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PubMed1997

Chronically ultraviolet-exposed human skin shows a higher mutation frequency of mitochondrial DNA as compared to unexposed skin and the hematopoietic system.

Normal ageing processes are associated with an accumulation of mutations within the mitochondrial (mt) DNA. The most frequent mutation is a 4977 base pair (bp) deletion known as common deletion. In order to test the hypothesis that chronically sun-exposed skin is characterized by an increased mutation frequency of mtDNA, the mutation frequency of the common deletion between skin and another replicating tissue (the hematopoietic system) and chronically sun-exposed versus sun-protected skin was compared in the same individuals. This was done by comparing the amount of mutated mtDNA molecules with the whole mitochondrial genome in the same specimen with a semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction method, thus allowing direct comparison of different tissues. In all skin specimens the common deletion could be observed. In contrast only 3 of 10 blood samples revealed detectable amounts of the common deletion. Comparison of sun-exposed versus sun-protected skin exhibited a higher content of the common deletion in sun-exposed skin in 7 of 10 individuals. Additionally, a hitherto undescribed mtDNA mutation was detected exclusively in human skin. These studies indicate that exposure of human skin to solar radiation leads to an accumulation of mtDNA mutations, possibly via oxidative damage, which may play an important role in photoageing.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Prediction of skin permeability of drugs: comparison of human and hairless rat skin.

Relationships between skin permeability and physicochemical properties of drugs were examined to establish a predictive method for the steady-state permeation rate of drugs through human skin. Human skin permeation properties fell into two categories: one in which the permeability coefficient is correlated to the partition coefficient, revealed with lipophilic drugs; and the other in which the permeability coefficients are almost constant, shown with hydrophilic drugs. The stratum corneum, the main barrier in skin, could be considered as a membrane with two parallel permeation pathways: lipid and pore pathways, and an equation for predicting the steady-state permeation rate of drugs was derived. The skin permeabilities of drugs for man were compared with those for hairless rat. The species difference in skin permeability found was suggested to be due to the difference in skin permeation pathways, since lipid content and water uptake of the stratum corneum varied between human and hairless rat skin.

Animals↗
PubMed1974

Trophic skin ulceration of leprosy: skin and serum zinc concentrations.

Skin and serum zinc measurements have been made in patients with leprosy with and without trophic skin ulceration and in several other groups. Serum zinc concentrations were decreased in leprosy irrespective of the presence or absence of skin ulceration. Serum zinc concentrations in leprosy were also unrelated to smears positive for Mycobacterium leprae and to the clinical type of leprosy. Since a decrease of the serum zinc was also found in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis and pulmonary tuberculosis it seems likely that the decreased serum zinc in leprosy is a nonspecific metabolic consequence of chronic skin and internal disease. The mean skin zinc concentration in leprosy did not differ significantly from the corresponding value in control subjects, the lack of agreement between serum and skin concentrations being possibly related to the presence of nonexchangeable keratin-bound zinc in skin. Though the clinical significance of lowered serum zinc concentrations in leprosy is uncertain therapeutic trials of zinc treatment in leprosy with trophic skin ulceration seem justifiable.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1996

Anterior parietal cortical response to tactile and skin-heating stimuli applied to the same skin site.

1. The response of anterior parietal cortex to skin stimuli was evaluated with optical intrinsic signal imaging and extracellular microelectrode recording methods in anesthetized squirrel monkeys. 2. Nonnoxious mechanical stimulation (vibrotactile or skin tapping) of the contralateral radial interdigital pad was accompanied by a decrease in reflectance (at 833 nm) in sectors of cytoarchitectonic areas 3b and 1. This intrinsic signal was in register with regions shown by previous receptive field mapping studies to receive low-threshold mechanoreceptor input from the radial interdigital pad. 3. A skin-heating stimulus applied to the contralateral radial interdigital pad with a stationary probe/thermode evoked no discernable intrinsic signal in areas 3b and 1, but evoked a signal within a circumscribed part of area 3a. The region of area 3a responsive to skin heating with the stationary probe/thermode was adjacent to the areas 3b and 1 regions that developed an intrinsic signal in response to vibrotactile stimulation of the same skin site. Skin heating with a stationary probe/thermode also evoked intrinsic signal in regions of areas 4 and 2 neighboring the area 3b/1 regions activated by vibrotactile stimulation of the contralateral radial interdigital pad. 4. The intrinsic signal evoked in area 3a by a series of heating stimuli to the contralateral radial interdigital pad (applied with a stationary probe/thermode) increased progressively in magnitude with repeated stimulation (exhibited slow temporal summation) and remained above prestimulus levels for a prolonged period after termination of repetitive stimulation. 5. Brief mechanical stimuli ("taps") applied to the contralateral radial interdigital pad with a probe/thermode maintained either at 37 degrees C or at 52 degrees C were accompanied by the development of an intrinsic signal in both area 3a and areas 3b/1. For the 52 degrees C stimulus, the area 3a intrinsic signal was larger and the intrinsic signal in areas 3b/1 smaller than the corresponding signals evoked by the 37 degrees C stimulus. 6. Spike discharge activity was recorded from area 3a neurons during a repetitive heating stimulus applied with a stationary probe/ thermode to the contralateral radial interdigital pad. Like the area 3a intrinsic signal elicited by repetitive heating of the same skin site, the area 3a neuron spike discharge activity also exhibited slow temporal summation and poststimulus response persistence. 7. The experimental findings suggest 1) a leading role for area 3a in the anterior parietal cortical processing of skin-heating stimuli, and 2) the presence of inhibitory interactions between the anterior parietal responses to painful and vibrotactile stimuli consistent with those demonstrated in recent cortical imaging and psychophysical studies of human subjects.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Effects of Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase delivered by genetically modified skin fibroblasts on cold-induced skin edema in rats.

The effects of Cu, Zn-superoxide disumutase (SOD) delivered by genetically modified skin fibroblasts on cold-induced skin edema were studied in rats. Cold-induced skin edema was induced on the dorsal skin following transplantation of ILSOD cells, genetically modified skin fibroblasts which release secretable SOD protein into the extracellular space. The degree of skin edema induced by cold injury was estimated by measuring the amounts of Evans' blue (EB) leaking into the injured skin following intravenously administration. The amounts of EB leakage were significantly reduced by transplantation of ILSOD cells relative to that observed following transplantation of host cells as a control. The degrees and durability of these effects of ILSOD cells were dependent on the number of cells transplanted. Also, the increases of lipid peroxidation following cold injury were significantly reduced by transplantation of ILSOD cells but not of host cells. These findings suggested that transplantation of ILSOD cells was a suitable delivery system for obtaining efficient and continuous effects of SOD. This strategy using genetically modified skin fibroblasts may also be useful as a drug delivery system for other therapeutic proteins.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Relations between stimulus force, skin displacement, and discharge characteristics of slowly adapting type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors in glabrous skin of squirrel monkey hand.

The contributions of viscoelastic properties of squirrel monkey glabrous skin to slowly adapting Type I (SAI) mechanoreceptive afferent fiber discharge were examined in the present study. Individual fibers of the median and ulnar nerves were isolated by microdissection in six monkeys anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. Utilizing mechanical stimulation and data analysis techniques identical to those of a previous study of raccoon glabrous skin and its mechanoreceptors (Pubols, 1982a; Pubols and Maliniak, 1984), we studied and compared responses to punctate mechanical stimuli controlled with respect to force or displacement. Squirrel monkey glabrous skin was found to be more compliant than raccoon glabrous skin, in that a given force applied to either a digital or a palmar skin pad produced a greater displacement of squirrel monkey skin. Skin displacement increased approximately linearly with increasing forces at the beginning of static stimulation, but over time (at least up to 20 sec), the relationship became negatively accelerated. Absolute-force thresholds of individual SAI units were significantly lower in squirrel monkey (mean = 122 mg, range = 48-340 mg) than in raccoon (mean = 484 mg, range = 70-1,290 mg). However, absolute-displacement thresholds were insignificantly lower (squirrel monkey: mean = 17.24 microns, range = 5-30 microns; raccoon: mean = 30 microns, range = 5-185 microns). Application of suprathreshold forces (range = 1-20 g) and displacements (range = 500-1,000 microns) revealed greater interunit variability in response to maintained stimulation than previously found in raccoon. In 8 out of 15 fibers, the rate of adaptation was significantly greater during constant-displacement than during constant-force stimulation; in 4 cases there was no significant difference; and in 3 cases the rate of adaptation was significantly greater during constant-force stimulation. Potential sources of interunit variability include surface topography of the hand, properties of cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues in the vicinity of the receptor, and experimental variables such as stimulus amplitude and rate of stimulus onset. It is suggested that both regional and species differences in functional properties of cutaneous mechanoreceptors are more likely attributable to differences in mechanical properties of skin and subjacent tissues than to any inherent differences in receptor properties.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2002

[Repair of porcine full-thickness skin defects with autologous tissue engineered skin].

OBJECTIVE: To explore a feasible method to repair full-thickness skin defects with tissue engineered techniques. METHODS: The skin specimens were cut from the Changfeng hybrid swines' abdomen, then keratinocytes and fibroblasts were isolated and harvested by trypsin, EDTA and type II collagenase. The cells were seeded in petri dishes for primary culture. When the cells were in logarithmic growth phase, they were treated with dispase II (keratinocytes) or trypsin (fibroblasts) to separate them from the floor of the tissue culture dishes. A biodegradable material-pluronic F-127 was prefabricated and mixed with these cells, and then the cells-pluronic compounds were seeded evenly into polyglycolic acid (PGA). Tinally the constructs were replanted to autologous animals to repair full-thickness skin defects. Histological changes were observed in 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks postsurgery. RESULTS: The cells-pluronic F-127-PGA compounds could repair autologous full-thickness skin defects. Histologically, the tissue engineered skin was similar to normal skin with stratified epidermis overlying a moderately thick collageneous dermis. CONCLUSION: Tissue engineered skin can repair autologous full-thickness skin defects with primary-cultured keratinocytes and fibroblasts as seed cells and PGA as a cell carrier.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

A bullous skin disease patient with autoantibodies against separate epitopes in 1 mol/L sodium chloride split skin.

BACKGROUND: We describe a patient with a subepidermal bullous skin disease associated with autoantibodies recognizing separate epitopes in 1 mol/L sodium chloride (NaCl) split skin. OBSERVATIONS: Direct immunofluorescence microscopy showed deposits of immunoglobulins and C3 in a continuous pattern in the patient's epidermal basement membrane zone. Direct immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated thick deposits of IgG overlying the lamina lucida and the lamina densa in a unique pattern. The patient had circulating IgG anti-basement membrane zone antibodies that bound both sides of 1 mol/L NaCl split skin, exhibited at least a fourfold-higher titer against the dermal side of this test substrate, and bound basal keratinocyte hemidesmosomes as well as focal sites along the superior portion of the lamina densa on indirect immunoelectron microscopy. Affinity purification of anti-basement membrane zone antibodies against epidermal or dermal strips of 1 mol/L NaCl split skin yielded IgG that only bound the side of split skin from which it was eluted. The patient's serum contained IgG that immunoprecipitated and immunoblotted the 230- and 170-kd bullous pemphigoid antigens. Affinity purification of patient antibody against bullous pemphigoid antigen immobilized on nitrocellulose paper yielded IgG that bound only the epidermal side of 1 mol/L NaCl split skin. The patient showed no evidence of reactivity against type VII collagen by direct immunoelectron microscopy, indirect immunoelectron microscopy, or immunoblot. CONCLUSIONS: This patient's bullous skin disease is associated with IgG anti-basement membrane zone antibodies with two specificities: one recognizing the bullous pemphigoid antigen in the epidermal side of 1 mol/L NaCl split skin, and another binding a distinct, yet presently unidentified, epitope in the superior aspect of the lamina densa.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Skin cooling surfaces: estimating the importance of limiting skin temperature.

When a patient lies in the supine position on a foam mattress, body heat is trapped and the sacral skin is rapidly warmed, potentially causing local perspiration that increases friction, shear, and maceration that may weaken skin in the area. Increased metabolic demand of the warmed skin tissue may exacerbate the supply-versus-demand perfusion deficit in tissue under mechanical load, increasing the severity of skin breakdown. Conversely, mild skin cooling appears to confer some protection. To estimate the magnitude of such effects, an integrative review using simple graphical techniques in conjunction with published data was initiated. Results suggest that a 5 degrees C reduction in skin temperature would have an effect similar to that of the differences in sacral interface pressure measured between some of the most and least expensive support surfaces available. Incorporating relatively simple skin cooling features might have profound implications with respect to therapeutic surface design, selection, and patient care. Further research is needed to determine whether and to what extent the observed increments in clinical performance seen for low-air-loss surfaces (beyond what is seen for quality foam surfaces) can be attributed to skin cooling and which are attributable to drying effects.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Use of autologous tissue engineered skin to treat porcine full-thickness skin defects.

OBJECTIVE: To explore a feasible method to repair full-thickness skin defects utilizing tissue engineered techniques. METHODS: The Changfeng hybrid swines were used and the skin specimens were cut from the posterior limb girdle region, from which the keratinocytes and fibroblasts were isolated and harvested by trypsin, EDTA, and type II collagenase. The cells were seeded in Petri dishes for primary culture. When the cells were in logarithmic growth phase, they were treated with trypsin to separate them from the floor of the tissue culture dishes. A biodegradable material, Pluronic F-127, was prefabricated and mixed with these cells, and then the cell-Pluronic compounds were seeded evenly into a polyglycolic acid (PGA). Then the constructs were replanted to the autologous animals to repair the full-thickness skin defects. Histology and immunohistochemistry of the neotissue were observed in 1, 2, 4, and 8 postoperative weeks. RESULTS: The cell-Pluronic F-127-PGA compounds repaired autologous full-thickness skin defects 1 week after implantation. Histologically, the tissue engineered skin was similar to the normal skin with stratified epidermis overlying a moderately thick collageneous dermis. Three of the structural proteins in the epidermal basement membrane zone, type IV collagen, laminin, and type VII collagen were detected using immunohistochemical methods. CONCLUSIONS: By studying the histology and immunohistochemistry of the neotissue, the bioengineered skin graft holds great promise for improving healing of the skin defects.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Clinical application of human tissue engineered skin with full thickness on donor site of split thickness skin graft in burn wounds].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the clinical effect of the human tissue engineered active skin (ActivSkin) with full thickness on the donor site of the split thickness skin graft. METHODS: Nine patients with 18 wounds of the donor sites, and every patient had 2 wounds. The wounds of each patient were randomly assigned to the therapy group and the control group. Auto-control observation was performed. Nine donor sites of the split thickness skin graft were repaired with ActivSkin in the therapy group. Nine donor sites of the split thickness skin graft were repaired with the vash oil gauze in the control group. The wound pain, the time to complete closure, and the ratio of the complete healing in the ActivSkin therapy group was measured and compared with those in the control group. The donor sites of the split thickness skin graft were assessed at 180 days of the follow-up visit. RESULTS: The wound pain was obviously reduced after the harvesting of the skin grafts in the therapy group. The time to complete closure on the donor sites of the split thickness skin graft was significantly shorter in the ActivSkin therapy group than in the control group (9.67 +/- 2.92 d vs. 16. 56 +/- 2.96 d, P < 0.05). Both the ratios of the complete healing in the ActivSkin therapy group and the control group were 100% (P > 0.05). The subsequent results showed that neither the blister nor the residual wound occurred with an alleviated scar after the ActivSkin treatment. CONCLUSION: ActivSkin can promote wound closure, prevent blister and residual wound, and alleviate scarring on the donor sites of the split thickness skin graft after the ActivSkin treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Structure analysis of the skin surface using computer-assisted laser profilometry. New method for the quantitative assessment of roughness structure of the skin].

Up to now, it has been difficult to record the roughness of the skin and to define it satisfactorily by measuring techniques. A new method for computer-assisted structural analysis of the skin surface is introduced, which uses laser beams for measurement without contact. This measuring technique is suitable for quantitative characterization of normal skin surfaces and for pathological alterations to the skin surface. Because of the dynamic properties of the skin, it is characterized by means of silicone replicas of the skin surface. Different parameters of roughness are determined and completed by mathematical and statistical processes such as Fourier transform and an autocorrelation function. These processes are related to the digitally stored three-dimensional profile of the skin surface. The new method is presented by means of some examples characterizing a typical clinical finding of rough eczematous skin. A comparison with photographs taken with a scanning electron microscope demonstrates the quality of resolution achieved with the measuring technique.

Fourier Analysis↗
PubMed1991

Physiologic responses to skin-to-skin contact in hospitalized premature infants.

Twelve stable premature infants in open-air cribs acted as their own controls in a study designed to evaluate the effect of skin-to-skin contact (SSC) with their mothers on infant heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, and skin temperature. Measurements were taken every minute during three consecutive interfeeding periods (2 to 3 hours each): pre-SSC, SSC, and post-SSC. Skin-to-skin contact in the upright position between maternal breasts underneath a velour blouse occurred in the continuing care nursery of secondary level NICUs and was compared with infants lying in open-air cribs. All physiologic measures remained within normal limits, suggesting that SSC had no adverse effects. Statistically significant increases in heart rate and skin and rectal temperatures during SSC were also within normal limits. Skin-to-skin contact can occur between hospitalized stable premature infants and their mothers without physiologic compromise and heat loss to the infant. Practice implications are discussed.

Female↗
PubMed1995

Transforming growth factor-beta 1 and collagen gene expression during postnatal skin development and fibrosis in the tight-skin mouse.

BACKGROUND: The tight-skin (Tsk) mutation in the mouse leads to widespread connective tissue abnormalities characterized by excessive collagen deposition that is similar to that observed in human scleroderma. Heterozygous mice develop skin fibrosis shortly after birth, providing a valuable model to investigate the sequence of events leading to fibrosis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We have studied by in situ RNA hybridization the expression of procollagen alpha 1(I), alpha 1(III), alpha 2(VI) and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) genes in the skin of Tsk mutant and normal newborn to aged mice. Tsk and normal skin sections at each age were mounted on the same slide to ensure identical experimental conditions, allowing for comparative analyses. RESULTS: All genes are under temporospatial regulation and exhibit characteristic patterns of expression during postnatal skin growth and development. TGF-beta 1 mRNA is detected in fibroblasts only during the rapid postnatal growth of the skin in parallel with high collagen I, III, and VI gene expression. Collagen I and III gene-expressing fibroblasts are observed in excess in the Tsk fibrotic lesions. An abnormal pattern of collagen VI expression is only observed at later stages in the fibrotic process. Collagen VI shows a different expression pattern in both normal skin development and fibrosis, suggesting noncoordinate regulation with collagen I and III genes. CONCLUSIONS: The fibrotic process in Tsk mice results from the persistence of high collagen I and III expression by a subpopulation of fibroblasts. Collagen VI overexpression participates later in the fibrotic process. In contrast with human scleroderma and other skin fibrotic diseases, TGF-beta 1 mRNA is not detected in the areas of abnormal collagen expression and fibrosis of Tsk. Alternative pathways should be explored to understand the abnormal extracellular matrix deposition of Tsk fibroblasts.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Public education projects in skin cancer. The evolution of skin cancer prevention education for children at a comprehensive cancer center.

BACKGROUND: Skin cancer affects more Americans than any other type of cancer. Children are prime targets for prevention education, because sun overexposure in early childhood may affect the development of skin cancer later in life. Preventive behaviors adopted early in life may be less resistant to change than those acquired in adulthood. Thus, there is a need to educate children at an early age about sun overexposure. METHODS: This article describes the evolution of skin cancer prevention research at the Arizona Cancer Center, a National Cancer Institute--designated comprehensive cancer center. Research focusing on children is high-lighted. RESULTS: From its roots in the Arizona Sun Awareness Project, an informal public skin cancer education program, skin cancer prevention research at the Arizona Cancer Center has produced two developmentally appropriate, age-based curricula aimed at teaching children about the benefits and dangers of the sun. The elementary school curriculum, Sunny Days, Healthy Ways, has undergone two tests of feasibility and is the intervention used in a large, randomized, experimental trial. The preschool curriculum, Be Sun Safe, has been tested in a randomized trial and was found to have a positive effect on preschoolers' knowledge and comprehension of sun safety. CONCLUSIONS: Educating children about skin cancer may be an important way of decreasing the incidence of skin cancer. Although informal skin cancer prevention education can be helpful, educational programs preferably should be research based and evaluated for effectiveness before public distribution. The Arizona Cancer Center experience can serve as a model for other programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

A comparative study of cryogenic lesions in organ-cultured human skin and in reconstituted human skin equivalent.

Cryosurgery is a technique that is widely used in the treatment of cutaneous tumors. However, there are still features of healing in cryosurgery wounds that are incompletely understood and necessitate further study. In the present paper, we describe two in vitro models that were developed to study the initial stages of development of the cryolesion: reconstituted human skin and organ-cultured human skin. Cryolesions were generated in both models by applying a 2-mm-diameter cryoprobe at -196 degrees C for 35 s. Histological features were analyzed at days 0, 3, 5, and 14 following cryotreatment and showed epidermal detachment and keratinocyte necrosis very close to the findings reported in vivo. Results were similar in the two models. Gross alteration of the dermal architecture was noticed beneath the cryolesion, particularly in the reconstituted skin model. Cell proliferation was investigated at days 0, 3, and 5 by [3H]thymidine incorporation and Ki-67 antigen immunolabeling. In the case of organ-cultured skin, a significant increase in keratinocyte and fibroblast proliferation was observed at day 3, compared to the controls. At day 5, a return to the basic level was noticed. This was not observed in the reconstituted skin model at either day 3 or day 5. These data led us to propose that organ-cultured skin may be a useful model for evaluating the response of human skin to freezing; reconstituted skin was not adequate for this purpose.

Cryosurgery↗
PubMed2002

The impact of the basic skin cancer triage curriculum on providers' skills, confidence, and knowledge in skin cancer control.

BACKGROUND: Primary care providers (PCPs) are in the unique position of being able to deliver preventive health care services to the majority of the general population. Early detection of skin cancer may reduce mortality, but many PCPs do not participate in skin cancer control activities due to lack of training and confidence. We sought to evaluate the effect of a 2-h, Basic Skin Cancer Triage (BSCT) curriculum in overcoming these barriers. METHODS: A convenience sample of 28 primary care providers participated in a 2-h training curriculum. Assessments included skills (evaluated by a 20-item slide quiz), confidence, knowledge, and attitudes measured pre- and post training. RESULTS: Provider ability to accurately diagnose and triage lesions significantly improved (46 to 64%, P < 0.0001, and 61 to 71%, P < 0.0001, respectively). The greatest improvement in triage ability occurred in providers ability to appropriately reassure patients about lesions (49 to 70%, P < 0.0001). There were also significant improvements in both knowledge of skin cancer control practices (68 to 74% correct answers, P = 0.026) and confidence in ability to provide skin cancer preventive services (2.95 to 4.13 on a 1 to 5 scale, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Participation in the BSCT curriculum may improve providers' diagnostic and triage accuracy of skin cancer as well as increase their knowledge of skin cancer and confidence in their provision of skin cancer control activities. Defining the full potential impact of this curriculum requires further evaluation.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

[Skin transplantation or artificial skin replacement?].

The closure of big skin defects is still a problem. Autologous skin is not unlimitedly available. Different skin substitutes are invented and available. All of them are suffering one problem. They can only be used for temporary closure. Even the immunological progress can not solve the problem of skin shortage. An interesting artificial skin was designed by Burke and Yannas. They designed an artificial dermis consisting of bovine collagen and chondroitin-6-sulfate. This is a fascinating possibility for solving the skin shortage problem especially in burn cases. But even this dermis needs autologous epithelial cells to create a complete skin coverage. So till now a complete skin substitute without autologous material seems not to be available.

Bandages↗