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PubMedDate not supplied

Biological variations associated with change in lifestyle among the pastoral and nomadic tribes of East Africa.

The values of a number of anthropometric, cardiovascular and biochemical variables have been compared between tribal and non-tribal Samburu. Significant differences between the two groups were found for ponderal index, supra-iliac and mid-calf skinfold thicknesses, pulse rate and both systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Similar analyses were performed on samples from tribal and non-tribal Maasai; here significant differences were found for ponderal index, height, biceps skinfold thickness, pulse rate and systolic blood pressure. No significant differences were found in serum cholesterol or serum triglyceride for either the Samburu or the Maasai. Greater variability of the skinfold measurements was found in the non-tribal Samburu than in the tribal group; this effect was less marked in the Maasai. A principal component analysis and three discriminant function analyses were performed on the Samburu data. These analyses showed that the most marked difference between the tribal and non-tribal groups was in their blood pressure levels, the non-tribal sample having significantly higher mean values than the tribal members. Possible causes for the observed differences between tribal and non-tribal groups are discussed, and the findings are contrasted with those of an earlier study, in which significant differences in cholesterol but not in blood pressure were found between samples of rural and urban Maasai. This leads to the tentative hypothesis that blood pressure is affected immediately by the change in environment, whereas the effect on cholesterol levels is a longer-term one.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The forest retreat of orpul: a holistic system of health care practiced by the Maasai tribe of East Africa.

The orpul healing retreat practiced by the Maasai of East Africa, in which decoctions of medicinal plants are taken with large quantities of meat, provides an example of a holistic indigenous system of primary health care. Most of the plants utilized in orpul medicines by the Maasai of Eluwaii, northern Tanzania, have already been empirically demonstrated to possess pharmacologic activities in vitro and/or in vivo. In addition, the songs, meditation, and prayers that form part of the orpul experience are likely to contribute significantly to recovery, particularly in the case of psychosomatic and stress-related illness. This community-based health practice should be preserved and evaluated.

Africa, Eastern↗
PubMed1996

Twenty-five years of HTLV type II follow-up with a possible case of tropical spastic paraparesis in the Kayapo, a Brazilian Indian tribe.

A longitudinal study, spanning 25 years and great demographic and cultural change, found a persistently high prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II) in the Xikrin Kayapo Indians of Brazil. More than 10% of the children continue to develop immune reactions to the virus in infancy, a sharp increase in seroprevalence occurs between ages 15 and 30 years, and prevalence in older woman still approaches 100%. This suggests that the major modes of transmission (breast milk and sexual activity) have not changed. The demonstration of stable maintenance of HTLV-II in one ethnic group makes migration theories of its dispersal more plausible. However, the infection may not be a negligible burden on population survival: at least 1 of 62 persons followed until age 40 years died of possible tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

An ecological interdependence of diet and disease? A study of infection in one tribe consuming two different diets.

The nature and incidence of infections were studied in two groups of Turkana living in the same area but eating different diets; one consumed milk only and the other a combination of fish and milk. The only apparent and significant nutritional difference between the two groups was mild iron deficiency in the milk drinkers. Episodes of fever, symptomatic infection with malaria and brucellosis, molluscum contagiosum and common warts, episodes of diarrhea, and serological evidence of infection with Entamoeba histolytica were significantly increased in Turkana eating fish. We suggest that this phenomenon may result from a disruption of a long-standing ecological compromise between the all-milk diet of the Turkana and the pathogenic organisms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Classification of mosquitoes in tribe Aedini (Diptera: Culicidae): Paraphylyphobia, and classification versus cladistic analysis.

Many mosquito species are important vectors of human and animal diseases, and others are important nuisance species. To facilitate communication and information exchange among professional groups interested in vector-borne diseases, it is essential that a stable nomenclature be maintained. For the Culicidae, easily identifiable genera based on morphology are an asset. Major changes in generic concept, the elevation of 32 subgenera within Aedes to generic status, and changes in hundreds of species names proposed in a recent article demand consideration by all parties interested in mosquito-borne diseases. The entire approach to Aedini systematics of these authors was flawed by an inordinate fear of paraphyletic taxa or Paraphylyphobia, and their inability to distinguish between classification and cladistic analysis. Taxonomists should refrain from making taxonomic changes based on preliminary data, and they should be very selective in assigning generic names to only the most important and well-defined groups of species.

Aedes↗
PubMed2005

Assessment of public health workforce bioterrorism and emergency preparedness readiness among tribes in Washington State: a collaborative approach among the Northwest Center for Public Health Practice, the Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board, and the Washington State Department of Health.

This article examines the collaboration, methodology, results, and lessons learned stemming from the experience of a unique university, state, and tribal collaborative model for public health emergency preparedness assessment activities. This collaborative model may be applicable to other public health preparedness efforts, as well as the broader range of general public health or workforce development partnerships between state, local, and tribal health departments and academic institutions.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Relationships of bradyrhizobia from Platypodium and Machaerium (Papilionoideae: tribe Dalbergieae) on Barro Colorado Island, Panama.

Enzyme electrophoresis and rRNA sequencing indicated that root nodule bacteria from the canopy tree Platypodium elegans and the lianas Machaerium milleflorum and Machaerium arboreum on Barro Colorado Island, Panama, were highly diverse on a local scale. A total of 11 distinct multilocus genotypes [ETs (electrophoretic types)] was found among the 33 isolates analysed. On average, ETs differed from one another at 74% of the 11 enzyme loci assayed, and separate nodules on a single host individual were often occupied by genetically divergent ETs. Certain ETs were sampled multiple times from both Platypodium and Machaerium, suggesting a lack of specificity toward the two legume genera. Within the intervening sequence (IVS) region in the 5' end of 23S rRNA, seven ETs had a length variant similar to that of Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 110, and the other four ETs had an IVS region 26-28 bp shorter. Parsimony analysis of both partial 23S rRNA and nearly full-length 16S rRNA sequences indicated that all Platypodium and Machaerium isolates were related to B. japonicum rather than Bradyrhizobium elkanii. The 16S rRNA sequence of one isolate was >99% similar to that of B. japonicum USDA 110, and the closest known relatives for other isolates were Philippine bradyrhizobia from the legumes Stylosanthes and Samanea.

Bradyrhizobium↗