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PubMed1987

Neurons of area 7 activated by both visual stimuli and oculomotor behavior.

Behavioral and clinical studies have long implicated the posterior parietal cortex of primates in spatial perception and spatially oriented behavior. However, recordings from single neurons in behaving monkeys by different laboratories have resulted in divergent views with some ascribing a largely motor and others a largely sensory role for this region. We have designed paradigms to separate the sensory and motor components of the neural activity and have found that the cells in this area respond to both sensory stimulation and motor behavior. Thus, it is likely that this area is not solely sensory or motor, but rather is involved in higher order aspects of sensory-motor integration.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Open-field behaviour, growth rate and life span in the black-hooded rat.

The life span of the black-hooded rat has been studied in relation to two behavioural variables: (1) habituated level of responding; and (2) emotional reactivity in the open-field arena. The results indicate a relationship between the open-field measures and life span and also with growth rate measures.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Effects of chronic ethanol consumption associated or not with experimental anterior thalamic lesions on spontaneous sequential alternation in mice.

Previous studies from our team have shown that a 12 month ethanol administration induced deficits in a sequential alternation task, whereas a 6 month treatment had no effects. We have already shown that the 12 month treatment induced deficits both in diencephalic and hippocampal structures, whereas the 6 month treatment damaged only the mammillary bodies. Thus, the question remained whether or not increasing selectively the diencephalic damage by lesioning the anterior thalamic nuclei would disrupt sequential alternation in 6 month ethanol-treated mice. Results indicate that alcohol-treated mice exhibiting experimental lesions into the anterior thalamus were significantly impaired in the sequential task as compared to both controls or 6 month ethanol-treated mice. In contrast, anterior thalamic lesions in normal (no alcohol treatment) subjects induced no deficits. The relative contribution of the hippocampo-mammillo-thalamic circuitry in sequential alternation is discussed.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1975

The effects of self-concept, trust, and imagined positive or negative self-disclosures on psychological space.

This study focused on some of the determinants of schematic interactional distance based on an analysis of social learning processes. It was hypothesized that closer interpersonal constructions would be associated with a more positive rather than negative self-concept, a greater rather than lesser degree of trust, and a covert positive rather than negative self-disclosure to a significant other. One hundred fifty-nine male and female undergraduate students were administered the Tennessee Self Concept Scale and Jourard's Self-Disclosure Questionnaire. Of these Ss, 82 were also given either positive or negative covert self-disclosure conditions. Interactional distances consisted of "Self" placements in relation to several key social target representations. The results supported the hypothesis regarding the relationship between self-concept and psychological distance, but only for females. There was also a tendency for more trusting females to produce closer distances than less trusting females. These results, as well as the obtained significant sex differences in distancing responses and in renditions of vertical displacements, were discussed within the context of culturally determined sex role differences.

Hierarchy, Social↗
PubMed1998

Impact of cage density on pullet performance and blood parameters of stress.

The effects of cage density on pullet live performance and blood indices of stress were evaluated in two commercial White Leghorn strains housed at 38, 32, 26, and 20 birds per cage from Day 1 to 6 wk of age, and 19, 16, 13, and 10 birds per cage from 6 to 18 wk. Cage densities of 26 and 13 birds per cage represent a U.S. standard of 142 and 284 cm2 per bird that is often applied in commercial pullet rearing. Cage density treatments include confounding cage, feeder, and drinker spaces per bird as might be encountered in commercial practice when growing more pullets per cage. Body weight was significantly reduced at greater bird densities in both strains; however, one strain was affected as early as 6 wk of age, whereas in the other strain, body weight was not reduced significantly until 18 wk. Feed intake was increased by more than 13% in both strains at the lowest density treatment (20 birds per cage) from Day 1 to 2 wk but reduced by more than 9% by higher cage densities during the remainder of the study. Feed conversion (FC) ratio was similarly improved (i.e., reduced) when more pullets were housed per cage, and increased when fewer birds were placed per cage compared to the standard. Despite a significant reduction in feed intake and a corresponding loss of body weight, cage density treatments had no significant affect on hemagglutinin titers to sheep red blood cell antigen, percentage heterophils (H), lymphocytes (L), or the H:L ratio. However, pullet age and strain differences were observed for all blood parameters. Overall, treatments allowing more cage, feeder, and drinker spaces per bird than the U.S. commercial standard provided no body weight advantage, and allowed for greater feed intake and poorer FC at several ages.

Aging↗
PubMed1994

Place recognition and way finding by children and adults.

Children and adults were escorted on their first walk across our university campus and were periodically led off the original route during the return trip. During the return, we stopped prior to intersections on and off the original route to obtain estimates of place recognition accuracy and confidence. The subjects were then asked to point to the path that led back to the start and were corrected if wrong. Accuracy of place recognition was intermediate in a way-finding task requiring reversal of an incidentally learned novel route. However, accuracy increased as subjects were farther from the original route, indicating that the presence of novel landmarks boosted the discrimination of old and new places. Eight-year-old children were less accurate than 12-year-old children and 25-year-old adults, who did not differ in accuracy. There was a similar age difference in the ability to point to the direction to return when subjects correctly recognized that they were off route. The results are used to develop a model of way finding by place recognition.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Golden hamsters on the eight-arm maze in light and darkness: the role of dead reckoning.

This paper examines whether golden hamsters can rely on dead reckoning (getting positional information from updated signals generated during locomotion) on an eight-arm maze. Two groups of hamsters were tested: Group L under ordinary room light, Group D in darkness. To enhance the role of dead reckoning, each subject could climb from its own home cage onto the central platform of the maze. In a first experimental phase (15 trials), the L subjects learned to master the maze through developing a locomotor rule (arm chaining) after three to four trials. The D subjects developed arm chaining less readily and fluctuated more in their performance than did the L subjects. In a second experimental phase (15 trials), four arms were blocked at the beginning of each trial. In both experimental groups the performance decreased, yet remained well above chance level. Success and arm chaining were positively correlated in Phase 1 and negatively correlated with success in Phase 2. We assume that in Phase 2 the L subjects switched to the predominant use of visual cues, and the D subjects to dead reckoning.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Functional anatomy of a prelearned sequence of horizontal saccades in humans.

We have used positron emission tomography (PET) to study the functional anatomy of the repetition of a prelearned sequence of horizontal saccadic eye movements. Five subjects had to memorize a sequence of six successive horizontal saccades. The subjects were scanned in total darkness under three different conditions: at rest, during the execution of self-paced horizontal saccades, and while repeating a prelearned saccades sequence. The repetition of the prelearned saccades sequence led to specific normalized regional cerebral blood flow (NrCBF) increases at the depth of the superior frontal sulcus as well as at the rostral part of the supplementary motor area, whereas at the parietal level an important activation was observed in the intraparietal sulcus extending up to the precuneus. In addition, it was noticed that compared with the resting control condition, both oculomotor tasks activated a common set of cortical and subcortical areas. At the cortical level, this network was composed of the frontal eye fields, the supplementary eye fields, the median part of the cingulate gyrus, and the insula. At the subcortical level, the lenticular nucleus and the thalamus as well as the cerebellar vermis were activated consistently. A direct comparison of our results with those of other PET studies on spatial vision suggest that the dorsal visuospatial pathway could be extended toward the frontal premotor region. In such a scheme, visuospatial information computed in the intraparietal sulcus would be transmitted to the frontal premotor cortex to optimize a spatial-oriented behavior. This is consistent with the early proposal that perceptual and intentional components of spatial information are mediated through superior parietal and frontal areas, respectively.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Recovery from perseverative behavior after entorhinal cortex lesions in rats.

In a previous investigation we observed that entorhinal cortex lesions produce an impairment in spatial alternation characterized by repeated responses in one direction (i.e. 'perseveration'). Since this impairment disappears at the same time when the dentate gyrus is reinnervated by several of its remaining afferents, recovery from perseveration and sprouting may be related. To test this possibility, we examined the performance of two groups of rats with bilateral entorhinal lesions: one group began testing for retention of an alternation task on day 2 after the lesions; the other group began on day 12 (i.e. the time at which hippocampal sprouting occurs). Both groups exhibited significantly greater perseveration than their respective sham-operated groups over the first 6-12 days of testing. Thus, postoperative testing was required to facilitate the shift from perseverative to non-perseverative responding independent of the time at which sprouting in the dentate gyrus became established.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Effects of odor familiarity on the development of systematic exploration in the spiny mouse, Acomys cahirinus.

Developmental changes in patterns of exploration by infant spiny mice, Acomys cahirinus are described. These were investigated using an unbaited radial maze and under three odor conditions; that is, animals were tested in the presence of either familiar (own) odors, unfamiliar conspecific odors, or no odors (washed floor). Two hypotheses were tested. The first was based on the results of a pilot study, and was that adult animals would explore the radial maze in a systematic and predictable fashion tending to move from one arm to the next sequentially. It was hypothesized that infants would adopt this sequential strategy only gradually, as they matured. The second hypothesis was that such patterns of exploration would depend upon the olfactory environment; the presence of familiar odors might facilitate systematic patterns of exploration in very young Acomys. The results showed that both adults and juveniles were less likely to move sequentially when tested with no conspecific odor present; sequential patterns of movement were most likely in the presence of unfamiliar odor, however. The only significant change with age in infants was found for animals tested with unfamiliar odors; these animals showed a dramatic increase in sequential behavior between 3 and 7 days of age. Two additional experiments are reported, which investigated the preferences of infant Acomys for unfamiliar conspecific odors, and it was found that very young (about 3 days) animals exhibit a preference for odors derived from unfamiliar conspecific litters, even when tested in the physical presence of their own parents. The results are discussed with reference to the use of olfactory information as directional cues for animals exploring the radial maze.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1975

Some factors affecting mother-infant relations in rhesus monkeys.

The effects of six independent variables on rhesus mother-infant relations are examined by comparing sub-groups of mother-infant pairs differing in only one of the variables. Variables compared and discussed include mother's parity, previous experience and social status, sex of the infant and the presence of peers. All variables except maternal parity appeared to affect the relationship, but none produced effects that were wholly consistent over all comparisons. Further tentative analyses were made of some age effects and interactions between variables which may have accounted for the inconsistencies.

Animals↗