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PubMed1998

Vascular endothelial growth factor expression in expanded tissue: a possible mechanism of angiogenesis in tissue expansion.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a major angiogenic growth factor. Angiogenesis stimulated by VEGF occurs in several important clinical contexts, including myocardial ischemia, retinal disease, and tumor growth. The level of VEGF is increased in several skin disorders and is stimulated by ischemia. Tissue expansion has been shown to induce angiogenesis and ischemia on the overlying skin. We therefore investigated the hypothesis that VEGF was expressed in expanded tissue. Three samples of skin were obtained from five patients who sustained reconstruction with tissue expansion. One sample was taken on the implantation site of the expander before implantation. Two samples were taken at the time of removal, respectively, one on the nonexpanded skin adjacent to the expanded area and one on the expanded skin on the site of expansion. On these samples we performed immunolocalization of VEGF. Mouse monoclonal antibody was used, recognized with rabbit anti-mouse immunoglobulin alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) complex conjugated and revealed with naphthol red. Our results showed clearly an increased number of cells that fixated VEGF antibody on the site of expansion. Cell counts revealed that the numbers of cells expressing VEGF were statistically higher in expanded tissue than in nonexpanded tissue. Before expansion skin specimens did not express VEGF. These findings are the first to show the presence of a growth factor in expanded tissue. They open a new field of research on the biological explanation of tissue-expanded angiogenesis.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed2000

Facial autologous soft-tissue contouring by adjunction of tissue cocktail injection (micrograft and minigraft mixture of dermis, fascia, and fat).

Facial aging is both a physiologic and anatomic process characterized by changes in the skin and supporting tissues. The aging process produces an outer envelope that gradually expands while its contents gradually involute and the underlying structure weakens. This process results in an excess of skin that tends to create folds, grooves, and deepening furrows. Contour augmentation and filling depressions with autologous tissue or heterogeneous materials are widely used in face rejuvenation as an adjunctive procedure. There is unanimous agreement on the advantages of autogenous tissue grafts over alloplastic materials and heterogeneous transplants. It is also well known that the revascularization of a small graft (fat, dermis, and/or composite graft) is better than a large graft. For this reason, fat injections consisting of small particles have recently become popular. According to different authors, a graft take may vary from 30 to 50 percent. Nevertheless, it has been thoroughly documented that a graft consisting of dermis or fascia is superior to a fat graft in both the graft take rate and quality of the tissue. Strips of dermal graft have been used successfully for several years to fill lip contour and nasolabial folds. However, the main disadvantage of this technique is that utilization is restricted only to certain areas where there is a need for a small incision. To overcome this obstacle, the author developed a simple technique to obtain an injectable mass from a mixture of dermis, muscle strips, fat tissue, and fascia to use in body contouring (especially in the facial region) in large areas. The author describes the use of the technique in 450 patients. Follow-up in these patients from 6 months to 10 years showed that the application of the "tissue cocktail" procedure in select patients improved the author's results and created a marked increase in the number of satisfied patients with no complaints. The take and durability of this kind of graft were superior to the author's results using fat grafts. The tissue cocktail graft remained stable for several years, as effectively seen in the chin region. The sole complication from the procedure was some bruising, which was resolved in several days. No single infection or inclusion cyst was observed in this series.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1997

Recovery of pancreatic tissue perfusion and ATP tissue level after reperfusion in canine pancreas grafts preserved by the two-layer method.

We examined whether pancreas grafts preserved by the two-layer method maintained adenine nucleotides pool as substrates for ATP synthesis before reperfusion and had the ability to recover pancreatic tissue perfusion and synthesize ATP promptly after reperfusion. After preservation by the two-layer cold storage method using EC for 48 h (group 1) or simple cold storage in EC for 48 h (group 2), canine pancreas grafts were autotransplanted. In controls (group 3), canine pancreas grafts were autotransplanted without preservation. Tissue adenine nucleotide concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography, and pancreatic tissue perfusions were measured using the hydrogen gas clearance method. Graft survival rates were five of five, zero of five, and five of five in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Total adenine nucleotide levels before reperfusion in group 1 were almost the same as in group 2. Furthermore, ATP tissue levels in group 1 before reperfusion were also the same as in group 2. However, tissue ATP levels in group 1 after 2 h of reperfusion (6.71 +/- 1.19 mumol/g dry weight) were significantly higher than group 2 (4.51 +/- 0.51 mumol/g dry weight; p < 0.05). On the other hand, pancreatic tissue perfusions in grafts preserved by the two-layer method (group 1) after 2 h of reperfusion were significantly higher than in group 2. We conclude that oxygenation of pancreas grafts during preservation by the two-layer method allows for ATP synthesis and leads to maintenance of the grafts' ability to recover ATP levels and tissue perfusions after reperfusion.

Adenine Nucleotides↗
PubMed2005

Tissue reactions of 5 sling materials and tissue material detachment strength of 4 synthetic mesh materials in a rabbit model.

PURPOSE: We evaluated tissue reactions to 5 sling materials used in tension-free vaginal tape (TVT), intravaginal slingplasty (IVS), polypropylene mesh hernia repair, the suprapubic approach to suburethral polypropylene tape (SPARC) and cadaveric fascia lata procedures. We also compared the mesh-to-tissue attachment strength of 4 sling mesh materials (TVT, IVS, surgical polypropylene mesh and SPARC) at on days 2, 7, 15 and 30 after implantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 20 female New Zealand White rabbits were randomized to group 1-2 days, group 2-7 days, group 3-15 days and group 4-30 days. After the rabbits were anesthetized an 8 cm midline incision was made for rectus muscle access, and 0.5 x 1 cm pieces of TVT, IVS, SPARC, surgical polypropylene mesh and cadaveric fascia lata were sewn to the rectus muscle with direct contact. At the same time 4 subfascial tunnels in the medial surface of the upper extremities were prepared, and 1.0 x 0.5 cm strips of TVT, IVS, SPARC and polypropylene mesh were implanted in each tunnel. On days 2, 7, 15 and 30 after implantation mechanical testing was performed to define tissue detachment strength. The strips of 5 sling materials were then harvested with the surrounding tissue. Specimens were studied by light microscopy. RESULTS: Mean detachment strength, that is the minimum weight needed to move the mesh, of the synthetic meshes from days 2 to 30 were 291.6 to 2,390.0 gm for TVT, 178.4 to 2,160.0 gm for SPARC, 188.4 to 1,850.0 gm for hernia mesh and 92.8 to 1,510.0 gm for IVS (at all data points TVT vs IVS p < 0.05). Light microscopy revealed a quite uniform tissue reaction with a sign of marked acute inflammation in and around the mesh fibers on days 2 and 7 after implantation. All meshes showed stable fibrosis and muscle infiltration on day 30. CONCLUSIONS: All 5 synthetic sling materials produce similar tissue reactions beginning soon after implantation. Cadaveric fascia lata persisted in tissue with remarkable perifascial fibrosis at day 30. When comparing the 4 polypropylene mesh materials; the attachment capacity of TVT was superior and that of IVS was the least of the 4. TVT was statistically better than IVS at all data points. SPARC and hernia mesh provided results similar to those of TVT.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Tissue spectroscope: a novel in vivo approach to real time monitoring of tissue vitality.

Optical monitoring of various tissue physiological and biochemical parameters in real-time represents a significant new approach and a tool for better clinical diagnosis. The Tissue Spectroscope (TiSpec), developed and applied in experimental and clinical situations, is the first medical device that enables the real-time monitoring of three parameters representing the vitality of the tissue. Tissue vitality, which is correlated to the oxygen balance in the tissue, is defined as the ratio between O(2) supply and O(2) demand. The TiSpec enables the monitoring of microcirculatory blood flow (O(2) supply), mitochondrial NADH redox state (O(2) balance), and tissue reflectance, which correlates to blood volume. We describe in detail the theoretical basis for the monitoring of the three parameters and the technological aspects of the TiSpec. The comparison between the TiSpec and the existing single parameter monitoring instruments shows a statistically significant correlation as evaluated in vitro as well as in various in vivo animal models. The results presented originated in a pilot study performed in vivo in experimental animals. Further research is needed to apply this technology clinically. The clinical applications of the TiSpec include two situations where the knowledge of tissue vitality can improve clinical practice. The major application is the monitoring of "nonvital" organs of the body [i.e., the skin, gastrointestinal (G-I) tract, urethra] in emergency situations, such as in the operating rooms and intensive care units. Also, the monitoring of specific (vital) organs, such as the brain or the heart, during surgical procedure is of practical importance.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Stem cells and tissue engineering: prospects for regenerating tissues in dental practice.

In general, human tissues have a very limited potential to regenerate. However, recent progress in stem cell research and in tissue engineering promises novel prospects for tissue regeneration in dental practice in the future. Stem cells have been discovered in many adult tissues, including teeth, and stem cells from embryos have the potential to form all adult tissues. Embryonic stem cells can now be cultured and even produced from adult cells by the nuclear transfer method. Due to the rapid progress of research in molecular biology, particularly in the field of developmental biology, we are now starting to understand at the level of genes and molecules how the development of dental tissues is regulated. For instance, specific signal molecules have been identified which regulate the development of teeth and bones from progenitor cells. This information is already being used for the generation of dentoalveolar tissues in vitro and in vivo. Could we perhaps grow new enamel, dentine, periodontal ligament, bone, or even whole new teeth for our patients in the future?

Bone Morphogenetic Proteins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reactivity of tissue-specific antigens in N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-induced neoplasms and normal tissues from medaka (Oryzias latipes).

To further characterize the distribution of tissue-specific antigens in fish neoplasms, juvenile medaka were exposed to 30 mg/L of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) for 1 hr and allowed to grow out for up to 16 mo. Using a streptavidin peroxidase technique, keratin, vimentin, and neurofilament intermediate filament proteins, and actin and S-100 proteins were labeled in MNNG-induced neoplasms and normal medaka tissues using specific monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies. In vascular tumors, rhabdomyosarcoma, and teratoma, muscle tissues were positive for actin. Other sarcomas including hemangiopericytoma, fascial sarcoma, and undifferentiated sarcoma were negative for all antibodies tested. An unusual scale-associated neoplasm, composed of clusters of scale-forming cells surrounding spicules of scale, had keratin-positive stroma. The epithelial neoplasms were also positive for keratin, except for pancreatic acinar carcinoma, which had limited positivity. Both teratoma and olfactory carcinoma had S-100-positive intraepithelial cells morphologically reminiscent of neurosensory epithelial cells, which were S-100 positive in normal tissues. Although positive reactivity in fish tissues correlated with mammalian data, the antibodies used were raised against mammalian antigens. Therefore, a negative reaction may be indicative of lack of antibody sensitivity to specific fish antigens rather than absence of the antigen in the tissues. However, these data show that tissue-specific antigen detection may assist in elucidating the biology of neoplasia in fish.

Actins↗
PubMed1997

Tissue engineering, morphogenesis, and regeneration of the periodontal tissues by bone morphogenetic proteins.

Tissue engineering is the emerging field of science developing techniques for fabrication of new tissues for replacement based on principles of cell and developmental biology and biomaterials. Morphogenesis is the cascade of pattern formation and the attainment of form of the various organs and the organism as a whole. The periodontium consist of the periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. Bone has considerable potential for regeneration and therefore is a prototypic model for tissue engineering. The three main ingredients for tissue engineering are regulatory signals, responding stem cells, and extracellular matrix. Recent advances in molecular biology of the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have set the stage for tissue engineering of bone and related tissues, including the periodontium. Bone-derived BMPs, with a collagenous matrix as carrier, induced cementum and alveolar bone regeneration in surgically created furcation defects in the primate. It is noteworthy that there was morphogenesis of periodontal ligament and a faithful insertion of Sharpey's fibers into cementum. In the same furcation model, recombinant human osteogenic protein-1 (rhOP-1, also known as BMP-7), in conjunction with the collagenous carrier, induced extensive cementogenesis with insertion of Sharpey's fibers into the newly formed cementum. The observation that BMPs induce cementogenesis and periodontal ligament formation indicates that these proteins may have multiple functions in vivo not limited to cartilage and bone induction. The rapid advances in the molecular biology of BMPs and their receptors bode well for novel strategies to engineer the regeneration of the periodontal tissues.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed1979

Progesterone-independent avidin induction in chick tissues caused by tissue injury and inflammation.

Progesterone was administered to oestrogen-treated and untreated chicks, or inflammation in the abdominal cavity was caused by intestine and liver injury or intraperitoneal actinomycin D administration. Local injury to the pectoral muscle was also carried out. Chicks were killed 24--26 h after the treatment and the biotin-binding egg white protein, avidin, was assayed in a number of tissues using a [14C]biotin-binding method and radioimmunoassay. Ovalbumin was also assayed with a radioimmunoassay. Avidin was not found in the tissues of control chicks. Progesterone induced avidin only in the oviducts of oestrogen-treated chicks. After intestine and liver injury avidin was found, however, in all the tissues of oestrogen-treated and untreated chicks studied except for the brain. The concentrations were highest in the oviduct, lung, intestine and bursa of Fabricius. Actinomycin D (200 microgram/kg) caused ascites and subcutaneous oedema in 40--60% of the chicks, and avidin was found only in the tissues of these inflamed animals. Avidin production caused by the local muscular injury was restricted to the injured area. Tissue injury and inflammation did not induce ovalbumin in any tissue. The study shows that avidin can be induced besides the oviduct also in non-oviductal chick tissues, and it is proposed that there are both progesterone-dependent and -independent avidin induction mechanisms.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Tissue response to a membrane of demineralized bovine cortical bone implanted in the subcutaneous tissue of rats.

The treatment of persistent bone defects has encouraged the search for proper techniques or bone substitutes. In Dentistry, a common problem in the treatment of periodontal bone defects is the growth of tissues within the lesion, such as the junctional epithelium, which impair regeneration of these tissues. Guided tissue regeneration (GTR), based on the separation of the tissues by means of membranes or barriers, was developed in an attempt to improve periodontal regeneration. The aim of this study was to histologically evaluate the tissue response to a membrane of demineralized bovine cortical bone implanted in the subcutaneous tissue of rats. The study periods were 1, 3, 7, 15, 30 and 60 days after implantation. Analysis of the histological sections demonstrated a moderate to intense inflammatory response at 1 and 3 days, moderate at 7 and 15 days, and almost absent at 30 and 60 days. Resorption of the membrane began 15 days after implantation, and at 60 days only remnants could be detected in some animals. We concluded that the demineralized bovine cortical bone membrane was well tolerated by the tissues and is completely resorbed after 30-60 days by mononuclear cells and multinucleated giant cells, which disappear upon completion of the process.

Absorbable Implants↗
PubMed1997

Ovine brain natriuretic peptide in cardiac tissues and plasma: effects of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure on tissue concentration and molecular forms.

Whereas numerous studies have examined the cardiac tissue content and secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), the response of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in states of experimental cardiac overload is less well documented. Our recent partial cloning of the ovine BNP gene has enabled us to study changes in cardiac tissue concentration, together with tissue and circulating molecular forms of ANP and BNP, in response to cardiac overload induced by rapid ventricular pacing (n = 7) and aortic coarctation (n = 6). In normal sheep, although highest levels of BNP were found in atrial tissue (15-fold those of the ventricle), the BNP/ANP concentration ratio in the ventricles was 10- to 20-fold higher than the ratio calculated for atrial tissue. Compared with normal sheep, significant depletion of both ANP and BNP concentrations within the left ventricle occurred after rapid ventricular pacing. Size exclusion and reverse phase HPLC analysis of atrial and ventricular tissue extracts from normal and overloaded sheep showed a single peak of high molecular weight BNP consistent with the proBNP hormone. In contrast, immunoreactive BNP extracted from plasma drawn from the coronary sinus was all low molecular weight material. Further analysis of plasma BNP using ion exchange HPLC disclosed at least 3 distinct immunoreactive peaks consistent with ovine BNP forms 26-29 amino acid residues in length. These findings show that BNP is stored as the prohormone in sheep cardiac tissues and that complete processing to mature forms occurs at the time of secretion. The capacity to process the prohormone at secretion is not impaired by chronic heart failure.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Functional relationships among selenium concentrations in the diet, target tissues, and nondestructive tissue samples of two species of snakes.

Nondestructive sampling methods, such as removal of feathers for contaminant analysis, are desirable in ecological monitoring programs that seek to minimize the impacts of harvesting organisms. Although many reptiles are declining worldwide, nondestructive sampling techniques seldom have been employed for assessing contaminant exposure in these organisms. In this study, we examined the utility of nondestructive tissue sampling for assessing Se exposure in reptiles. We describe the functional relationships among dietary Se concentrations, target tissue Se concentrations, and Se concentrations in nondestructive tissue samples (blood and tail tissue biopsy) in two species of snakes that had been exposed to Se under very different experimental protocols. Using nonlinear regression, we found strong positive correlations (r2 > 0.92) in all comparisons among Se concentrations in nondestructive tissues, diet, and target tissues. Moreover, equations describing these relationships can be used to estimate concentrations of Se in diet and target organs, from known concentrations of Se in nondestructive tissue samples. Although the current paucity of toxicity data on reptiles precludes tests of our models, we demonstrate how the equations describing these relationships might be used to make predictions about Se accumulation in target organs for risk assessment. Future studies on reptiles that examine these relationships under different Se exposure conditions, and those that document physiological responses of reptiles to various concentrations of Se, will help to refine our models and test their efficacy for predicting health risk.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1979

The attachment between tooth and gingival tissues after periodic root planing and soft tissue curettage.

Utilizing a nonhuman primate model, a study was carried out to determine the nature of the attachment between the tooth and the gingival tissues following periodic root planing and soft tissue curettage. Under the conditions of this investigation, periodic root planing and soft tissue curettage combined with thrice weekly plaque control resulted in the formation of a long junctional epithelium with no new connective tissue attachment. In eight of the 22 experimental pockets, however, this procedure produced discontinuities or "windows" in the junctional epithelium. The coronal attachment of gingival tissues to the root surface (increased resistance to probing) commonly reported following root planing and soft tissue curettage appears to result from the formation of a long junctional epithelium rather than new connective tissue attachment.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Width of keratinized tissue after gingivoplasty of healed subepithelial connective tissue grafts.

BACKGROUND: The subepithelial connective tissue graft has markedly broadened clinicians' abilities to treat gingival recession. Frequently, however, bulky soft tissue contours are sequelae of this procedure, and post-healing gingivoplasty is often performed to improve esthetics of the grafted site. As a secondary benefit, it is believed that the zone of keratinized tissue is additionally increased after gingivoplasty. METHODS: To further investigate this clinical impression, 16 bilateral pairs of sites with recession in 6 consecutive patients (mean age = 38 +/- 9 years) were studied. At the time of initial grafting, one site in each pair was randomly assigned to receive either gingivoplasty 2 months later (GP+) or no further treatment (GP-). Clinical measurement of recession and keratinized tissue width was standardized using customized acrylic stents and Schiller iodine solution, which stains epithelia; values were recorded at baseline (day of graft) and at 2, 3, and 5 months after grafting. Mean clinical gingival widths over time between GP+ and GP- sites, as well as within GP+ sites, were analyzed by t test. RESULTS: At 5 months, both the GP+ and GP- sites demonstrated a mean root coverage of 87.4% and increased keratinized tissue width (1.2 mm) when compared to their respective baseline measures. No differences in recession depth and width of keratinized tissue were seen at 5 months between the GP+ and GP- groups. In addition, no differences in recession or gingival width were found between 2- and 5-month observations for either the GP+ or GP- groups. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that the observed clinical improvements are the outcome of the initial graft surgery and that the gingivoplasty procedure does not result in additional (or "rebound") increases in keratinized tissue width.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Making tissue engineering scaffolds work. Review: the application of solid freeform fabrication technology to the production of tissue engineering scaffolds.

Tissue engineering is a new and exciting technique which has the potential to create tissues and organs de novo. It involves the in vitro seeding and attachment of human cells onto a scaffold. These cells then proliferate, migrate and differentiate into the specific tissue while secreting the extracellular matrix components required to create the tissue. It is evident, therefore, that the choice of scaffold is crucial to enable the cells to behave in the required manner to produce tissues and organs of the desired shape and size. Current scaffolds, made by conventional scaffold fabrication techniques, are generally foams of synthetic polymers. The cells do not necessarily recognise such surfaces, and most importantly cells cannot migrate more than 500 microm from the surface. The lack of oxygen and nutrient supply governs this depth. Solid freeform fabrication (SFF) uses layer-manufacturing strategies to create physical objects directly from computer-generated models. It can improve current scaffold design by controlling scaffold parameters such as pore size, porosity and pore distribution, as well as incorporating an artificial vascular system, thereby increasing the mass transport of oxygen and nutrients into the interior of the scaffold and supporting cellular growth in that region. Several SFF systems have produced tissue engineering scaffolds with this concept in mind which will be the main focus of this review. We are developing scaffolds from collagen and with an internal vascular architecture using SFF. Collagen has major advantages as it provides a favourable surface for cellular attachment. The vascular system allows for the supply of nutrients and oxygen throughout the scaffold. The future of tissue engineering scaffolds is intertwined with SFF technologies.

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMed1997

Tissue distribution and quantification of the expression of mRNAs of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and liver X receptor-alpha in humans: no alteration in adipose tissue of obese and NIDDM patients.

Members of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family might be involved in pathologies with altered lipid metabolism. They participate in the control of the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism and adipocyte differentiation. In addition, thiazolidinediones improve insulin resistance in vivo by activating PPAR gamma. However, little is known regarding their tissue distribution and relative expression in humans. Using a quantitative and sensitive reverse transcription (RT)-competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, we determined the distribution and relative mRNA expression of the four PPARs (alpha,beta, gamma1, and gamma2) and liver X receptor-alpha (LXR alpha) in the main tissues implicated in lipid metabolism. PPAR alpha and LXR alpha were mainly expressed in liver, while PPAR gamma1 predominated in adipose tissue and large intestine. We found that PPAR gamma2 mRNA was a minor isoform, even in adipose tissue, thus causing question of its role in humans. PPAR beta mRNA was present in all the tissues tested at low levels. In addition, PPAR gamma mRNA was barely detectable in skeletal muscle, suggesting that improvement of insulin resistance with thiazolidinediones may not result from a direct effect of these agents on PPAR gamma in muscle. Obesity and NIDDM were not associated with change in PPARs and LXR alpha expression in adipose tissue. The mRNA levels of PPAR gamma1, the predominant form in adipocytes, did not correlate with BMI, leptin mRNA levels, or fasting insulinemia in 29 subjects with various degrees of obesity. These results indicated that obesity is not associated with alteration in PPAR gene expression in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue in humans.

Adipocytes↗
PubMed2003

Eosinophil inflammation of nasal polyp tissue: relationships with matrix metalloproteinases, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, and transforming growth factor-beta1.

Eosinophil and mast cell infiltrations are consistent findings in nasal polyp tissue. Previous studies have shown that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) may be involved in eosinophil infiltration in airway mucosa of asthmatic patients, and that transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) induces extracellular matrix deposition in nasal polyp tissue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of MMPs and tissue-inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in association with TGF-beta1, eosinophils and mast cell activation in nasal polyp tissue. Nasal polyp tissues from 20 patients who underwent polypectomies were collected and prepared into tissue homogenate. Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and tryptase levels were measured by CAP system (Pharmacia, Sweden). MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TGF-beta1 levels were measured by enzyme-liked immunosorbent assay. MMP-2 was the predominant form of MMPs, followed by MMP-9 and TIMP-1. There were significant correlations between ECP, and MMP-9, MMP-2, TGF-beta1 and tryptase, but not with TIMP-1. Significant correlations were noted between tryptase, and MMP-2, MMP-9, and TGF-beta1, but not with TIMP-1. Close correlations were noted between TGF-beta1, and MMP-9 and MMP-2, but not with TIMP-1. MMP-2, MMP-9, and TGF-beta1 may contribute to eosinophil and mast cell migrations into nasal polyp tissue.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Distribution of thymic tissue in the mediastinal adipose tissue removed at the thymectomy in 47 patients with myasthenia gravis].

In this report, the distribution of thymic tissue in the mediastinal adipose tissue was examined histologically in 54 patients with myasthenia gravis underwent extended thymectomy. In fourty-seven of 54 patients, the mediastinal adipose tissues were removed from 6 different parts adjacent to the thymus, i.e., right upper, right middle, right lower, left upper, left middle, and left lower, respectively. Upper area means of around the upper pole of thymus, middle area means of around hilum and lower area means of around from lower pole of thymus to diaphragma. In the mediastinal adipose tissue, thymic tissue was found outside the thymus lobes in 41 (75.9%) of 54 patients. The each prevalence (percent of occurrence) of 6 areas were as follows: 15.0% in the right upper area, 21.4% in the right middle area, 19.0% in the right lower area, 17.5% in the left upper area, 66.7% in the left middle area and 33.3% in the left lower area. There was significant differences in the prevalence of the left middle area according to the other 5 areas (p < 0.01). There were no significant differences in the prevalences among sex, Osserman type, duration of the disease, pre-operative treatment and histological findings or removal thymus. There were significant differences in the prevalence of all according to the proportion of thymic tissue in the thymus (0.01 < P < 0.05). In conclusion, it is suggested that for the removal of all thymic tissue, the sufficient procedure required utmost care especially to the left middle area around thymus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adipose Tissue↗