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PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of trace elements on the hydroxylation of benzo(a)pyrene].

The trace elements are surrounding factors which are able to act on the yield of benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylation reaction of the hepatic tissue. This action was studied for each element and for various concentrations. The action of these elements may occurred to arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase by activating or inhibiting it, to epoxyde hydrase or to glutathione S epoxydase, favouring or inhibiting the way epoxyde dihydrodiol, and finally to arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase induction. Our results, obtained in vitro on hepatic tissue with many metallic salts, showed that some trace elements may have a cocarcinogenic action.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Trace elements in clinical nutrition.

Although the nearly 20 essential trace elements in humans constitute a small fraction of total body weight (less than 4%), the effect of their presence on well-being is enormous. Enteral nutrition, whether oral or by tube, is fraught with problems that influence nutrient absorption, distribution, metabolism, and ultimately, excretion. Parenteral nutrition, although delivered to the intravascular milieu, carries with it no guarantee that the trace mineral will indeed reach the target site for action. With the questionable nature of dietary histories and their unavailability in the setting of relatively emergent nutrition therapy, it behooves the clinician to begin complete nutrition and to include recommended trace elements early on. The clinician must also be ever vigilant about delivering sufficient full-strength commercially available enteral formula to provide the recommended dietary allowances of trace minerals.

Enteral Nutrition↗
PubMed1996

Trace elements in a commercial freeze-dried human urine reference material.

A large batch of freeze-dried human urine reference material, Seronorm Trace Elements Urine, Lot 101021, was prepared commercially (Nycomed Pharma AS, Oslo, Norway) for quality control purposes in trace element analysis. Analytes are being determined by a voluntary, international co-operative effort so that the material will be available to the scientific community at modest cost. The material is in stoppered glass vials and is to be reconstituted with 5.00 ml of water prior to use. We have evaluated the trace element content for several elements, including chromium and zinc, elements for which we have two independent methods available for the determinations, namely isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). We also report on other trace elements measured by IDMS alone, such as Se, for which we have enriched stable isotopes available. Results for chromium indicate a mean +/- standard deviation (n = 10) of 1.2 +/- 0.3 (by IDMS) and 1.4 +/- 0.3 (by AAS) ng Cr per ml of reconstituted urine, indicating possible inhomogeneity and/or contamination (21-25% relative standard deviation, RSD). Approximately half of the observed chromium originates from the sample container. The values observed for zinc were 590 +/- 90 ng ml-1 (15% RSD) for freshly reconstituted material, 760 +/- 60 ng ml-1 (8% RSD) for material reconstituted 4 d earlier, and 940 +/- 60 ng ml-1 (6% RSD) 2 months after reconstitution. Selenium values by IDMS were very reproducible, with a mean concentration of 16 +/- 0.15 ng g-1 (0.9% RSD), suggesting little or no contamination and a high degree of sample homogeneity for this element. The source of potential contaminants has been evaluated by multielement determinations of leachates of the vials and stoppers. Elements noted in significant amounts include B, Ba, Sr, Mo, Cu and Zn, with most of the zinc coming from the rubber stopper.

Freeze Drying↗
PubMed2007

Trace elements and cancer risk: a review of the epidemiologic evidence.

Worldwide, there are more than 10 million new cancer cases each year, and cancer is the cause of approximately 12% of all deaths. Given this, a large number of epidemiologic studies have been undertaken to identify potential risk factors for cancer, amongst which the association with trace elements has received considerable attention. Trace elements, such as selenium, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, and nickel, are found naturally in the environment, and human exposure derives from a variety of sources, including air, drinking water, and food. Trace elements are of particular interest given that the levels of exposure to them are potentially modifiable. In this review, we focus largely on the association between each of the trace elements noted above and risk of cancers of the lung, breast, colorectum, prostate, urinary bladder, and stomach. Overall, the evidence currently available appears to support an inverse association between selenium exposure and prostate cancer risk, and possibly also a reduction in risk with respect to lung cancer, although additional prospective studies are needed. There is also limited evidence for an inverse association between zinc and breast cancer, and again, prospective studies are needed to confirm this. Most studies have reported no association between selenium and risk of breast, colorectal, and stomach cancer, and between zinc and prostate cancer risk. There is compelling evidence in support of positive associations between arsenic and risk of both lung and bladder cancers, and between cadmium and lung cancer risk.

Arsenic↗
PubMed2004

Assessment of maternal-fetal status of some essential trace elements in pregnant women in late gestation: relationship with birth weight and placental weight.

OBJECTIVE: The status of the essential trace elements copper (Cu), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se) and molybdenum (Mo) has been investigated in maternal and umbilical cord blood in control, uncomplicated pregnancies at term, and the possibility assessed of a relationship between blood levels of these trace elements and newborn weight and placental weight. Fetal-maternal ratios of the elements were also computed to establish baseline values for the Kuwaiti obstetric population. METHODS: Blood samples were collected from a maternal vein, the umbilical artery and umbilical vein of normal pregnant women at the time of spontaneous delivery or Cesarean section, and the concentrations of various trace elements determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. RESULTS: The concentration of Cu, Fe, Mo, Se and Zn averaged 2406.1, 3252.1, 11.6, 107.3 and 696.2 microg/l, respectively, in maternal venous blood in the pregnant women (n=39) at term. Umbilical venous/maternal venous ratios of Cu, Fe, Mo, Se and Zn averaged 0.32, 1.96, 1.03, 0.83 and 1.55, respectively. Neonatal birth weight did not correlate with maternal blood levels of the trace elements (p>0.05) in the mother-child pairs studied. However, neonatal weight correlated negatively (p<0.05) with umbilical venous Cu level. Placental weight correlated positively (p<0.05) with Fe and Mo levels and negatively with Zn level in umbilical venous blood. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate an active placental transport for Fe and Zn, while Cu, Mo and Se appear to be exchanged passively between mother and fetus. Evaluation of Fe, Mo, Se and Zn levels in maternal and umbilical cord blood does not appear to be useful in the assessment of fetal growth.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Prediction of the impact of the Aznalcóllar toxic spill on the trace element contamination of agricultural soils.

The interaction of several trace elements (Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, As, Bi, and Tl) was studied by leaching experiments in agricultural soils affected by the Aznalcóllar toxic spill. The spill led to contamination by acid waste waters and sludge deposition. The levels of contamination recorded after the sludge was removed from soils showed that highly contaminated areas remained. A comparison of soils directly affected by sludge deposition and acid waste waters with soils contaminated only by acid waste waters demonstrated that Zn/As and Cd/As ratios were good indicators of the two contributions to the contamination. Soil samples were characterised and grouped according to their texture and carbonate content. The response of elements to single extractions with CaCl2 0.01 mol l-1, CaCl2 1 mol l-1, CH3COOH 0.43 mol l-1, and EDTA 0.05 mol l-1 enabled us to estimate their mobility in the soils. Cd and Zn were found to be the most mobile elements. Cu showed an intermediate mobility, especially in an acidic medium. Pb, As, Bi and Tl were found to be non-mobile elements. A comparison of referent, low and highly contaminated samples showed that the presence of sludge had an effect on desorption yields, in part due to the short-term after the contamination. Calculations of a relative scale of long-term mobility, between soils and trace elements, provided further conclusions derived from the use of single extractions.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of large intakes of trace elements on recovery after major burns.

Because Cu, Se, and Zn are involved in immune and antioxidative defense mechanisms and tissue repair, deficiencies might aggravate complications classically observed with burns. After measuring massive cutaneous trace element losses in 10 burn patients, our aim in this study was to determine whether large intravenous intakes of Cu, Zn, and Se can modify serum trace element levels and recovery after major burns. Ten patients, aged 34 +/- 6 yr (mean +/- SD), admitted to the burns center of a Swiss university hospital with thermal burns on 41 +/- 9% of their body surface were studied prospectively, with trace element balance studies from day 1 (D1) to D7 postinjury. Urine and blood samples were also collected on D10, D15, D20, and D25. The patients were divided into two groups of five and received either standard (group 1, control) or greatly increased (group 2, treatment: 4.5 mg Cu, 190 micrograms Se, and 40 mg Zn/day) trace element intakes. Energy and protein intake and wound treatment were similar in both groups. The treatment group was characterized by improved Cu, Se, and Zn status (increase in serum levels and various protein indicators), a much larger leukocyte increase between D4 and D14 (mainly neutrophils), and shorter hospital stay (45 days) compared with the untreated group (57 days). Grafting requirements were more extensive in group 1. Although severity of injury and wound treatment were similar in the groups, the duration of hospitalization was lower in the treated group. Further studies are required to determine whether this is related to trace element supplementation.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Trace elements and electrolytes homeostasis and their relation to antioxidant enzyme activity in brain hyperexcitability of epileptic patients.

Epileptogenesis is a big challenge. Various experimental and human studies suggested that the homeostasis of trace elements, electrolytes, membrane lipid peroxidation, and antioxidants is crucial for brain function, and they were directly or indirectly implicated as taking part in the pathophysiology of neuronal excitability, neuronal excitotoxicity, and seizure recurrence and its resistance to treatment with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). In addition, AEDs can also alter the homeostasis of trace elements, electrolytes, and seriously increase membrane lipid peroxidation at the expense of protective antioxidants, leading to an increase in seizure recurrence and an idiosyncratic drug effect. Differential effects were detected among different AEDs treatments in which carbamazepine (CBZ) was found to be better anticonvulsant for the control of free radical related seizures and the level of trace elements were better regulated with CBZ than with valproate (VPA) and phenytoin (PHT) therapies. It is concluded that adequate trace elements and antioxidants supply is important for brain functions and prevention of neurological diseases and further elucidation of the pathological actions of such substances in the brain should result in new therapeutic approaches. Trace elements and antioxidant might have neuroprotective biological targeted benefits when used in epileptic patients.

Anticonvulsants↗
PubMed1981

Trace elements in phasic and tonic muscles.

The differences in the content of trace elements (Fe, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb and Sr) in phasic and tonic scallop adductor muscles have been revealed by using X-ray fluorescence analysis. The phasic (yellow) muscles have been found to be richer in Fe and Cu while more deficient in Zn and Br as compared to the tonic (white) muscles. No appreciable differences in the Rb and Sr content has been found. A statistical treatment of the data obtained suggests that phasic and tonic muscles differ in their metabolism of trace elements and the regulation of the concentrations of various trace elements by the muscle cell is achieved by different mechanisms.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Study of determination method of trace elements in white jade snail].

The contents of six trace elements, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu and Co, in white jade snail were determined by ICP-AES and AAS using nitrifying method of high pressure nitrifying pot. The results of two analysis methods were compared, showing no obvious differences. The recoveries were 92.4%-103.0%, and the relative standard deviations were less than 2.98%. The experiment proved that white jade snail contains rich useful trace elements, and is a kind of green food with high nutrition.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Identification of organically associated trace elements in wood and coal by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) was used to extract samples of wood (forest residue) and coal; the extracts were analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) using two different sample preparation methods, in order to identify trace elements associated with the organic part of the samples. A sample of fly ash was similarly extracted and analysed in order to assess the behaviour of the mineral matter contained within the wood and coal samples. 32% of the biomass was extracted at the higher temperature and 12% at room temperature while only 12% of the coal was extracted at the higher temperature and 3% at room temperature. Less than 2% of the ash dissolved at the higher temperature. Size exclusion chromatograms of the extracts indicated the presence of significant amounts of large molecular mass materials (>1000 mu) in the biomass and coal extracts but not in the ash extract. Trace element analyses were carried out using ICP-MS on the acid digests prepared by 'wet ashing' and microwave extraction. Sixteen elements (As, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ga, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, V and Zn) were quantified, in the samples before extraction, in the extracts and in the residues. Concentrations of trace elements in the original biomass sample were lower than in the coal sample while the concentrations in the ash sample were the highest. The major trace elements in the NMP extracts were Ba, Cu, Mn and Zn from the forest residue; Ba, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn from the coal; Cu and Zn from the ash. These elements are believed to be associated with the organic extracts from the forest residue and coal, and also from the ash. Be and Sb were not quantified in the extracts because they were present at too low concentrations; up to 40% of Mn was extracted from the biomass sample at 202 degrees C, while Se was totally extracted from the ash sample. For the forest residue, approximately 7% (at room temperature) and 45% (at 202 degrees C) of the total trace elements studied were in the extract; for the coal, approximately 8% (at room temperature) and 23% (at 202 degrees C) were in the extract. For the ash, only 1.4% of the trace elements were extracted at 202 degrees C, comprising 25% of Cd but less than 1% of Pb.

Biomass↗
PubMed1987

[Content of trace elements in solutions for parenteral nutrition and blood derivatives].

Intravenous solutions contain both essential and nonessential trace elements. The manufacturer is not obliged to declare the concentration of trace elements contained therein. Therefore, a study was done to investigate the concentration of magnesium, copper, chromium, manganese and cobalt, as well as a possible contamination by aluminum and nickel, in 15 solutions used for parenteral nutrition and blood products applied in Germany. Measured against the daily parenteral requirements, negligible concentrations were found for all essential trace elements with the exception of chromium and cobalt. A marked contamination by the nonessential metal ions aluminum and nickel was detected in the 5% protein- and 20% albumin-solutions. Aluminum concentration was 16-49 mumol/l in the blood products and up to 4.9 mumol/l in the nutrient solutions. The concentration of nickel found in the protein- and hydroxyethyl starch solutions was 250 times higher than the normal serum level. It must be assumed that different manufacturing procedures lead to the different degrees of contamination of the solutions (up to 100%). In view of more recent publications, the aluminum contamination may be a potential hazard to patients with prolonged parenteral nutrition and certain risk groups among the critically ill.

Blood Transfusion↗
PubMed1997

Trace elements in coronary heart disease: Impact of intensified lifestyle modification.

Concentrations of 14 trace elements (Bi, Cd, Co, Cs, Cu, Hg, Mn, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sn, Sr, Tl, and Zn) were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in 120 whole-blood and 121 plasma samples of 56 patients with angiographically documented coronary heart disease (CHD). One serum and two whole-blood reference materials were analyzed for quality control. At baseline, patients had elevated Co plasma as well as diminished Cu blood concentrations compared to healthy adults. The Zn concentrations in whole blood were below or at the lower end of the normal range, but the concentrations in plasma were elevated. All other trace elements were within the normal concentration ranges for healthy adults. After initial investigations, patients were randomly assigned to an experimental group (N = 27) and to a usual care group (N = 29). Experimental group patients were prescribed a lifestyle program that included a low-fat diet and a weekly moderate exercise. Patients were examined at baseline, after 6 and 12 mo for clinical assessment and fasting venous blood samples. No significant time-course changes in concentrations of trace elements in blood and plasma during the clinical treatment in both groups of patients could be observed. The experimental group patients lost weight and had lower blood pressure after 12 mo compared to baseline. The interventional therapy reduced the need for further revascularization procedures.

Aged↗
PubMed1980

Hair as a biopsy material for the assessment of trace element status in infancy. A review.

Results of the studies reviewed suggest that hair represents a promising biopsy material to study trace element redistribution and changes in trace-element status during early infancy. Caution must be exercised in sampling and only proximal, recently-grown hair collected. Appropriate standard washing procedures must also be employed and sensitive analytical techniques used for the determination of hair trace element concentrations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Epidemiology and trace elements.

Basically, epidemiology is the making of measurements of known reproducibility, in a bias-free manner, on representative samples of subjects drawn from defined communities. Epidemiology has become a relatively precise science and its value in medicine is widely appreciated. So too are its limitations: the difficulties in achieving a high response rate, in identifying and controlling confounding factors in the examination of an association, and the ultimate difficulties in distinguishing causation from association. While the value of community-based studies seems to be recognized by those interested in man and his environment, the need for the strict application of epidemiological procedures, and the limitations imposed on conclusions drawn from studies in which these procedures have been compromised, does not seem to be adequately understood. There are certain known links between trace elements in the environment and disease: for example the level of iodine in soil and water and the prevalence of goitre; the level of fluoride in water and the prevalence of dental caries. The investigation of other possible associations is difficult for a number of reasons, including interrelationships between trace elements, confounding of trace element levels (and disease) with social and dietary factors, and the probability that relationships are generally weak. Two conditions in which associations are likely are cardiovascular disease and cancer. Despite research along a number of lines, the relevance of trace elements to cardiovascular disease is not clear, and certainly the apparent association with hardness of domestic water supply seems unlikely to be causal. The same general conclusion seems reasonable for cancer, and although there are a very few well established associations which are likely to be causal, such as exposure to arsenic and skin cancer, the role of trace elements is obscure, and likely to be very small.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed2002

Trace elements and antioxidant enzymes in Behçet's disease.

Free oxygen radicals and insufficiency of antioxidant enzymes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Behçet's disease (BD). Trace elements function as cofactors to antioxidant enzymes. The antioxidant system and trace elements were investigated in many different studies, including BD, but these subjects have not been investigated as a whole in these patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antioxidative system and trace elements in BD to contribute to the knowledge of pathogenesis and treatment of this disease. We examined glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities together with selenium (Se), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) levels in plasma and erythrocytes of 50 patients with BD and 30 healthy controls. It was found that in patients with BD, erythrocyte GSH-Px and SOD activities and erythrocyte Se, plasma Fe, Mn, and Zn levels were significantly lower than those of controls and that plasma Cu, erythrocyte Zn, and Mn levels were significantly higher in patients with BD. Insufficient antioxidant enzyme activities were observed in patients with BD. The mechanism(s) of this phenomenon is not clear. Therefore, supplementation with trace elements involved in the antioxidative processes may increase scavenger enzyme activities, and consequently, an improvement in clinical symptoms may be expected.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Effects of supplementation with a combination of antioxidant vitamins and trace elements, at nutritional doses, on biochemical indicators and markers of the antioxidant system in adult subjects.

OBJECTIVE: To test the impact of supplementation with nutritional doses of antioxidant nutrients on biochemical indicators of vitamin and trace element levels. DESIGN: A randomized double-blind trial was performed comparing two groups receiving daily either a combination of vitamins (beta-carotene, 6 mg; vitamin C, 120 mg; and vitamin E, 30 mg) and trace elements (zinc, 20 mg; and selenium, 100 micrograms); or a placebo. SUBJECTS: 401 subjects (166 males aged 45 to 60 years and 235 females aged to 35 to 60 years). MEASURE OF OUTCOME: Biological markers of vitamin and trace element status and free radical parameters were measured initially, 3 months, and 6 months after supplemention. RESULTS: Mean serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol, vitamin C, beta-carotene, zinc and selenium increased significantly after 3 months of supplementation in the group receiving multivitamins associated with minerals. At baseline, 18.2% of the men and 5.1% of the women had low concentrations of serum vitamin C (< 20 mumol/l): 2.4% of the men and 17% of the women presented low concentrations of serum retinol (< 1.4 mumol/l): 18.7% of men and 10% of women had serum beta-carotene < 0.30 mumol/l. None of the study subjects had serum alpha-tocopherol concentrations below the limit cut-off point (< 9.3 mumol/l). Low serum zinc concentrations (< 10.7 mumol/l) were found in 15.1% of men and 23.8% of women. Low serum selenium concentrations (< 0.75 mumol/l) were found in 6% of men and 6.4% of women. A significant increase in plasma and red cell GPx activity was observed in groups receiving supplementation. No modifications were observed after 6 months of supplementation for malondyaldehyde. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the efficacy of an intake of antioxidant vitamins and trace elements, given at nutritional doses, on biochemical indicators of vitamin and trace elements status.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Determination of plasma trace elements in tumor-bearing animals by proton-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy.

Although altered levels of circulating essential trace elements are known to accompany malignant disease, the lack of sensitivity of conventional detection methods has generally limited their study to clinical conditions involving extensive disease (i.e., significant tumor burden). As such, the application of altered trace element levels as potential prognostic guides or as response indicators subsequent to treatment has been of limited use. During this study, proton-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy was evaluated as a tool to determine trace element imbalances in a murine tumor model. Using plasma from C57B1/6 mice bearing the syngeneic Lewis lung carcinoma (LLCa), levels of Fe, Cu, and Zn, as well as changes in the Cu /Zn ratio, were measured in animals carrying an increasing primary tumor burden. The plasma levels of Fe, Cu, and Zn were found to decrease significantly 7 d following implants of LLCa cells with no significant change observed in the Cu/Zn ratio. By d 21, however, an increase in the Cu/Zn ratio was found to accompany increased growth of the LLCa tumor; the plasma levels of Cu had returned to normal levels, whereas both the Fe and Zn plasma levels remained lowered. Collectively, the results suggest that although a net change in individual plasma trace element concentrations might not be accurately associated with tumor growth, a clear relationship was established between the Cu/Zn ratio and tumor size.

Animals↗