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PubMed1995

Developmental truths in memories of childhood and adolescence.

This study of age-related changes in memories of personally important encounters showed "developmental truths," that is, patterns that converged with prior developmental theories and research. Participants were 47 males and 48 females in their early 20s. An average of 16 memories were collected from each person during an intensive personal interview. Memories were coded for age at the time of the episode, the identity of the other person with whom the study participant was interacting, what the participant wanted from the other person, and the outcome. As expected, memories of encounters with parents and about wanting help prevailed for childhood, whereas memories of encounters with close friends and about wanting intimacy prevailed by mid-adolescence. Memories about wanting to help others were sparse for this young-adult sample, but, like needs for intimacy, increased with age. Although patterns for males tended to be more dramatic than patterns for females, this trend appeared more attributable to actual developmental differences in social dynamics than to differences in the degree to which current concerns intruded into the memory process. The advantages of personally salient, event-specific retrospective reports for understanding personality development and change are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Whither causal models in the neuroscience of ADHD?

In this paper we examine the current status of the science of ADHD from a theoretical point of view. While the field has reached the point at which a number of causal models have been proposed, it remains some distance away from demonstrating the viability of such models empirically. We identify a number of existing barriers and make proposals as to the best way for these to be overcome in future studies. These include the need to work across multiple levels of analysis in multidisciplinary teams; the need to recognize the existence of, and then model, causal heterogeneity; the need to integrate environmental and social processes into models of genetic and neurobiological influence; and the need to model developmental processes in a dynamic fashion. Such a model of science, although difficult to achieve, has the potential to provide the sort of framework for programmatic model-based research required if the power and sophistication of new neuroscience technologies are to be effectively exploited.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1985

The status of pulmonary host defense in the neonatal sheep: cellular and humoral aspects.

In consideration of the sheep neonate as a compromised host, we have examined the status of cellular and humoral pulmonary host defense components at selected developmental time points. The dynamic character of the early neonatal LFC population, reflected in changes in subpopulations and proliferative capacity, most probably contributed to the observed changes in in vitro cell function. While certain cell responses, e.g., blood and LFC PMN chemotaxis, appeared intact by day 1, others developed subsequently. The ability of AMs to elaborate a chemotactic factor(s) was first noted at day 21. Bacteria binding and killing presented a biphasic maturation pattern, with full competence not present until day 180. Although the in vitro binding and killing activity of day 8 LFCs was comparable to that of the adult, it may be a poor indicator of in vivo host defense capacity, given the relative paucity of endogenous opsonins at that age. In fact, the interdependence of mediators suggests that the sheep neonate may remain a compromised host during the first 3 months of life. Thereafter, cellular and humoral parameters begin to approximate those of adult sheep and by 180 days of life pulmonary defense, as assessed in this study, is fully developed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1983

Long-term follow-up of children with psychiatric disorders.

General psychiatrists' interest in childhood has been stimulated by the genetic aspect of dynamic psychiatry. The prospective developmental approach of child psychiatrists has been molded by developmental psychological theory, epidemiological approaches, and clinical experience with children who exhibit symptoms of psychopathology. The authors review follow-up data on children diagnosed as having attention deficit disorder, pervasive developmental disorder, autism, and conduct disorders. They also discuss the results of studies of subjects who, as children, were diagnosed as being hyperactive or neurotic, or who experienced language delay.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Process variables of the life review: counseling implications.

The concept of the life review as a developmental process is examined with three main objectives. First, the life review is placed within a developmental framework as a dynamic rather than static occurrence in which the individual is an active agent. Secondly, in order to clarify the possible process variables of the life review, three interactive stages are identified and elaborated. Finally, possible counseling interventions are suggested for practitioners working with elderly persons.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

The 35UZ transposon of Drosophila melanogaster reveals differences in maintenance of transcriptional control between embryonic and larval stages.

The D. melanogaster transposon P[35UZ] contains a lacZ reporter gene fused to 35 kb of Ubx upstream sequences which drive a Ubx-like expression in embryos and in metathoracic imaginal discs. Transposition of P[35UZ] followed by analysis of different lines in wild-type and mutant backgrounds allowed us to analyze the interplay between Ubx regulatory elements, including the Polycomb response element (PRE), located inside the transposon and cis-acting regulatory elements, located outside. We found that all lines show a Ubx-like beta-galactosidase expression pattern in the embryo, but proximity to strong imaginal enhancers can change this pattern drastically. These data illustrate how maintenance of gene expression depends on the chromosomal environment and on dynamic interactions between all developmentally regulated enhancers located close to a promoter under PcG control.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Towards effective treatment in child psychiatry].

The author suggests that psychoanalytic theory, developmental theories and family dynamics theories are insufficient to allow for a comprehensive treatment of children. Adding elements of Systems Theory, he proposes that in every case, individual, familial and ecological factors be devised to solve problems in each area. He illustrates the approach with the clinical report of a successfully treated case of vitiligo.

Child↗
PubMed1988

A model of time-limited treatment for the older patient.

In conclusion, brief treatment can be offered to a majority of patients when focused around current difficulties in the life structure, as opposed to past unconscious dynamic conflicts relived in the transference. Some aspects of the life structure, of course, are also unconscious, namely, those having to do with attempted solutions to core personality conflicts and those reflecting modes of ego functioning. We have utilized Loevinger's model of stages of ego development to understand the latter aspect. Personality and cognitive operations are the portals through which life-cycle tasks are experienced and interpreted. In order to formulate the problems of the life structure and of accomplishment of life tasks, the clinician must understand the major dynamic issues as they present themselves within the particular stage of ego development. In our example, Mr. S.'s sense of defect and injury was processed within a fairly "high level" of development which enabled him to undertake the therapeutic task with considerable autonomy and initiative, compatible with his view of himself and optimal interaction with others. Presentation of a therapeutic task or focus which fits the dynamic issues and the developmental stage in a manner which is readily comprehensible and relevant to the patient is the major task of the therapist in brief treatment. In this model, the patient uses the therapy to work on a life task and life structure in a goal-oriented manner jointly constructed with the therapist. This reality orientation and focus on aspects of the person closest to awareness make the model applicable to a broad spectrum of patients and to a time-limited setting in which the work can be done in different phases over time.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1984

[Anamnesis as drama--the first sentences].

The encounter between therapist and patient can be viewed as a drama involving two actors, each attempting to convert the other. This conversion proceeds through unconscious and preconscious elements of interaction whose manifest and latent meaning/definition/interpretation is determined by the manner in which the conflict dynamics evolve within the developmental structure of the anamnesis. In this context one can observe three areas of decisive importance, namely information of an objective, subjective and dramatical nature. An analysis of the opening sentences from two case studies serves to illustrate how the dramatic process is being staged.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

[Life styles of myocardial infarct patients and of control groups: various similarities and differences].

In a population sample of 'healthy' males (N = 136; age 39-41) the classifications on the Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS) for assessing the Type A/B coronary-prone behavior pattern, and on the Maastricht Questionnaire (MQ), measuring emotional drain and subsequent depression, were investigated in relation to retrospective reporting of life changes on a newly developed Middle Adulthood Life Changes Questionnaire (MALC). In ANOVA, Type A subjects (N = 70) did report significantly more life changes in their work environment and family situation over the last two years than their Type B counterparts (N = 66). For subjects reporting clearcut manifestations of vital exhaustion and depression (N = 32) the same statistical associations do hold. Also, these latter subjects did evaluate their life changes as significantly 'more distressing' or as 'requiring more adjustment'. A group of male myocardial infarction (MI) patients (N = 35; average age 52) was compared with this control group on the MQ and the MALC. The MI-group showed a significantly lower average MQ-score than the section of the control group with clearcut manifestations of emotional drain and depression. Mean 'adjustment' scores, however, were significantly higher in the MI-group. In the discussion, the requirements for a dynamic life-span developmental model for explaining the assumedly different life-courses of MI-cases and controls are enunciated.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Actin dynamics in lamellipodia of migrating border cells in the Drosophila ovary revealed by a GFP-actin fusion protein.

Directional migration of border cells in the Drosophila egg chambers is a developmentally regulated event that requires dynamic cellular functions. In this study, the electron microscopic observation of migrating border cells revealed loose actin bundles in forepart lamellipodia and numerous microvilli extending from nurse cells and providing multiple adhesive contacts with border cells. To analyze the dynamics of actin in migrating border cells in vivo, we constructed a green fluorescent protein-actin fusion protein and induced its expression in Drosophila using the GAL4/UAS system. The green fluorescent protein-actin was incorporated into the actin bundles and it enabled visualization of the rapid cytoskeletal changes in border cell lamellipodia. During the growth of the lamellipodia, the actin bundles that increased in number and size radiated from the bundle-organizing center. Quantification of the fluorescence intensity showed that an accumulation of bundle-associated and spotted green fluorescent protein-actin signals took place during their centripetal movement. Our results favored a treadmilling model for actin behavior in border cell lamellipodia.

Actins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Dynamic evaluation of the incidence of hereditary pathology by an accounting of spontaneous abortions and congenital developmental defects].

A new method is suggested to control the mutation process in man by the dynamics of hereditary pathology frequency. The paper presents data on registration of spontaneous abortions, congenital malformations, Down's syndrome and perinatal death in Angarsk for 10 years (1971-1980). No changes are found in the frequencies of these data. The dynamic analysis of hereditary pathology "units" of mutation origin for 10 years did not show any time trend.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed2004

Trajectories of dynamic predictors of disorder: their meanings and implications.

Developmental psychopathologists are increasingly focused on characterizing heterogeneity of trajectories of psychological disorders across the life course (e.g., developmentally limited vs. chronic forms of disorder). Although the developmental significance of trajectories has been highlighted, there has been little attention to relations between trajectories and their etiologically and clinically relevant time-varying covariates (dynamic predictors). Depending upon the functional relation between a disorder and a dynamic predictor, we expect to see different trajectories of dynamic predictors. Thus, we propose a taxonomy of trajectories of dynamic predictors of course of disorder and provide an initial investigation into its validity. Using a mixed-gender, high-risk sample of young adults followed over 7 years, we identified dynamic predictors that covary with the course of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Based on a logically derived classification to facilitate interpretation of findings, three comparison groups were examined: persons whose AUD "remitted" (n = 33), those with a chronic AUD (n = 29), and nondiagnosers (n = 274). We hypothesized seven patterns of dynamic prediction (stable vulnerability indicators, course trackers, deterioration markers, developmentally specific variables, developmental lag markers, course-referenced variables, and recovery behaviors) and found evidence for five of them. The interpretation of markers of risk for development and course of AUDs and their implications for prevention, early intervention and formal/self-change treatments are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Secrets and reasons for secrecy among school-aged children: developmental trends and gender differences.

The substance and dynamics of secrets were elicited and analyzed for 180 children at three grade levels, to examine developmental trends and gender differences. The recorded frequencies were subjected to loglinear analyses. The results, which revealed a grade effect regarding topics of secrets, indicated a developmental shift in topics with age from secrets pertaining to possessions to secrets pertaining to interpersonal relations, heterosexual involvement, and moral transgressions. A grade effect also emerged regarding reasons for secrecy; a shift was indicated from need for exclusiveness typical of younger children to socially embedded reasons for secrecy characteristic of older children. A gender main effect regarding topics of secrets indicated that boys more often than girls bear secrets pertaining to possessions and moral transgressions, whereas girls tend more often than boys to bear secrets pertaining to family issues. No gender effect was evident, however, in regard to reasons for secrecy. The developmental trends in both aspects of secrecy investigated may be conceived in the framework of a dual shift from separateness to relatedness and from true latency to late latency.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Temporal stability of rhythmic tapping "on" and "off the beat": a developmental study.

This study, following a dynamic pattern approach, examines age-related differences in the stability of unimanual rhythmic perception-action patterns. Thirty-six children, aged 7, 9, and 11 years, attempted to synchronize their finger tapping to the beats of an auditory metronome, either "on the beat" (i.e., in-phase coordination), or "off the beat" (i.e., antiphase coordination). The temporal stability of these perception-action patterns was measured by the variability of the relative phase between taps and auditory events and by the critical frequency, that is, the frequency at which a loss of stability was observed when the metronome frequency was increased. Age-related differences in stability were found for both relative phase variability and critical frequency. These findings suggest that the relative phase dynamics underlying perception-action coordination patterns change with age in the direction of an increased temporal stability.

Attention↗
PubMed2002

Vacuolar membrane dynamics revealed by GFP-AtVam3 fusion protein.

BACKGROUND: The plant vacuole is a multifunctional organelle that has various physiological functions. The vacuole dynamically changes its function and shape, dependent on developmental and physiological conditions. Our current understanding of the dynamic processes of vacuolar morphogenesis has suffered from the lack of a marker for observing these processes in living cells. RESULTS: We have developed transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana expressing a vacuolar syntaxin-related molecule (AtVam3/SYP22) fused with green fluorescent protein (GFP). Observations using confocal laser scanning microscopy demonstrated that the plant vacuole contained a dynamic membrane system that underwent a complex architectural remodelling. Three-dimensional reconstitution and time-lapse analysis of GFP-fluorescence images revealed that cylindrical and sheet-like structures were present in the vacuolar lumen and were moving dynamically. The movement, but not the structure itself, was abolished by cytochalasin D, an inhibitor of actin polymerization. This moving structure, which sometimes penetrated through the vacuolar lumen, possessed a dynamic membrane architecture similar to the previously recognized "transvacuolar strand." CONCLUSION: We propose two possible models for the formation of the vacuolar lumenal structure. Membrane structures including protruding tubules and reticular networks have recently been recognized in many other organelles, and may be actively involved in intra- and/or inter-organelle signalling.

Arabidopsis↗