could be assumed.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Infection-triggered regulatory mechanisms override the role of STAT 4 in control of the immune response to influenza virus antigens.

Accurate control of the balance of the T1 and T2 cells during antiviral immunity is essential for optimizing immune effector functions and for avoiding potentially severe immunopathology. We examined the in vivo role of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 4 in regulating the T1/T2 balance during the response to live influenza virus and isolated viral proteins. We found that the differentiation of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-producing Th1 and Tc1 cells after inoculation of live virus occurred independently of STAT 4 expression. Influenza virus-specific T2 and Tc2 responses were well controlled in such STAT 4-deficient mice unless IFN-gamma was eliminated as well. In contrast, the STAT 4-dependent signaling pathway played a more essential role in regulating the T1/T2 balance after immunization with viral proteins and, in particular, inactivated nonreplicating virus. Pulmonary infection was cleared even in the absence of both functional STAT 4 genes and functional IFN-gamma genes because virus-neutralizing antibodies were still generated, consistent with a substantial redundancy in different antiviral effector pathways. Thus, replicating agents such as live influenza virus can elicit IFN-gamma and control T2 immunity independently of STAT 4, whereas the profile of immunity to isolated proteins is more reliant on an intact STAT 4 signaling pathway.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Feeding and assessment of nutritional status of spanish adolescents (AVENA study). Evaluation of risks and interventional proposal. I.Methodology].

BACKGROUND: Adolescence is a decisive period in human life due to the multiple physiological and psychological changes that take place. These changes will condition both nutritional requirements and eating/physical activity behavior. It has been demonstrated that these "adolescence" factors are of significant influence in health status during adult life. Due to its importance and adequate development the project has been granted by the Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria of the Institute of Health Carlos III. OBJECTIVE: To develop a methodology to evaluate the health and nutritional status of a representative population of Spanish adolescents. Specific attention is paid to three specific health problems: obesity, anorexia nervosa/bulimia, dislipidemia. METHODOLOGY: The following magnitudes will be studied: 1) dietary intake, food habits and nutrition knowledge; 2) daily physical activity and personal approach; 3) physical condition; 4) anthropometry and body composition; 5) hematobiochemical study: plasma lipid phenotypic and metabolic profile, blood cell counts; 6) genotipic profile of cardiovascular risk lipid factors; 7) immune function profile related to nutritional status; 8) psychological profile. CONCLUSION: This project includes the co-ordinate activity of five Spanish centers of five different cities (Granada, Madrid, Murcia, Santander, Zaragoza). Each center is specialized in a specific area and will be responsible for the corresponding part of the study. From the data obtained, we will elaborate a specific intervention program in order to improve nutrition and neutralize the risk for nutritional related problems in adolescence. By this, we will contribute to improve the health status of the Spanish population in the new millennium.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2025

Immune Cell Type-Specific DNA Methylation Regions Associate With 24-Hour Blood Pressure Regulation in Black People.

BACKGROUND: DNA methylation and immune cells have been linked to blood pressure (BP) regulation and the development of hypertension. However, the immune cell profiles and the cell type-specific DNA methylation associated with BPs remain unclear. METHODS: This study evaluates the 19 cell type deconvolution algorithms using reduced representation bisulfite sequencing data, comparing them to in silico mixtures derived from whole-genome bisulfite sequencing. The top-performing algorithm, Epigenetic Dissection of Intra-Sample Heterogeneity (EpiDISH)-Robust Partial Correlations, was applied to 281 Black inpatients with 24-hour BP monitoring. The immune cell profiles and cell type-specific DNA methylation regions associated with these BP phenotypes were further investigated using regression analysis. RESULTS: In patients with hypertension, B-cell and CD4 effector memory T-cell abundances were significantly elevated. Monocyte and CD8 effector memory T-cell fractions positively correlated with nighttime BP, and CD3 T cells were inversely associated with office BP. These associations remained robust after covariate adjustments and were partially validated in the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care-IV cohort. For the first time, we identified several cell type-specific DNA methylation regions as being associated with BP phenotypes and patterns across 13 immune cells, with approximately one third predominantly found in effector CD8 T cells. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide novel insights into the epigenetically regulated immune mechanisms underlying BP regulation and identify potential targets for hypertension management.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Proteomic Profile Differences in Immune-Related Diseases in Pediatric Patients Under Five Years Old: Asthma and IgE-Dependent Allergies-A Pilot Study.

Asthma is a heterogeneous disease that often begins in childhood and frequently occurs alongside allergic conditions. In asthma research, it is important to focus on proteins that are the primary regulators of cellular physiology. The differences in the proteome between children with asthma and those with an atopic background remain poorly understood. The present study included 130 serum samples from four groups of pediatric patients under the age of five: (1) with asthma and IgE-dependent allergies; (2) with non-atopic asthma; (3) non-asthmatics with IgE-dependent allergy; and (4) a control group without asthma and IgE-dependent allergies. The serum samples were used for protein-peptide profiling and proteomic identification using nanoLC-MALDI-TOF/TOF MS/MS. The obtained data were analyzed using univariate statistics and the STRING tool v12.0 to identify protein-protein potential interactions. A total of seven proteins were identified as discriminative between the study groups: A2M, AACT, IgG3, C3, ITIH2, IgG3 and IGK. All of them were upregulated in patients with IgE-dependent allergy compared to other study groups. STRING analysis identified functional associations among four proteins (AACT, A2M, C3, and ITIH2) with discriminatory potential for distinguishing between non-atopic asthma and non-asthmatic patients with IgE-dependent allergy. The results suggest that the identified putative protein markers overlap in cellular pathways, including those associated with the pathophysiology of asthma and allergic disorders. These findings provide further insight into the overall proteomic profile of pediatric patients with asthma and IgE-dependent allergy, highlighting its heterogeneity across the analyzed groups.

Humans↗
PubMed1994

Cell-mediated or humoral immunity in Graves' ophthalmopathy? Profiles of T-cell cytokines amplified by polymerase chain reaction from orbital tissue.

Whether Graves' ophthalmopathy is the results of a cell-mediated or humoral autoimmune response is controversial. T-Lymphocytes that regulate these two mechanisms, Th1 and Th2, respectively, are characterized by the profile of cytokines that they secrete. We, therefore, investigated the spectrum of T-lymphocyte cytokines expressed in Graves' orbital tissue by means of the polymerase chain reaction using reverse transcribed mRNA as template. From three Graves' thyroid tissues (positive controls), we obtained DNA products of the predicted size for the Th1 cytokines interferon-gamma (IFN gamma) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) as well as for Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-5. A signal for IL-10 (Th1 and Th2) was also detected. No cytokine signals were observed in peripheral blood (negative control). Despite the presence of T-cells (CD3 delta marker) in the orbital connective tissue/fat of all five patients studied as well as in orbital muscle from one of these patients, IFN gamma reverse transcribed mRNA was notably absent from these tissues. In contrast, IL-2, IL-5, and IL-10 cDNA was present in orbital tissues from one or more patients. Of particular importance, an IL-4 signal was detected in orbital connective tissue/fat of patients 6 and 7 as well as in muscle of patient 7. The balance between IL-4 and IFN gamma determines whether an immune response is predominantly humoral or cell mediated. Our finding of IL-4, but not IFN gamma, mRNA expression in orbital tissue supports a role, at least in some patients, for humoral autoimmunity in Graves' ophthalmopathy.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Biomolecular regulation of the IgE immune response III. Cytokine profiles in atopic dermatitis, inhalant allergy and non-allergic donors.

Cytokines-in particular interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-5 and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma)-regulate both IgE synthesis and eosinophil activation in atopic diseases. To elucidate whether distinct profiles of cytokine production were related to serum level of IgE and eosinophilia, the spontaneous and inducible in vitro cytokine secretion from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was investigated. PBMC were isolated and cultured from three groups of donors: (1) patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and high levels of serum IgE (> 5000 IU/ml, n = 11), (2) patients with diagnosed inhalant allergy (IA) and serum IgE in the range of 200-2000 IU/ml (n = 10), and (3) non-allergic individuals (NA) with serum IgE below 100 IU/ml (n = 10). The production of cytokines was determined in cultures after 24 h [IL-1 alpha, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and TNF-beta] or 72 h (IL-2, IFN-gamma). The spontaneous production of IL-1 alpha was increased in the AD group compared to NA (P = 0.002), whereas for unstimulated cultures no other cytokine differed between patient groups. To identify conditions for optimal cytokine production, various combinations of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), calcium ionophore (ION), and phorbol ester (PMA) were tested as stimuli. The combination ION + PMA induced the highest levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, whereas maximal production of IL-6 and TNF-beta were induced by PHA and PHA + PMA, respectively. The AD group demonstrated a significantly lower production of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma compared with the two other groups, and IL-4 and IL-5 production increased in the IA group. The results suggest that in spite of the common features, i.e. raised serum IgE and eosinophilia, in IA and AD patients, the underlying aberrations in the cytokine network is different.

Cytokines↗
PubMed1991

Different profiles of the human immune response to primary and secondary immunization with an oral Salmonella typhi Ty21a vaccine.

Human immune response to a secondary immunization by the oral route was studied by enumerating specific antibody-secreting cells (ASC) in the peripheral blood, believed to reflect the local immune response in the mucosa. The volunteers had been immunized 1-2 years earlier with live Salmonella typhi Ty21a given orally as three doses of vaccine in enteric-coated capsules (3 x E); their ASC and serum antibody responses have been published. In the present study 17 of the same volunteers received one booster dose of the same vaccine (B-E). Specific ASC appeared in the blood of all volunteers after vaccination, peaked on day 5 and faded away thereafter so that on day 9 specific ASC were detected in only seven subjects. The ASC responses to the single booster dose were significantly higher than those to one dose in primary immunization and at least as high as those of the same volunteers to three doses in primary immunization. Serum antibody responses were not seen in any of the vaccinees after secondary immunization, whereas after primary immunization 60% of these subjects responded. This study shows the presence of immunologic memory also in respect of the human ASC response, and confirms the separate nature of ASC and serum response.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1983

Restricted adult clonal profiles induced by neonatal immunization. Influence of suppressor T cells.

The effects of neonatal antigen exposure on the adult B cell repertoire have been examined by characterizing the influenza hemagglutinin (HA)-specific response of adult BALB/c mice given antigen soon after birth. Ligand exposure during early life exerts a profound and lasting effect upon the B cell repertoire, characterized by the expansion and preservation of particular antigen-reactive clones and the apparent loss of others. The precise subset of clonotypes selectively preserved depends upon the age at which antigen is first encountered; and is predictable given a knowledge of the emerging primary pool's dynamics and composition. The preserved (secondary) B cells differ from their unprimed precursors with respect to (a) expression of the surface marker detected by the monoclonal antibody J11d, and (b) susceptibility to T cell-mediated suppression. These studies thus demonstrate a strong relationship between the heritable dynamics of the emerging primary B cell repertoire and the effect of ligand-driven events upon repertoire phenotype. In addition, they provide a mechanistic model for certain forms of antigen-induced oligoclonal dominance, especially the phenomenon of original antigenic sin.

Aging↗
PubMed2026

Single-cell profiling reveals epithelial and immune responses in BK polyomavirus-infected human kidney biopsies.

INTRODUCTIONBK polyomavirus (BKV) infection is associated with injury and subsequent graft loss due to the extent of injury or rejection. However, the molecular mechanisms driving injury and subsequent adverse outcomes remain poorly understood.METHODSIn a cross-sectional study, single-cell RNA-seq from kidney allograft biopsies was used to assess cell type-specific responses between uninfected controls and 2 distinct phases of BKV infection: peaking (increasing viral blood titers) and resolving (decreasing viral titers following immunosuppression reduction).RESULTSGenes upregulated in BK viral nephropathy (BKVN) were enriched for polyomavirus infection hallmarks, including ribosome biogenesis, translation, and energy restructuring. Additionally, enriched pathways included wound healing, cellular stress, antigen presentation and immune signaling. Even without BKVN (peaking BK viremia alone), epithelial cells expressed signatures for wound healing, cellular stress, and extracellular matrix remodeling. In vivo tubular cell responses at single-cell resolution were validated against single cell transcriptomic data of BKV-infected cells in a cell culture model. Despite similarities, in vivo tubular cells underwent metabolic adaptation favoring fatty acid oxidation and proinflammatory responses not observed in culture models, likely due to an absent innate and adaptive immune system. Despite lymphopenia and immunosuppressive therapies, the proportion of recipient-derived intrarenal adaptive immune cells was increased in biopsies associated with peaking viremia alongside activation of innate immune responses. Adaptive immune cells exhibited persistent inflammatory signaling and remodeling of energy metabolism during the resolving phase of infection.CONCLUSIONThese not previously reported insights into BKV-associated injury may have implications for clinical management and improved allograft outcomes.

Humans↗