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PubMed2000

The historical contingency of bioethics.

The principles of bioethics have been historically contingent, a product of social values, circumstances, and experience. During the early twentieth century, they rested on a doctor-knows-best autonomy that permitted physicians to perform research on human subjects with a minimum degree, if any, of informed consent. The eugenics movement of the period embraced an implicit bioethics by presuming to sterilize individuals for the sake of a larger social benefit, a practice and doctrine that helped lead to the Nazi medical experiments and death camps. After World War II, the promulgation of the Nuremberg Code failed to halt eugenic sterilization and risky human experimentation without informed consent either in civilian or military venues. However, beginning in the 1960s, these practices came under mounting critical scrutiny, partly because of the increasing attention given to individual rights. By now, it is widely understood that concern for individual rights rather than an appeal to some national good belongs at the heart of bioethics.

Bioethical Issues↗
PubMed1993

Intraregional migration of skilled manpower.

This is an analysis of the migration of skilled manpower among the countries of Latin America. "The author reviews its causes, possible implications, the characteristics of these flows of skilled migrants, and the relationship between what is to be observed in some countries and the official attitude adopted by their Governments. This examination suggests that the emigration of skilled human resources, regardless of their destination, is invariably a loss for developing countries owing to [migrants] high social value and economic cost."

Demography↗
PubMed2003

Diabetes in childhood: are the laws obligations or resources? The Italian situation.

Two fundamental acts: "Provisions for the prevention and the cure of the diabetes mellitus" of 1987 and "Convention on the rights of the child, New York, 20 November 1989" of 1991, are a clear reference to the many laws promulgated in Italy protecting the special needs of children and adolescents with diabetes. In particular these acknowledge and emphasize the social value of the disease, the importance of the relationship with families and the infrequent need of hospital treatments. To give adequate answers to the need of self-management, it is essential to involve an integrated multidisciplinary team, adequately formed in order to supply an educational therapeutic intervention, based on medical aid and oriented on psycho pedagogy and social assistance. Cooperation and integration among health services of the territory, hospitals and social services for the complete protection of patients with diabetes--not only of their disease--are therefore necessary. Adequate laws can perhaps influence the quality of treatment and the quality of life in children with diabetes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Medicine, landscapes, symbols: "The country Doctor" by Honoré de Balzac.

This paper considers examples from research that has interpreted literary works including representations of topographical landscapes, in order to examine the geographical and social perspectives of the author, and of the society in which the author was living and working. We focus especially on the use of representations of therapeutic landscapes in literature to convey the author's perceptions of the aspects of social and physical environments that contribute to human well-being. The novel entitled The country Doctor (Le Médecin de campagne) by Honore de Balzac, first published in 1833, is the particular focus of this paper and we consider this book in the context of the historical period when it was written and other novels of the period which also portray doctors and medicine in varying ways. We present an interpretation of Balzac's novel which focuses on four themes arising from the discussion in the introduction of this paper: the symbolic use of ideas of 'therapeutic landscapes' to represent the 'heroic' role of the doctor; the link between landscapes and ideas of medicine and health, corresponding to the Hippocratic heritage; the representation, through images of salubrious landscapes, of planning and economic development and the role of the leader; the significance of the contrast between the 'therapeutic' rural world and the unhealthy urban settings found in Paris. We conclude that The country Doctor is interesting because of the ways that it reflects the three aspects of landscape (physical, social and symbolic) that Gesler (1998. In: Kearns, R., Gesler W. (Eds.), Putting Health into Place: Landscape, Identity and Well-Being. Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, NY, pp. 17-35 (Chapter 2)) has identified as central 'therapeutic' qualities. Not only does the book reflect a conceptual model of what a therapeutic landscape might be, but it also uses this landscape symbolically as an allegory for spiritual progress and redemption, and for medical and social advance. The novel represents a period of transition from traditional social values and prescientific medical theory towards modernization of society associated with the growing domination of medical science, which continued into the 20th century.

Books↗
PubMed2005

A behavioural and ERP investigation of 3-month-olds' face preferences.

Recent behavioural work suggests that newborns' face preferences are derived from a general, non-specific attentional bias toward patterns with more features in the upper versus lower half. In the current study, we predicted that selectivity for the specific geometry of the face may emerge during the first 3 months of life as a product of perceptual narrowing, leading to the construction of the first broadly defined face category segregating faces from other visual objects which may share with faces one or more visual properties. This was investigated behaviourally, using a standard preferential looking paradigm, and electrophysiologically, using high-density ERPs. Behavioural results indicated that, at 3 months, the top-heavy property is no longer a crucial factor in determining face preferences. ERP results showed evidence of differentiation between the two stimuli only for the N700. No differentiation was found for earlier components that are thought to reflect the adult-like structural encoding stage of face processing in infants (N290 and P400). Together, ERP and behavioural results suggest that, by 3 months, the perceptual narrowing process has led to a behavioural response specific to the geometry of the human face, but that this response is not purely perceptual in nature. Rather, it seems related to the acquired salience of this stimulus category, which may reflect the high degree of familiarity and/or the social value faces have gained over the infants' first 3 months of life.

Electroencephalography↗
PubMed1992

The psychological profile of Jewish late adolescents in the USSR: a pre-immigration study.

Psychological well-being and the level of psychological autonomy were studied in a group of 109 Jewish late adolescents in the USSR. The subjects were not found to be more distressed than their American peers, but their dependency on their parents was significantly higher. The findings are discussed in the light of Soviet social values and child rearing attitudes and their impact on the adjustment of Soviet immigrant adolescents in Israel.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2005

[Crisis of the professional ethics at educational system of Bosnia and Herzegovina and its relationship].

In the structure of ruining of the social values system, in post war Bosnia and Herzegovina we possess the worrying degradation of the professional morals in the educational performance: irreal examination, intervention, bribe, sexual black mail and similar. That confirmed the results of the extensive examination which recently was realized on this subject. The negative crisis effects of the professional morals in the educational system will, surely, at the social plan, more long-term reflect. Because, it is no about only in the intelectual-expert, than also about the educational component of personality forming.

Bosnia and Herzegovina↗
PubMed2005

The role of consumer knowledge of insurance benefits in the demand for preventive health care among the elderly.

In 1992, the United States Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) introduced new insurance coverage for two preventive services--influenza vaccinations and mammograms. Economists typically assume transactions occur with perfect information and foresight. As a test of the value of information, we estimate the effect of consumer knowledge of these benefits on their demand. Treating knowledge as endogenous in a two-part model of demand, we find that consumer knowledge has a substantial positive effect on the use of preventive services. Our findings suggest that strategies to educate the insured Medicare population about coverage of preventive services may have substantial social value.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Social support in a wired world: use of online mental health forums in Norway.

This study explored the use of the four major Norwegian mental-health-related online discussion forums; who participate, why, and what implications use may have. The objective was to provide a basis for proposing relevant research questions and issues for public policy attention. A total of 492 responses to a web-based questionnaire were received. The respondents, predominantly women (78%) in the age range 18--35 years, found forum participation useful for information, and social contact and support. A majority (75%) found it easier to discuss personal problems online than face-to-face, and almost half say they discuss problems online that they do not discuss face-to-face. A majority would not have participated had they not had the option of using a pseudonym. Respondents perceive discussion groups as a supplement rather than a replacement of traditional mental health services, reporting no change in the amount or type of service used. A clear majority want professionals to take an active role in these types of forum. Comments from respondents indicate that forums may have an empowering effect. We believe that online interaction can have unique benefits for people suffering from mental disorders. Professionals will need new knowledge and perceptions of their roles, and public authorities will have to decide their role in influencing the quality of services offered, and the social values conveyed, to those who seek help through the Internet.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Agreeableness: dimension of personality or social desirability artifact?

Agreeableness is linked to socially valued traits and prosocial motives, so self-reported Agreeableness may be distorted by self-favoring biases (SFB). A three-study multimethod research program explored links between the Big Five dimension of Agreeableness and SFB from three perspectives. First, we examined zero-order relations between Agreeableness and SFB measures (N = 316). Next, we used a round robin design (N = 351) and the Social Relations Model analyses (Kenny, 1994) to partition perceptions of Agreeableness into target and perceiver effects. These effects then were related to SFB concerns, and differential responsiveness to a manipulation of the social desirability of Agreeableness. Study 3 (N = 312) examined a manipulation of Agreeableness as a moderator of the relation between dispositional Agreeableness and interpersonal conflict tactics. Overall, results indicate that Agreeableness is not easily manipulated nor distorted by SFB. Results are discussed in terms of Agreeableness as a substantive system of motives.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Using patterns of child growth and development to assess communitywide effects of low-level exposure to toxic materials.

Child growth is a low tech method for assessing a socially valued health outcome, and its assessment focuses attention on the early portion of the lifespan. It is easily measured and sensitive to a variety of influences including chemical ones. As summary measure of health, it does not signify that a particular chemical is present, but it is a response to a variety of them. When used in conjunction with other epidemiologic methods, child growth assessment constitutes a practical, socially meaningful and biologically reasonable tool to assess the impact on community health and well being of chronic low-level exposures to toxic materials.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Medicalization, reproductive agency, and the desire for surgical sterilization among low-income women in urban Brazil.

This article draws on data from ethnographic fieldwork in an urban housing project to examine the social context and meanings of surgical sterilization for low-income women in Brazil. Low-income women resort to sterilization because they distrust or are unsatisfied with alternative methods and because it helps them to fulfill the requirements of modern, responsible motherhood. Although sterilization is an option among few alternatives, and one that has subjected women to greater medical management and intervention, I argue that sterilization also represents poor women's active struggle to improve their lives and to resist the burdens placed on them by unequal gender relations. This article contributes to a growing anthropological literature that demonstrates how reproduction has become a central site where social values are constituted and contested, and it details women's diverse responses to the process of medicalization.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Role strain and psychological well-being in women with systemic lupus erythematosus.

This study is an examination of the relationship between disease severity, social role strain, and psychological well-being among a group of women suffering from the chronic disease Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). In an attempt to explore the question of why chronic disease has a powerful negative impact on some people, causing them to become depressed or anxious, while leaving others relatively unaffected psychologically, we predicted that psychological distress would result in SLE patients when their illness affected their ability to perform valued social roles. Results confirmed this mediator hypothesis, suggesting, in fact, that disease severity has little psychological effect apart from the distress engendered by role strain. This finding indicates the importance of safeguarding patients' social roles in the psychosocial management of the illness.

Activities of Daily Living↗