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PubMed1990

Testing the recession theory as an explanation for the migration turnaround.

"In this paper the so-called recession theory explanation for the decline of net migration to large metropolitan core areas of industrialized countries is tested with an econometric time-series model. In the explanation it is contended that the migration turnaround represents only a temporary fluctuation in the general trend of urban economic and demographic spatial concentration, caused by the business cycle downturns of the 1970s. Our results show that the migration turnaround cannot be attributed exclusively to these business cycle fluctuations. For many of the countries tested, the business cycle operated simultaneously with other factors suggested as explanations for the turnaround. We conclude that several explanations should be combined to build a theory of the migration turnaround."

Demography↗
PubMed1998

Measuring short-term population mobility among indigenous Australians: options and implications.

"Despite the fact that indigenous Australians are known to be frequently mobile over the short term, statistical information regarding this population movement is grossly deficient.... This paper examines various means by which short-term population movement can be quantified to yield aggregate indicators of demographic impact. First, census data are used to establish the rate and pattern of inter-regional, short-term displacement. This reveals regional urban centres as net recipients of temporary residents while most rural areas experience temporary absenteeism. Secondly, results from household surveys are reported stressing the importance of including visitors to households in the estimation of service populations. Thirdly, administrative data on occupancy in urban hostels are used to derive indicators of the duration of movement."

Australia↗
PubMed1996

International trade in services: a growing trend among highly skilled migrants with special reference to Asia.

"An essential component of trade in services is cross-border movements of service providers.... On the one hand, there are international movements of skilled transients who emigrate for individual reasons in a long term perspective. On the other hand, there are skilled temporary migrants who perform services abroad without the intention or right to settle or seek employment in the host country. This study aims to clarify these differences using the example provided by the Asian Pacific region. Moreover, this study shows that the dynamics of skilled international migration is largely determined by the circulatory movement of skills of international service providers and has emerged as an essential component of economic development strategy of the countries in the region."

Asia↗
PubMed1989

The impact of circular migration on a village economy.

The author examines the economy of a rural village in Indonesia in which a high proportion of households rely on remittances from urban informal sector earnings. Household income and per capita income are analyzed according to whether or not households have at least one temporary migrant, and by the sex and age of the household head. Findings indicate that "remittances from short-term circular migration push many households into the middle and upper income ranges. However, the wealthiest households continue to rely on traditional high earning activities and do not depend on remittances. The poorest households are scattered among those who rely on remittances and those still totally dependent upon traditional low earning village activities, regardless of the sex and age of the household head."

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

HIV-related sexual behaviour among migrants and non-migrants in a rural area of China: role of rural-to-urban migration.

OBJECTIVE: To compare human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related sexual risks between temporary rural-to-urban migrants and non-migrants, and to explore the role of migration in HIV transmission in a rural area of China. STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 605 (302.5 couples, one male missing) marriage licence applicants. METHODS: A two-part anonymous questionnaire was used. The first part included non-sensitive questions including demographics and HIV knowledge. Sensitive questions related to sexual behaviours were administered in the second part of the questionnaire using a tape recorder, earphones and an answer sheet. RESULTS: Sixty-six percent (399/605) of the study subjects had migrated to a city for a temporary job. The proportions of migrants who had premarital sex (62%, 247/399) and multiple sexual partners (12%, 47/399) were significantly higher than those of non-migrants (52 and 6%, respectively). Among those who had multiple sexual partners, only 9% (4/47) of migrants and 8% (1/12) of non-migrants reported often or always using condoms with sexual partners other than their spouse. A low level of knowledge regarding HIV and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome was observed in both groups. Very few migrants (15%, 61/399) and non-migrants (10%, 20/206) perceived themselves to be at risk of HIV infection. CONCLUSIONS: As both migrants and non-migrants are at risk of HIV infection, intervention programmes targeting reduction of HIV sexual risk behaviour should cover both groups in rural areas of China.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Distribution of normal T lymphocytes in tumor-bearing rats.

Changes in distribution properties of T lymphocytes from lymphoid organs of normal rats 3H-uridine labeled in vitro and i. v. injected to tumor-bearing recipients were studied at different stages of tumor growth and rejection. Comparisons were made with T cell migration from normal donors to syngeneic recipients. A temporary decrease in the ability of normal spleen T lymphocytes to migrate into the spleen of tumor-bearing recipients at early stages of tumor growth was in correlation with their enhancement in trapping by the liver of this recipient. At this stage the migrations into tumor-draining lymph nodes and peripheral blood were rather pronounced. The growing tumor evoked an increased migration rate of donor spleen cells into each of the recipient organs studied except for liver. Tumor rejection potentiated the distribution mainly in the draining lymph node and liver. Normal lymph node T lymphocytes migrated at the beginning of tumor growth into spleen, node and liver of tumor-bearing recipients. A sharp decrease of distribution in spleen at the time of maximum tumor growth was compensated by an enhanced migration into draining nodes, peripheral blood and liver. This enhancement was seen also during tumor rejection. Distribution of normal blood T lymphocytes into spleen and peripheral blood of tumor-bearing recipients was equal to normal values. There was only a transitional reduction in their migration rates into draining nodes caused by tumor growth. Migration rates of thymocytes in tumor-bearing recipients remained unaltered. The results presented indicate that the distribution pattern of i. v. injected labeled T lymphocytes from normal donors into lymphoid organs of tumor-bearing recipients was determined by changes in the immune status of the recipients brought about by tumor development.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Migrating to learn and learning to migrate: a study of the experiences and intentions of international student migrants.

"The research reported here evaluates whether students come to the UK mainly for educational reasons, and therefore perceive their stay as temporary, or whether emigration for study is being used as part of a conscious strategy by people intending to become future labour migrants.... The simplest interpretation of the results appears to be that migration, experienced as a result of international moves for study purposes, does not influence planning of further migration moves. But the research also indicates that migration for education is closely tied to other types of population redistribution and should be treated by population geographers as an integral part of international migration systems." Data were collected by questionnaire survey from 349 engineering students at Hong Kong universities and 82 Hong Kong students studying engineering in the UK.

Asia↗
PubMed1998

Migration and circulation as a way of life for the Wosera Abelam of Papua New Guinea.

"Migration and circulation are now an integral part of the socio-economy of the Wosera Abelam of Papua New Guinea. Since the 1950s large numbers of Wosera Abelam have settled in West New Britain (WNB) towns and government sponsored resettlement schemes.... This paper explores the linkages between temporary and long-term migrants in WNB, and between migrants and their relatives remaining in the village. We argue that migration is now a ¿way of life' for the Wosera Abelam, and is, to a large extent, underpinned by indigenous (precapitalist) social and economic relations."

Demography↗
PubMed1992

Polish migration policies: challenges and dilemmas.

Following a brief historical overview of Polish migration policies and trends, current post-Communism migration is examined. The focus is on "two...types of Polish emigration.... The first, continuing over the last two decades, is temporary labor emigration, when emigres spend two to three years (especially overseas) or a few months (in Western Europe) working outside of Poland. The second model of movement of Poles abroad is short-term private business excursions to different regions of Europe and Asia." The author examines "which migration policies will be beneficial to Poland's political and economic systems, as the country enters a new phase of development."

Communism↗
PubMed1985

Migration, remittances and development: a study of Caribbean cane cutters in Florida.

The results of a 1981 survey of 302 Caribbean sugarcane cutters who were temporary immigrants in Florida are presented. The focus is on remittances to the islands of origin. The results provide "no evidence that seasonal stateside employment expands agricultural output, or enhances the productive capacity of small farmers in the Caribbean."

Agriculture↗
PubMed1988

From settlers to skilled transients: the changing structure of British international migration.

"This paper examines trends in British emigration using the results of the International Passenger Survey. Settlement emigration has declined in importance while in the early 1980s temporary skilled labour transfers have become dominant. Two parallel mechanisms are proposed to explain the regional patterns of skilled emigration, with particular emphasis being given to the role of international recruitment agencies in controlling which skills are sought in certain regional labour markets."

Demography↗
PubMed2002

Acute-phase protein haptoglobin is a cell migration factor involved in arterial restructuring.

Collagen turnover and cell migration are fundamental aspects of arterial restructuring. To identify mRNAs involved in blood flow-induced arterial restructuring, we performed subtraction polymerase chain reaction and found expression of haptoglobin mRNA in adventitial fibroblasts of rabbit arteries. Haptoglobin is highly expressed in liver, but its arterial expression and function are unknown. In vitro studies revealed that stimulation of haptoglobin expression by lipopolysaccharides in mice fibroblasts stimulated migration of wild-type fibroblasts but had no effect on migration of haptoglobin knockout fibroblasts. In vivo studies showed that flow-induced arterial restructuring was delayed in haptoglobin knockout mice. This new function of haptoglobin might be explained by facilitating cell migration through accumulation of a temporary gelatin matrix because cell culture showed that haptoglobin is involved in the breakdown of gelatin. We conclude that haptoglobin is highly expressed in arterial tissue and is involved in arterial restructuring. This new haptoglobin function may also apply to other functional and pathological restructuring processes such as angiogenesis, tissue repair, and tumor cell invasion.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Alcohol embolization of carotid-cavernous indirect fistulae.

OBJECTIVE: Carotid-cavernous fistulae (CCFs) are abnormal communications between the carotid artery and cavernous sinus that may present with rapid visual deterioration and extraocular paresis as a result of increasing intraocular pressure requiring emergent treatment to preserve vision. We present a technique of balloon-assisted ethanol embolization of the cavernous carotid artery supply to indirect CCFs providing immediate reduction in intraocular pressure with symptomatic improvement. METHODS: We reviewed clinical and angiographic data and present a retrospective case series illustrating six patients who underwent endovascular embolization because of worsening visual acuity and extraocular motility disorder caused by CCFs. Cerebral angiography revealed significant blood supply from the cavernous carotid artery to these CCFs. We performed ethanol embolization of these branches with distal balloon protection. RESULTS: Five of the six patients experienced immediate and sustained (mean follow-up, 21 mo) decreases in intraocular pressure, with significant symptom improvement. One patient experienced cavernous sinus thrombosis after conclusion of embolization, which caused a temporary worsening of symptoms that improved gradually over time. CONCLUSION: Many surgical and endovascular options are available to treat indirect CCFs. Absolute ethanol is a liquid agent that causes immediate vessel sclerosis and occlusion, which makes it a dangerous but potent liquid embolic agent. With distal temporary balloon protection to prevent migration of ethanol, we achieved excellent clinical and angiographic results using absolute ethanol to embolize the cavernous carotid supply to indirect CCFs. This represents a safe and effective method of endovascular management of this complex vascular anomaly.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Coordinated appearance of beta 1 integrins and fibronectin during corneal wound healing.

Fibronectin, which appears at wound sites, serves as a temporary matrix for the epithelial migration involved in healing. Cellular responses to fibronectin have not yet been elucidated. We visualized beta 1 integrins, fibronectin, laminin, and collagen type IV by immunofluorescence techniques at various intervals after single, nonpenetrating incision in the corneas of rats to investigate the chronologic changes in the localization of these proteins during corneal epithelial wound healing. In unwounded corneas beta 1 integrins were found on basal cells of the corneal epithelium and fibronectin was found in the corneal subepithelial region, at Descemet's membrane, and in streaks between collagen fibers of the stroma. Both laminin and collagen type IV were found in the subepithelial region and Descemet's membrane. Immediately after the incision, fibronectin was visible on the surface of the V-shaped defect of the stroma; epithelial cell expressed beta 1 integrins began to migrate over the defect and to fill it. When healing was almost completed, beta 1 integrin staining of epithelial cells diminished, except for in basal cells. Staining of fibronectin diminished at the interface between the new epithelium and the stroma. Laminin and collagen type IV were not seen between the migrating epithelial cells and the underlying stroma until epithelial cells completely covered the defect. Appearance and disappearance of beta 1 integrins and fibronectin are thus well coordinated during corneal epithelial wound healing process, suggesting an active involvement of beta 1 integrins and fibronectin.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Temporary workers in Canada: a multifaceted program.

"This article highlights important developments in the character of temporary worker flows to Canada between 1973 and 1985 through the use of unpublished data and new measures for analyzing this data. The number of employment authorizations are converted to person years to indicate the overall labor market impact of temporary worker flows and this measure is employed in an analysis of unpublished data from Employment and Immigration Canada. The analysis reveals that a significant and growing proportion of employment authorizations are exempted from governmental procedures which link the admission of temporary workers to the Canadian labor market." Reasons for these exemptions and policy implications are discussed

Americas↗
PubMed1994

Estimating temporary populations.

The difficulty of tracking temporary short-term population movements (commuting, seasonal visitation, convention and business travel) is examined, with a focus on Hawaiian statistician Robert Schmitt's work. The author finds that "Schmitt's contributions toward a methodology for estimating daytime populations were important because this approach utilized data sources that were widely available for small areas on at least an annual basis. Consequently, this approach could be used for frequent updates of the estimates, for many areas and at relatively little cost.... The major drawback of the approach is the lack of solid data on temporary residents to serve as larger-area control totals and as a historical base for small-area estimates." The geographical focus is on the United States, particularly Hawaii.

Americas↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Indications, management, and complications of temporary inferior vena cava filters.

PURPOSE: We describe the results of a preliminary prospective study using different recently developed temporary and retrievable inferior vena cava (IVC) filters. METHODS: Fifty temporary IVC filters (Günther, Günther Tulip, Anthéor) were inserted in 47 patients when the required period of protection against pulmonary embolism (PE) was estimated to be less than 2 weeks. The indications were documented deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and temporary contraindications for anticoagulation, a high risk for PE, and PE despite DVT prophylaxis. RESULTS: Filters were removed 1-12 days after placement and nine (18%) had captured thrombi. Complications were one PE during and after removal of a filter, two minor filter migrations, and one IVC thrombosis. CONCLUSION: Temporary filters are effective in trapping clots and protecting against PE, and the complication rate does not exceed that of permanent filters. They are an alternative when protection from PE is required temporarily, and should be considered in patients with a normal life expectancy.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fatal outcome in atrial migration of the Tempofilter.

PURPOSE: To report the risk of fatal atrial migration with the Tempofilter. METHODS: Among temporary filters, the high safety profile Tempofilter has been marketed as offering protection for up to 6 weeks. We implanted about 60 Tempofilters to prevent pulmonary embolism. The main indications were temporary thromboembolic risk, recurrent pulmonary embolism, and contraindication to or failure of anticoagulant therapy. Follow-up was performed regularly by plain abdominal film and Doppler ultrasound. Filters were removed about 4 weeks after placement. RESULTS: We encountered three cases (5%) of atrial migration and one case of 5-cm cephalad displacement of the filter. Of the three patients with atrial migration, two died within 3 days of implantation, one from a massive pulmonary embolism and the other with cardiac tamponade. One patient did not show any serious complications. CONCLUSIONS: The Tempofilter may actively migrate cranially and become dangerous in the case of migration within the heart.

Adult↗