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At least 415 records · Page 23Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Perception of breath components by the tropical bont tick, Amblyomma variegatum Fabricius (Ixodidae). I. CO2-excited and CO2-inhibited receptors.

Wall-pore olfactory sensilla located in the capsule of Haller's organ on the tarsus of Amblyomma variegatum ticks bear cells responding to vertebrate breath: one of these sensilla contains a CO2-excited receptor and a second sensillum has a CO2-inhibited receptor. Each of these antagonistic CO2-receptors, which display typical phasic-tonic responses, monitors a different CO2-concentration range. The CO2-inhibited receptor is very sensitive to small concentration changes between 0 and ca. 0.2%, but variations of 0.01% around ambient (ca. 0.04%) induce the strongest frequency modulation of this receptor. An increase of just 0.001-0.002% (10-20 ppm) above a zero CO2-level already inhibits this receptor. By contrast, the CO2-excited receptor is not so sensitive to small CO2 shifts around ambient, but best monitors changes in CO2 concentrations above 0.1%. This receptor is characterized by a steep dose-response curve and a fast inactivation even at high CO2-concentrations (greater than 2%). In a wind-tunnel, Amblyomma variegatum is activated from the resting state and attracted by CO2 concentrations of 0.04 to ca. 1%, which corresponds to the sensitivity range of its CO2-receptors. The task of perceiving the whole concentration range to which this tick is attracted would thus appear to be divided between two receptors, one sensitive to small changes around ambient and the other sensitive to the higher concentrations normally encountered when approaching a vertebrate host.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Giant cell tumor in children and adolescents.

The radiological appearance of giant cell tumors (GCT) in the developing skeleton was retrospectively assessed in 49 (10.6%) of the 462 patients with GCTs seen in consultation by the Netherlands Committee on Bone Tumors. There were 31 female and 18 male patients, all below 19 years of age. Thirty-four tumors were located in short and long tubular bones, two in the tarsus, while the others were in the pelvis, vertebral spine, and a rib. Involvement of the epiphysis in tubular bones was closely related to the age of the patient: the average age of the 3 patients with a lesion in the metaphysis was 11 years, that in the 6 patients with metadiaphyseal lesions 13 years, average age in the 10 patients with epimetaphyseal lesions 17 years, and it was also 17 years in the 17 patients with epimetadiaphyseal lesions. In tubular bones with the epiphyseal growth plates still open, the epiphysis was never involved, with the exception of two epimetadiaphyseal lesions in which closure of the growth plate was difficult to establish. Assessing GCT characteristics in this study population demonstrated that epiphyseal involvement increased with age and showed; to some extent, a predominance of female patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Analysis of the crystal arrangement in collagen fibrils of mineralizing turkey tibia tendon.

Mineralized pieces of tendons from the tibio-tarsus of turkeys were (i) shock-frozen, freeze-dried, embedded and cut without staining, or (ii) fixed, embedded and stained after sectioning. Micrographs were taken with an electron microscope on longitudinally cut sections. The center-to-center distances of neighboring apatitic needles within collagen fibrils were measured. For shock-frozen and freeze-dried specimens, the average of these distances is 4.7 nm and the most frequent value 4.2 nm; for the fixed and stained specimens, 3.8 nm and 3.6 nm, respectively. Laser diffraction of the electron micrographs showed a dumbbell-like intensity pattern (two diffuse maxima of intensity on the equator, one on each side of the central spot), giving an average distance of about 6 nm. This value represents the upper range of the direct measurements. The measurements demonstrate that the arrangement of the collagen microfibrils is mainly preserved during mineralization. However, using laser diffraction, distances of 9-11 nm were also observed. Such large distances can also be demonstrated by X-ray diffraction on collagen fibrils stained under special conditons. this may indicate that special conditions of apatitic mineralization or staining may alter the arrangement of the microfibrils.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Aesthetic aspects of reconstructive surgery of the lower lid.

Aesthetic repair of the lower eyelid should use palpebral skin and restrict the cutaneous scars to the orbital area. Except in young patients or those having previously undergone a blepharoplasty, it is usually possible to raise a 10- or 12-mm-wide flap from the upper eyelid. The use of such a flap lined with an alar chondromucosal graft is advocated in a one-stage procedure. This graft ensures a good functional result and the stability of the new eyelid because the cartilage is as high in its bulk as the lid. In spite of histologic differences, where the tarsus is not a cartilage and the inner lining of the ala nasi is not actually a mucosa, the alar chondromucosal graft is very much like the tarsoconjunctival complex. When the alar defect is accurately repaired, no deformation of the nose results.

Eyelids↗
PubMed1994

MRI findings of the upper eyelid and their relationship with single- and double-eyelid formation.

Before the invention of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), it was impossible to observe an architectural deformation of the eyelid because of its movement. The authors observed MRI films of 15 eyelids in both closed and opened positions and obtained new information on the architecture of the upper eyelid and also the mechanism of single and double eyelids, and sunken eye formation. (1) Orbital fat is transposed when the lid moves. If the fat can not return into the orbit when the lid opens, it droops and interferes with the fold formation of the lid. (2) The thickness of the eyelid skin is associated with double-eyelid formation. The skin fold is observed at the junction between thick skin with subcutaneous fat and thin skin without it. (3) We could not confirm Doxanas and Anderson's assertion that septal insertion was lower in Orientals. However, we observed pretarsally drooped or herniated orbital fat in many slit-eye Orientals. (4) There are three angles at the tarso-levato-aponeurotic line: one at the junction with transverse ligament, one at the point of septal insertion, and another at the aponeurotic terminal on the tarsus.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1994

Effect of clodronate on established adjuvant arthritis.

The rat adjuvant arthritis model was used to study the effect of disodium clodronate on inflammation and destruction of tarsal bones and joints. Male Lewis rats were given an intradermal injection of mycobacteria. Fourteen days after immunization, rats with similar scores were assigned to the different experimental groups. They were treated subcutaneously either with saline (controls) or with clodronate at doses of 12.5 and 25 mg/kg/day five times a week for 2 weeks. Clinical signs of arthritis including the severity of paw swelling were assessed weekly. At the time of sacrifice, histological features of the non-decalcified tarsus with ankle, intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints were assessed for inflammatory soft-tissue, articular and bone changes. The total histological score of the hindpaw indicated that 58% of the control rats developed moderate arthritis and 42%, severe arthritis. The treatment with clodronate (25 mg/kg) decreased clinical signs of arthritis and the activity of the collagen-degrading lysosomal enzyme, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, in inflamed hindpaw tissue. Histological evaluation indicated moderate arthritis in 83%, but no severe arthritis. The lower dose of clodronate also decreased the severity of the disease; the decrease was, however, statistically insignificant. The results show that clodronate given therapeutically to adjuvant arthritic rats suppresses the intensity of the inflammation and prevents secondary articular and bone lesions in the tibiotarsal region.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

A method for assessment of skeletal maturity in children below one year of age.

Although there is a continuing clinical interest in the radiological determination of skeletal development in children below one year of age, none of the existing methods is particularly appropriate. We have therefore developed a new and simple method of assessment. This takes into account the dose of radiation and the two aspect of size and maturity of the skeleton; and so we choose to study the lateral view of the tarsus. The calcaneus and talus are ossification centers appearing before birth. The sum of length and height of these centers constitutes the first part of the assessment. The second part of our evaluation includes an appraisal of the cuboid, the third cuneiform and distal epiphyses of tibia and fibula. For practical purposes we have chosen to relate the two different aspects of skeletal maturity which we have assessed to the weight of the baby.

Age Determination by Skeleton↗
PubMed1992

Regeneration of Haller's sensory organ in the tick Ixodes ricinus L.

Amputation of legs in nymphs of ticks, obtained from the first laboratory generation, resulted in regeneration of the legs after moulting to adults. Haller's sensory organ on the upper surface of each foreleg tarsus was significantly modified following regeneration. Haller's organ in non-amputated legs of the experimental ticks remained unchanged, being comparable to controls. Pored olfactory sensilla in the anterior pit, in a capsule and on a distal knoll usually increased in number, as well as grooved, thin and conical sensilla. Bordering gustatory and double-walled postcapsular sensilla either decreased or increased in number. All additional sensilla were consistent in their location. Form of the anterior pit and capsule's aperture also deeply changed after the regeneration. The authors distinguish this changes as atavistic. No correlation between changes in different parts of the organ were found. A phenomenon of induction was discovered in our study: if a distal part of tick's gnathosoma was amputated together with the left foreleg, Haller's organ in the right, untreated leg possessed the same changes after moulting as the regenerated organ in the previously amputated left foreleg.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Skin-muscle flap lower lid blepharoplasty: an easier dissection.

Most descriptions of the skin-muscle flap lower lid blepharoplasty, the so-called McIndoe technique, indicate dissection of the flap in a cephalad-to-caudad direction from near the ciliary margin toward the bony orbital rim. However, this report describes a technical variation in which counter-traction and lateral-to-medial blunt dissection "opens up" the potential anatomical space between the orbicularis oculi muscle and the tarsus and septum orbitale. This technique is easier and faster than the McIndoe procedure.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1995

Effect of clodronate on established collagen-induced arthritis in rats.

The collagen-induced arthritis model in rats was used to study the effect of disodium clodronate on inflammation and destruction of tarsal, metatarsal, and interphalangeal bones and joints. Female DA rats were immunized with heterologous type II collagen. Fourteen days after immunization, rats with similar scores were assigned to the different experimental groups. They were treated subcutaneously either with saline (controls) or with clodronate at doses of 12.5 and 25 mg/kg/day five times a week for 2 weeks. Clinical signs of arthritis including the severity of paw swelling were assessed weekly. At the time of killing, histological features of the non-decalcified tarsus with tarsal, tarsometatarsal and interphalangeal joints were assessed for inflammatory soft-tissue, articular, and bone changes. All the arthritic control rats developed severe arthritis as shown by the total histological scores of the hindpaw. The treatment with clodronate (25 mg/kg) decreased clinical signs of arthritis, the activity of the collagen-degrading lysosomal enzyme, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, in inflamed hindpaw tissue, serum osteocalcin level and serum cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen level. Histological evaluation indicated moderate arthritis in 29% of the rats and severe arthritis in 71%. The results show that clodronate given therapeutically to arthritic rats, induced with type II collagen, suppresses the intensity of inflammation and bone lesions in the tibiotarsal and tarsometatarsal regions.

Analgesics, Non-Narcotic↗
PubMed1997

Massive subcutaneous and intraosseous fat necrosis associated with pancreatitis. Natural evolution of the radiographic picture.

A 44-year-old man developed high fever, polyarthralgias, erythematous tender nodules and plaques on feet, ankles, knees and dorsum of the hands, as well as swelling of ankles and several joints of hands and feet. Laboratory evaluation showed high serum pancreatic amylase and lipase. Histological study of a subcutaneous nodule demonstrated fat necrosis. X-ray examination revealed numerous lytic lesions involving cancellous and cortical bone in phalanges, metacarpals, radius, tibia, tarsus and metatarsals, with areas of widened bone. The patient never referred any abdominal symptom. He evolved favourably within the following months. A year later, resolution of most of the bone lesions was observed.

Bone Diseases↗
PubMed1990

Vitellogenin protein diversity in the Hawaiian Drosophila.

Egg and female hemolymph proteins were resolved via SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in a diverse array of 33 endemic Hawaiian drosophilids, encompassing 17 picture-winged species, 3 of the antopocerus species group, 9 fungus feeders, 1 species from each of the modified mouthparts, crassifemur and ciliated tarsus groups, and 1 Scaptomyza species. Molecular weights of the two (10 species) or three vitellogenin bands (22 species) were highly variable, spanning a 7-kD range. The largest vitellogenin, V1, was the most variable, showing a change of some 10% in its mean size of 47.6 kD. The smallest V3 vitellogenin, mean size 44.1 kD, was evolutionarily the most conservative in size. The species Drosophila hawaiiensis was found to be polymorphic for two/three vitellogenin bands and, also, polymorphic with respect to the size of the V1 protein. No inter- or intrapopulation variability in vitellogenin size was detected in 10 other species examined. The major features of vitellogenin protein evolution in the Hawaiian Drosophila are change in molecular weight and regulatory differences that result in quantitative differences between species in patterns of vitellogenin protein production.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

A comparison of clodronate and indomethacin in the treatment of adjuvant arthritis.

OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: The therapeutic effects of an anti-resorptive agent, clodronate, were compared with the effects of an anti-inflammatory agent, indomethacin, in rat adjuvant arthritis after therapy and after a follow-up time of two weeks. SUBJECTS: Eighty-one male Lewis rats, 6-7 weeks old, were immunized with heat-killed mycobacteria. TREATMENT: Fourteen days after immunization the animals were treated either with clodronate (50 mg/kg/day, subcutaneously), indomethacin (3 mg/kg/day, orally) or saline (controls) for two weeks. METHODS: Clinical signs of arthritis including the severity of paw swelling were assessed, biochemical variables were measured, and histological features of the non-decalcified tarsus with ankle, intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints were evaluated for inflammatory soft-tissue, articular, and bone changes. RESULTS: The results indicated that clodronate and indomethacin suppressed significantly the intensity of inflammation, activity of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase in inflamed hindpaw tissue, serum ICTP (cross-linked carboxyterminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen) level and bone lesions in the tibiotarsal region. The level of serum osteocalcin was also significantly decreased by clodronate. The inhibitory effect of clodronate against arthritic bone changes occurred, however, earlier and was slightly more potent than the effect of indomethacin, while indomethacin was slightly more effective in reducing paw swelling. Both drugs preserved their therapeutic effects during the follow-up time of two weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Clodronate and indomethacin have fairly similar efficacy in suppressing the intensity of joint swelling and preventing bone lesions in adjuvant arthritic rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Anatomy and kinematics of the human ankle joint].

In the ankle (talocrural) joint, the lower end of the tibia and fibula embrace the trochlea tali. Thus, an approximately uniaxial joint is formed which permits dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the foot against the leg. Due to the geometry of the trochlea tali, conjunct lateral rotation of the fibula against the tibia occurs at the tibiofibular articulations synchronously with active dorsiflexion at the ankle joint. Movements at the talocrural joints are mainly limited by the opposing muscles as well as by strong collateral ligaments. Talus and calcaneus form a functional unit connected by posterior and anterior articulations. The posterior articulation is the subtalar (talocalcaneal) joint; in the anterior articulation, talar facets of the calcaneus together with the posterior surface of the navicular and the superior fibrocartilaginous surface of the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament form a concavity for the talar head. Thus, the talocalcaneonavicular joint is a compound and--like the subtalar joint--a multiaxial articulation. On the weight-bearing foot, the distal tarsus and metatarsus are pronated and supinated against the talus in order to maintain plantigrade contact. When the foot is off the ground, these movements are modified to eversion and inversion, also involving the calcaneocuboid joint. In addition, movements between the calcaneus and cuboid also occur during pronative or supinative changes between the fore- and hindfoot. Limitation of movements is due to leg muscles as well as strong ligaments. Finally, the cuneonavicular, cuboideonavicular, intercuneiform and cuneocuboid joints permit some additional alterations of the loaded foot in contact with the ground.

Ankle Joint↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A new technique for levator lengthening to treat upper eyelid retraction: the orbital septal flap.

Correction of upper eyelid retraction can be achieved by numerous techniques. We have developed a new flap, the orbital septal flap, to interpose between the recessed levator complex and the tarsus to correct the retracted upper eyelid of a young girl. The orbital septum is a facial structure; it is readily available and easy to dissect. The flap acts like a vascularited spacer without the problem of resorption; normal anatomical continuity of the levator mechanism can be functionally restored. We believe the orbital septal flap is a promising technique for correcting upper eyelid retraction; however, more case studies are needed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

A theory of Fisher's reproductive value.

The formal Darwinism project aims to provide a mathematically rigorous basis for optimisation thinking in relation to natural selection. This paper deals with the situation in which individuals in a population belong to classes, such as sexes, or size and/or age classes. Fisher introduced the concept of reproductive value into biology to help analyse evolutionary processes of populations divided into classes. Here a rigorously defined and very general structure justifies, and shows the unity of concept behind, Fisher's uses of reproductive value as measuring the significance for evolutionary processes of (i) an individual and (ii) a class; (iii) recursively, as calculable for a parent as a sum of its shares in the reproductive values of its offspring; and (iv) as an evolutionary maximand under natural selection. The maximand is the same for all parental classes, and is a weighted sum of offspring numbers, which implies that a tradeoff in one aspect of the phenotype can legitimately be studied separately from other aspects. The Price equation, measure theory, Markov theory and positive operators contribute to the framework, which is then applied to a number of examples, including a new and fully rigorous version of Fisher's sex ratio argument. Classes may be discrete (e.g. sex), continuous (e.g. weight at fledging) or multidimensional with discrete and continuous components (e.g. sex and weight at fledging and adult tarsus length).

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[The efferent lacrimal ducts of the human. Morphological and biochemical studies].

PURPOSE: Infections occur frequently in the region of the efferent tear ducts. Exact knowledge of the anatomical structure and of cellular defense mechanisms is necessary to understand the pathological processes. This study analyzed the efferent tear ducts with regard to physiological function and possible defense mechanism against infections. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used histological, immunohistochemical and electronmicroscopic techniques to investigate the lacrimal systems from 31 body donors aged 54-88 years. RESULTS: The efferent tear ducts are lined by a double-layered epithelium resting on a broad basement membrane. These cells contain many lipid droplets and secretory vacuoles in their apical part. Inside the epithelium cells are arranged partly in cell groups forming mucous glands, which morphologically resemble goblet cells of the tarsus palpebrae. The secretory products of these cells contain various carbohydrates including sialic acid. Lymphocytes and macrophages are found in the submucosa partly penetrating the epithelium. CONCLUSIONS: Lipids and mucins of epithelial and goblet cells form a specialized protective layer on the epithelium of the tear ducts which enables easy drainage of tear fluid into the inferior meatus of the nose. Together with immunocompetent cells the protective layer prevents invasion of pathogenetic agents.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Appetence behaviours of the triatomine bug Rhodnius prolixus on a servosphere in response to the host metabolites carbon dioxide and ammonia.

A combination of 1,000 ppm CO(2) plus 30-40 ppb NH(3) in an air stream induced Rhodnius prolixus nymphs walking on a servosphere to perform a series of appetence behaviours. Shortly after the onset of stimulation the nymphs turned sharply upwind towards the source of the chemostimuli (within 13 +/- 9 s) from mostly downwind and crosswind walks in the air stream alone. The mean vector angles of these upwind tracks were concentrated in a cone 60 degrees either side of due upwind. The upwind walking bugs stopped more frequently but for a shorter duration and walked at a higher speed than before stimulation. During stops in the presence of the chemostimuli the bugs frequently corrected their course angles and extended their forelegs to reach higher with their antennae in the air. In the air stream alone, R. prolixus nymphs frequently sampled the sphere surface with the antennae and cleaned their antennae with the foreleg tarsi. However, the nymphs only briefly tapped the left or right antennal flagellum on the corresponding first leg tarsus and never touched the servosphere surface in the presence of the chemostimuli. After chemostimulus removal from the air stream the bugs continued to respond with the same appetence responses as during stimulation, but walked more tortuously in a crosswind direction in an effort to regain contact with the chemostimuli.

Administration, Inhalation↗