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At least 415 records · Page 23Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Cerebral asymmetry in the perception of overlapping brief time intervals?

The perception of duration, visually presented, has been studied depending on the visual half-field in which the light stimulations have been presented. The pair of intervals of equal duration, presented for comparison in the 200-1000 ms range, was studied in three different series, in each of which the beginning of the second interval followed accordingly: (a) 10 ms after the beginning of the first interval; (b) after 1/2 of the duration of the first interval; (c) the end of the first interval is at the same time the beginning of the second one. It has been established that two light stimuli of equal duration, presented consecutively in the left and right visual half-fields, are perceived as being different due to their temporal order, provided that the duration of the first interval has elapsed either prior to or at the moment of the onset of the second interval. The temporal order does not affect the subjective duration of overlapping light stimuli. It is possible to assume some kind of hemispheric asymmetry in the duration perception, provided some critical time has elapsed between the end of the first and the beginning of the second intervals. Such an asymmetry cannot be detected in the case of the overlapping intervals studied in the present work.

Dominance, Cerebral↗
PubMed2004

Multifactorial interactions involved in linear self-transport distance estimate: a place for time.

As the vestibular system is the only sensory organ whose primary function is self-motion detection, we examined the conditions under which the otoliths, which detect the linear acceleration of the head, could be used to estimate traveled distance. In order to isolate the contribution of the otoliths (with the somatosensory system) from contributions of the visual and motor systems subjects were transported in darkness. We initially hypothesized that self-transport with continuously varying linear velocity should facilitate distance computation by continuously stimulating the otoliths, and that active control of self-motion should also help subjects estimate the distance traveled. However, it was found that the distance covered during self-motion is actually better estimated when transport velocity is quasi-constant. Nevertheless, such estimates strongly depend upon velocity magnitude; subjects show an idiosyncratic preferred self-motion velocity for which distance measurements are most accurate. Furthermore, the active control of self-transport improves estimates of self-motion mainly because the subjects can then adopt a constant velocity, and more precisely their preferred one. It was finally found that subjects mentally count in order to assess their displacement length, and that time perception is indeed disturbed by varying self-motion velocity.

Acceleration↗
PubMed1996

Perceptual timing in cerebellar degeneration.

This study examined time perception in 12 patients with cerebellar degeneration (CD) and in 13 normal controls (NC). We used a time bisection procedure with four interval conditions (100-900 msec; 8-32 sec; 100-600 msec; 100-325 msec). Each subject's bisection point, discrimination ability (the Weber ratio) and precision (the inverse of the proportion of unexplained variance) was calculated for each condition. CD patients' performance on the 100-900 msec time bisection condition suggested a possible time discrimination deficit, which was confirmed with intervals in the range of 100-600 msec. Time discrimination was normal on the 100-325 msec condition and impaired on the 8-32 sec bisection task. However, when discriminating long intervals, CD patients also showed a precision deficit, which points to impaired sustained attention and/or decision processes. Our findings corroborate the view that cerebellar timing processes are not limited to the motor system but are also used in perceptual computations.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Filled versus empty intervals in prospective hypnotic time estimation with a real-simulator design.

While interest in hypnotic time perception dates back to the 19th century (St. Jean, 1989) only recently have researchers focused on hypnosis and time estimation under more controlled conditions. Following the work of Jasinski (1986) and Mozenter and Kurtz (1992) we predicted a 2-way interaction between Group (high hypnotizable, low hypnotizable, and simulator) and Condition (waking, hypnotized) across 3 time intervals (30, 60, and 120 seconds). It was further hypothesized that "filled" intervals (with white noise) would be perceived as longer than "empty" intervals across all conditions. Sixty-two undergraduates were screened on the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale: Form C and verbally estimated time intervals of 30, 60, and 120 seconds, 5 times each, both while in a waking and a hypnotic condition. Support was found for the predicted 2-way interaction for women only. High hypnotizable women showed a significant increase in overestimation from the waking to hypnosis condition, men did not. The predicted difference between "filled" versus "empty" intervals was not found.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1995

Attenuating effect of arecoline and physostigmine on an impairment of mealtime-associated activity rhythm in old rats.

In the present study, we examined whether cholinergic drugs such as arecoline and physostigmine attenuated an impairment of time perception presented by daily scheduled feeding in aged rats. When feeding was restricted to a single meal at a fixed time of day (13:00-17:00) for 6 successive days, young rats exhibited intense locomotor activity from 1-3 h before feeding time. Intense locomotor activity was observed between 12:00-17:00 in young animals even on the fasting day (on day 7) (mealtime-associated activity). However, this mealtime-associated activity was impaired in old rats. Daily injection of arecoline (10 mg/kg) or physostigmine (0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg) at 17:00 for 6 successive days attenuated the impairment of mealtime-associated activity on the fasting day in a dose-dependent manner in old rats, whereas daily treatment with D-glucose (100 or 2000 mg/kg) did not. The results of the present study suggest that cholinergic drugs attenuate the impairment of the manifestation of mealtime-associated anticipatory activity related to 'temporal learning' in old rats.

Activity Cycles↗
PubMed2005

Auditory discrimination of anisochrony: influence of the tempo and musical backgrounds of listeners.

This study explored the influence of several factors, physical and human, on anisochrony's thresholds measured with an adaptive two alternative forced choice paradigm. The effect of the number and duration of sounds on anisochrony discrimination was tested in the first experiment as well as potential interactions between each of these factors and tempo. In the second experiment, the tempo or the inter onset interval (IOI) was varied systematically between 80 and 1000 ms. The results showed that just noticeable differences increase linearly and proportionally with IOI in accordance with Weber's law except for quickest tempo (IOI of 80 ms). The third experiment investigated the role of musical training on anisochrony thresholds obtained for different IOI. It focused on differential effects of musical experiences by comparing non-musicians, instrumentalists, and percussionists thresholds. The results of the present study replicated the findings of previous experiments regarding the adequacy of Weber's law for slow rhythm and provided evidence for its departure for fast tempos. Moreover, thresholds from percussionists seem distinguishable from the ones of other listeners by their highest sensitivity to temporal shifts suggesting therefore the necessity to control the nature of musical experiences. The results are discussed according to current models of time perception.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Cannabinoid modulation of time estimation in the rat.

Cannabinoids have been implicated in a variety of cognitive processes in humans, including attention, learning, memory, and time estimation. However, studies of the effects of cannabinoids on rodent behavior have focused on motor, learning, and memory tasks. To assess cannabinoid effects on time perception, this study examined whether systemically administered cannabinoid receptor agonists and a cannabinoid receptor antagonist influenced rats' performance of a time interval estimation task based on a fixed-interval schedule (a "peak procedure"). Both cannabinoid agonists WIN 55,212-2 and delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol shortened the modal response time, and cannabinoid antagonist SR 141716A lengthened the modal response time. Secondary measures of the shape of the response distribution were not influenced by any of the drugs, suggesting that the response distribution shifts were not artifacts of drug side effects. Therefore, these experiments argue for the involvement of endogenous cannabinoids in time estimation.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The neural correlates of cognitive time management: a review.

Cognitive time management is an important aspect of human behaviour and cognition that has so far been understudied. Functional imaging studies in recent years have tried to identify the neural correlates of several timing functions, ranging from simple motor tapping to higher cognitive time estimation functions. Several regions of the frontal lobes, in particular dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), inferior prefrontal cortex (IFC), anterior cingulate gyrus (ACG) and the supplementary motor area (SMA), alongside non-frontal brain regions such as the inferior parietal lobes, the cerebellum and the basal ganglia have been found to be involved in tasks of motor timing and time estimation. In this paper we review and discuss the involvement of these brain regions in different tasks of cognitive time management, illustrating it with own findings on motor timing and time perception tasks using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The review shows that the same brain regions are involved in both motor timing and time estimation, suggesting that both functions are probably inseparable and mediated by common neural networks.

Basal Ganglia↗
PubMed2003

Voluntary action expands perceived duration of its sensory consequence.

When we look at a clock with a hand showing seconds, the hand sometimes appears to stay longer at its first-seen position than at the following positions, evoking an illusion of chronostasis. This illusory extension of perceived duration has been shown to be coupled to saccadic eye movement and it has been suggested to serve as a mechanism of maintaining spatial stability across the saccade. Here, we examined the effects of three kinds of voluntary movements on the illusion of chronostasis: key press, voice command, and saccadic eye movement. We found that the illusion can occur with all three kinds of voluntary movements if such movements start the clock immediately. When a delay is introduced between the voluntary movement and the start of the clock, the delay itself is overestimated. These results indicate that the illusion of chronostasis is not specific to saccadic eye movement, and may therefore involve a more general mechanism of how voluntary action influences time perception.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation and reproduction of time intervals in 7-10-year old children].

We examined 200 children at the age of 7-10 (100 boys and 100 girls). The subjects had to estimate and reproduce time intervals in the range of 15-90 s. It was found that the children reproduced the intervals better and with lesser deviations than they estimated the intervals. The precision of time estimation increased with age and was best in ten-ear-old children. The findings confirm the authors' hypothesis about the "active" and "passive" time perception.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1979

Inverse relationship of the velocities of perceived time and information processing events in the brain: a potential bioassay for neural functions: a hypothesis.

The velocity of elapsing time is not a constant but a relativistic component in the space-time continuum as postulated by Albert Einstein in his general and special relativity theories. The hypothesis presented here is that there is a biological corollary to relativity theory. It is postulated that biological time perception is also not a constant but is related by an inverse relationship between the velocities of neural processing events and perceived elapsing time. A careful analysis of this relationship may potentially offer a sensitive bioassay to determine the integrity of regional brain function under normal conditions and in the presence of specific disease processes. The mechanism for the biological basis of this theorem depends on the presence of a neural circuit developed through evolution which monitors overall brain efficiency and is coordinately linked to neural time perceiving circuits. Several test approaches are presented to validate the hypothesis of biologic time relativity compared to the rate of neural processing.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

On forgetting the historical past.

In this paper, empirical data are presented related to memory and time perception. The data are the frequencies with which specific calendar years are cited in newspaper texts. When plotted, the curves produced by the time series of these frequencies turn out to be independent of the languages and cultures in which the texts have been written as well as the year and the year density of the text corpus. The frequency of a specific year is inversely proportional to the distance from that year to the year in which the texts were written. It is argued that these curves are forgetting curves. It is suggested that the curves might be explained in terms of the "cognitive distance" between past and present. An argument is presented based on the curve representing the frequencies with which future years are cited in newspaper texts.

Attention↗
PubMed1989

The perception of expressive timing in music.

This paper is concerned with the perception of small-scale timing changes in musical sequences. The control and expressive function of these have been studied quite extensively from a production perspective, but not much is known about listeners' ability to detect them. A pilot study and two experiments are reported which investigate the detectability of different amounts of timing change in different sequential positions, different pitch contexts, and against the background of both metronomic and expressive comparisons. The results show that listeners are able to perceive as little as 20 ms lengthening in the context of notes lasting between 100 and 400 ms, and that this threshold appears not to be a function of base duration in this range. Sequential position and pitch structure influence the detectability of timing changes to a limited extent, for which some possible explanations are offered. A case is made for regarding timing in music as both a medium to convey structure and an object in its own right, suggesting that it may be perceptually organized in two different ways--as the consequence of a structural interpretation and as a directly registered quantity.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Localization of disappearance of a light target during tracking eye movements. I.

A light target moving at a constant velocity in horizontal direction and disappearing at a locus determined by the experimenter is presented to the subjects in the experiments. The task of the subjects is to track its movement with their eyes and to determine the place of its disappearance using a scale fixed on the screen. Under these conditions they systematically mislocate the locus of disappearance in the direction of the eye movement. The mislocation is in linear dependence on the velocity of tracking and, moreover, it depends on the locus of disappearance of the target. The error is smaller when the target disappears at the end of tracking. The theory that mislocation is due to perception time is rejected.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The time course of perception and retrieval in matching and recognition.

A four-part experiment was carried out to study the relationship between the time course of object-feature perception and the time course of retrieval of object information from memory. The experiment consisted of 2 perceptual matching tasks, and 2 perceptual recognition tasks. In all 4 tasks, participants provided speeded judgments of the identity of 2 objects. A stochastic feature-sampling model was used to estimate the time needed for feature perception and the time needed for retrieval of feature information. No evidence was found for a systematic relationship between perception times and retrieval times for individual features. Indeed, the model applications indicated that retrieval times were constant for different features, whereas perception rates varied across the features.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The effect of congenital deafness on duration judgment.

OBJECTIVE: Congenital deafness provides the opportunity to study how atypical sensory and language experiences affect different aspects of information processing, e.g., time perception. METHODS: Using two methods of temporal estimation, reproduction (Exp. 1) and production (Exp. 2), the effect of deafness on duration judgment was investigated within a time domain of a few seconds. We examined 16 congenitally deaf adolescents, aged between 16 and 19 years, and 16 normally hearing subjects, matched for gender and age. In Exp. 1 subjects were asked to reproduce durations from 1 to 5.5 s, whereas in Exp. 2 they produced durations from 1 to 6 s. RESULTS: The results showed that in both experiments, the region of accurate estimation was significantly limited in deaf individuals, compared to normal hearing ones. Deaf adolescents judged accurately only intervals around 3 s, whereas they overestimated standards shorter than 2 s and underestimated those above 3 s. In contrast, controls correctly estimated the majority of standards applied in both experiments, with the exception of underreproduction of intervals longer than 3 s (Exp. 1). CONCLUSIONS: The effect of deafness on the accuracy of duration judgment can be linked to differences in the use of conventional time units, applied strategy as well as cognitive processes such as attention or working memory.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Generalized transformation of subjective time assessment].

The subjects were given false information on the results of their estimation of time intervals in one of the experimental situations (they assessed time intervals filled up with different kinds of mental activity or free of them, as well as reproduced from memory 1-sec. interval). The observed changes in the accuracy of time estimation were typical of all situations, i.e. they were of generalized and coordinated character and pertained throughout 5 days. It is suggested that different specific forms of time perception typical of certain conditions form a unified system.

Adult↗