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PubMed1993

Characterization of dual HIV-1 and HIV-2 serological profiles by polymerase chain reaction.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the frequency of dual HIV-1 and HIV-2 DNA sequences in patients with dual serological profiles. DESIGN: We tested 40 samples from AIDS patients living in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. METHODS: Dual serological reactivity was determined by double Western blot and two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with recombinant proteins and synthetic peptides as antigens. The Western blot was considered to show dual reactivity when sera reacted with at least two glycoproteins and one core protein of each virus. HIV DNA sequences were detected by hybridization to radiolabelled probes of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products amplified using specific primers. RESULTS: Both HIV-1 and HIV-2 DNA sequences were detected in four out of 11 samples with a dual serological profile and in four out of 24 samples with anti-HIV-1 antibodies only. CONCLUSION: These results show that dual HIV-1 and HIV-2 serological profiles are not always due to infection by both viruses, and emphasize the need for a combination of serological and PCR assays for the appraisal of these viral infections.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed2003

Serologic examinations of hepatitis, cytomegalovirus, and rubella in patients with Bell's palsy.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this retrospective case review was to investigate serologic evidence of cytomegalovirus, rubella virus, and hepatitis A, B, and C viruses in patients with Bell's palsy. DESIGN: A total of 24 patients with idiopathic facial paralysis, without a history of trauma, any evidence of a tumor on high-resolution computed tomographic imaging, or any otologic disease, and 33 healthy individuals as a control group were included in this study. Facial paralysis of the patient was evaluated with the House-Brackmann grading scale. Specific immunoglobulin G and M titers were determined for cytomegalovirus, rubella, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Serologic positivity for hepatitis B was found in 15 of 21 Bell's palsy patients, compared with 32.1% in the control group. The difference was statistically significant. There was no difference in the prevalence of serologic positivity for cytomegalovirus, hepatitis A, and rubella between the patient and control groups. In one Bell's palsy patient, serologic evidence of recent cytomegalovirus infection was indicated by changes in antibody titers between samples taken on presentation and on the 16th day. There was no serologic evidence of hepatitis C in either Bell's palsy patients or the control group. CONCLUSION: There seems to be an association between hepatitis B and idiopathic facial paralysis. In addition, cytomegalovirus might contribute to the development of Bell's palsy in some ceases with Bell's palsy. Further studies are required to confirm these data.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Clinical profile of serologically diagnosed pneumococcal pneumonia.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics of serologically diagnosed pneumococcal pneumonia and compare them with those of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) pneumonia and bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. METHODS: IgG antibodies to pneumococcal pneumolysin and C-polysaccharide as well as immune complexes containing IgG antibodies to pneumolysin and C-polysaccharide were measured from acute and convalescent sera of 254 children with community-acquired pneumonia. Evidence of pneumococcal infection was found in 93 children. Clinical and laboratory data were retrospectively collected from the records of 38 children with sole (all tests for 16 other microbes negative) pneumococcal pneumonia and compared with 26 sole RSV-induced pneumonia from the present series and with the data of our 85 bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia cases reported earlier. RESULTS: Serologically diagnosed sole pneumococcal pneumonia clinically overlapped with RSV pneumonia, but RSV pneumonia was more often associated with tachypnea (45% vs. 17%, P < 0.05) and low white blood cell counts (means, 12.0 x 109/l vs. 20.8 x 109/l; P < 0.001) as well as low serum C-reactive protein levels (means, 28 mg/l vs. 137 mg/l; P < 0.001). Alveolar infiltrates were found in 15% of chest radiographs of children with RSV pneumonia compared with 76% of those in children with sole pneumococcal pneumonia (P < 0.001). Patients with bacteremic pneumonia more often appeared ill (79% vs. 50%, P < 0.001) and more often had typical pneumococcal pneumonia with high fever, leukocytosis and lobar infiltrates in their chest radiographs (70% vs. 34%, P < 0.05) than those with serologically diagnosed pneumococcal pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS: Serologically detected pneumococcal pneumonia differs significantly from RSV pneumonia in laboratory and chest radiography findings, but the clinical signs and symptoms overlap considerably. Bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia is a more severe illness than the serologically diagnosed one.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Rubella serology in mentally retarded adults.

BACKGROUND: Rubella and congenital rubella syndrome remain a problem in the United States; institutionalized individuals are at higher risk. We assessed demographic variables and rubella serology in a population of institutionalized adults with mental retardation. METHODS: Subjects were 181 institutionalized adults with mental retardation. We reviewed charts to determine patient's age, sex, race, and fertility status (if female), cause of mental retardation, and rubella history. Serologic testing to determine rubella immunity was done. RESULTS: We found that 26.4% of subjects were nonimmune. Sex, cause of mental retardation, and history of rubella vaccination were not related to serologic immunity status. Of the 29 fertile female subjects, 8 (27.6%) were nonimmune to rubella. CONCLUSION: Subjects with unknown immunization status had a similar serologic profile to those whose medical records indicated immunization. Neither history of infection nor immunization was predictive of serology status.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Application of HLA-DR oligotyping to 110 kidney transplant patients with doubtful serological typing.

In renal transplantation a good HLA-DR match is associated with a higher success rate of graft outcome. However, due to a number of technical problems, reliable serological DR typing cannot always be obtained, and the very large number of HLA-DR alleles now discovered renders such DR matching more difficult. In view of the medical importance of HLA class II polymorphism in transplantation immunology, we have developed a simple HLA-DR oligotyping procedure on PCR-amplified DNA, by hybridization with 14 synthetic oligonucleotide probes able to recognize all major HLA-DR specificities. In particular, the probes used in this study allow the unambiguous discrimination of the DRw11, w12, w13, w14-Dw9 specificities or of rare alleles such as DR-Br or DRw13-DwHAG, which are very often difficult or impossible to identify by serology. In order to explore the potential of this methodology, we have analyzed by oligotyping 110 kidney transplant patients with doubtful or unreliable serological assignment, or with DR blank alleles. Comparison between serology and oligotyping shows that in 66.3% of the patients we observed an excellent correlation. About half these patients are homozygotes, as ultimately verified by RFLP typing. In 26.4% of the patients however, at least one HLA-DR antigen was discrepant, and in 7.3% of the cases oligotyping resolved uninterpretable serology. Almost all of the discrepancies were due to errors in allele assignment within the DRw52 group, mostly in the case of DRw13 alleles. This study confirms the expected qualitative advantage of the oligotyping technique and its simplicity as compared with the RFLP DNA typing procedure. Large scale application of the oligotyping methodology will therefore be beneficial to optimize HLA-DR matching in organ transplantation, particularly in high responders with first kidney graft rejection.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1979

On the serological specificity of the Escherichia coli O8 and O9 antigens.

The O8 and O9-specific lipopolysaccharides of Escherichia coli lost their serological activity during liberation of the polysaccharide moieties (alpha-mannans) by mild acid hydrolysis, as tested by passive haemagglutination and haemagglutination inhibition. The serological activities and specificities were restored by substitution of the polysaccharides with 1 to 2 stearoyl groups per polysaccharide chain. The mannans obtained by biosynthesis in vitro were serologically active only when bound to the membrane-associated hydrophobic carrier molecule. Liberation of the polysaccharides from the carrier by treatment with aqueous phenol resulted in loss of the serological activity. The O8- and O9-specific mannans of E. coli are thus serologically active when they are part of an amphiphilic molecule and not as free polysaccharides.

Antigen-Antibody Reactions↗
PubMed1997

Serologic ambiguity and allelic frequency of the HLA-B40 family in the Korean population.

The most frequently identified HLA-B type in Koreans is HLA-B40 (13.4%). Due to the lack of mono-specific alloantisera and cross reactivity of sera used as typing reagents, discrimination between the serologic splits of B40, B60 and B61, has been a problem in tissue typing laboratories. In this study, an efficient PCR-SSP typing system was established to distinguish B60 and B61 and to assess the difficulty in serologic assignment for these types. The SSP system was also used to elucidate the frequency of B40 alleles (B*4001-B*4008) encoding B40 molecules in the Korean population. Eighty eight unrelated individuals identified serologically as B40 positive were selected from 358 consecutive volunteers from the unrelated bone marrow registry. Seven sets of PCR that amplify exons 2 and 3 of the HLA-B gene using 10 sequence specific primers (SSP) were used for discrimination between B60 and B61, and for B40 allelic typing. A clear discrimination of B60 and B61 was possible in all samples including 48 serologically ambiguous samples (B60-14/48; B61-34/48) and 5 potentially B40 homozygous samples (B60/ B61 heterozygotes-4/5; B60 homozygote-1/5). Therefore, the use of a focused SSP approach enhances serologic definition of HLA types in routine clinical testing. In allelic typing, all B60 samples (26) appeared to be B*4001, but B61 samples revealed more heterogeneity (B*4002-36/58, B*4003-4/ 58, B*4006-18/58). In addition, B*4003 seemed to be closely associated with the A24-Cw3-DRB1*02 haplotype (3/4). The characterization of allele frequency as well as haplotypic association will be helpful in determination of the optimal size of the volunteer marrow donor pool in the Korean population.

Alleles↗
PubMed1998

Comparison of serological and molecular typing for HLA-A and -B on cord blood lymphocytes.

HLA class I typing by standard microcytotoxicity testing has been unsatisfactory for 14.5% of 1644 cord blood samples. In this study, we evaluated the capacity of PCR-SSP in solving problems in HLA-A,B typing with serological methods. With this aim we have compared serology with PCR-SSP in 100 cord blood samples with doubtful or unreliable HLA-A,B typing. PCR-SSP was successful in amplifying HLA-A,B alleles in all 100 cord blood samples. Forty-six typings gave discrepant results with the 2 methods (serology and PCR-SSP). Typings were considered discrepant also in the case of inability to define a split. For 19 specimens, no serological conclusion was drawn due to high mortality of the cell suspension, while PCR-SSP allowed the definition of a clear typing. In 6 cases it was necessary to infer information from serology to define the current typing. Finally, in 3 other cases it was impossible to exclude or attribute the antigen/allele B67 or B4802. PCR-SSP for HLA-A,B can improve the overall reliability of HLA-A,B typing requiring a small amount of blood although, with the set of sequence specific primers adopted, a number of alleles are still poorly defined.

Alleles↗
PubMed2004

Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis--combined serological testing and classification of individual animals and herds.

Several serological tests for detection of antibodies to Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis, which is the causative agent of Johne's disease are validated, some of which are available commercially. These tests differ in sensitivity and specificity. Test results reported to farmers or veterinarians are therefore dependent upon the test in use. In the present study, three commercially available tests are used to test 2748 bovine sera from 119 Bavarian herds serologically. Serological results are compared with individual animals and on herd level. A scheme for serological testing and classification of herds as well as of individual animals based on a combination of serological test results is proposed.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1999

Lack of significant cross-reactivity between Leishmania serology and mycobacteriosis in patients infected with HIV-1.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the existence of cross-reactions between Leishmania serology and mycobacteriosis in patients infected with HIV-1. PATIENTS AND METHODS: HIV-positive individuals, with culture-proven episodes of tuberculosis or disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection, were identified from the data files of our microbiology laboratory. Patients were included if leishmania serology had been performed within a period of 2 months before and 1 month after the diagnosis of mycobacterial disease. RESULTS: We identified 106 cases of tuberculosis and 38 of disseminated MAC infection with concomitant leishmania serology in HIV-infected individuals. Among them, only two cases (1.8%), both with tuberculosis and without visceral leishmaniasis, showed positive leishmania serology. The two cases are discussed. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that, in spite of its low sensitivity, serology is a useful diagnostic tool in co-infected patients, mainly because of its high specificity and the low rate of cross-reactivity with two of the most frequent causes of fever of unknown origin in HIV-positive patients from our area.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Is there a serological difference between men and women with primary biliary cirrhosis?

OBJECTIVE: Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is an autoimmune disease affecting small intrahepatic bile ducts of the liver, causing destruction of the epithelium that results in eventual fibrosis and scarring. We still lack a complete epidemiological description of this disease, although interesting geographic differences in prevalence have been described. One consistent feature has been the relative scarcity of men with PBC. In fact, published ratios of women to men range from 3:1 to as high as 22:1. Thus far, the only clinical difference reported between men and women with PBC is a putative higher risk of hepatocarcinoma in men. Previous serological studies have shown that about 95% of all patients possess antimitochondrial antibodies to members of the highly conserved 2-oxo-acid dehydrogenase family of proteins, namely pyruvate dehydrogenase complex E2 (PDC-E2), branched-chain 2-oxo-acid dehydrogenase complex E2 (BCOADC-E2), and 2-oxo glutarate dehydrogenase complex E2 (OGDC-E2). However, there has been no information as to whether there is a difference in serological response between men and women. Using the serological hallmark of antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs) and taking advantage of the availability of recombinant mitochondrial autoantigens, investigations were performed to determine if there were any serological differences between men and women with PBC. METHODS: Sera were collected from 88 patients with PBC, of whom 46 were men and 42 were women. Using a combination of immunoblotting and enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) against beef heart mitochondria (BHM), recombinant PDC-E2, BCOADC-E2, and OGDC-E2, we determined the relative autoantibody reactivities of our study population. RESULTS: Both men and women with PBC produced high titer antimitochondrial antibodies. The frequency of reactivity was similar in both groups and included, in descending order, PDC-E2, E3BP (Protein X), BCOADC-E2, and finally OGDC-E2. More importantly, antigenic specificity was nearly identical regardless of gender. CONCLUSIONS: AMAs are the serological hallmark of PBC in both men and women, and there is no significant difference in reactivity between the two groups of patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The use of a single serological marker underestimates the prevalence of celiac disease in Israel: a study of blood donors.

OBJECTIVES: Recent studies suggest that celiac disease was previously underdiagnosed. To find out whether antiendomysial antibodies underestimate the prevalence of celiac disease, we elected to use a strategy combining multiple serological markers to explore the prevalence of celiac disease in Israel and the usefulness of the various antibodies in screening for celiac disease. METHODS: Serum samples from 1571 healthy blood donors were tested. A small intestinal biopsy was offered to all patients who tested positive for either human tissue transglutaminase antibodies, an ELISA kit based on antiendomysium (EMA-ELISA), immunoglobulin A antigliadin verified by antiendomysial immunofluorescence antibodies, and to patients who were IgA deficient with elevated antigliadin IgG. RESULTS: A total of 59 subjects (3.8% of study population) were offered an intestinal biopsy based on serological findings, and 30 of 59 patients agreed to undergo intestinal biopsy (1.9% of study population). Celiac disease was diagnosed in 10 patients, establishing a prevalence of at least 1:157 in the general population (0.6%, CI = 0.3-1.1%). Using any serological marker alone would have underestimated the prevalence of celiac disease, as it was diagnosed in only two patients who tested positive for endomysial immunofluorescence antibodies (prevalence of 1:786, 0.1%, CI = 0.02-0.5%), six patients positive for tissue transglutaminase (prevalence of 1:262, 0.4%, CI = 0.1-0.9%), and seven patients positive for ELISA-EMA (prevalence of 1:224, 0.45%, CI = 0.2-0.9%). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of celiac disease in Israel is at least 1:157 in the general population, confirming its underdiagnosis in previous studies. The disparity between the various serological markers suggest that the use of one serological marker is insufficient for establishing the true prevalence of celiac disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

A single amino acid exchange shifts the serological reactivity of the novel HLA-B*4442 allele product from HLA-B44 to HLA-B21.

A novel HLA-B (human leukocyte antigen-B) allele, HLA-B*4442, was identified both in a Czech patient with leukaemia and in his mother. The presence of a novel allele was initially suspected because conflicting results were obtained by serological and DNA typing techniques. The HLA typing using the polymerase chain reaction-sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP) at the two-digit level indicated an allele belonging to the HLA-B*44 group, whereas serological typing indicated HLA-B21. Typing with PCR-sequence-specific oligonucleotides (PCR-SSO) resulted in a unique reaction pattern that could not be assigned to a known allele, PCR-SSP typing at the four-digit level did not match any known B*44 allele, either. The sequencing-based typing of the HLA-B locus then revealed the novel B*4442 allele that is identical with B*4405 except a single C-->G nucleotide exchange at position 572. This exchange results in an amino acid substitution from serine to tryptophan at position 167 of the expressed HLA-B protein. The B21 serological reactivity of the novel B*4442 allele product was confirmed by employing an additional serological panel of typing sera. Our findings support previous reports claiming that serine at the position 167 in the alpha-2 domain of the HLA-B protein is a major determinant of the HLA-B44(12) serological epitope.

Alleles↗
PubMed1999

A serological and clinical follow-up in horses with confirmed equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis.

For diagnosis of equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis (EGE) serological testing of antibodies to Ehrlichia equi is frequently used. An elevated antibody level is often misinterpreted as confirmative of active infection and results in treatment with antibiotics. If only seropositivity is considered as the diagnostic criterium, many horses showing convalescence titres will be treated. This study was undertaken to obtain information about the kinetics of antibodies during the course of infection and, for this purpose, 45 horses with clinical signs of EGE and confirmed ehrlichiaemia were monitored serologically and clinically over time. For a correct handling of cases with suspected EGE, the following results should be helpful: (i) 44% of the horses in the acute ehrlichiaemic stage were found to be serologically positive to E. equi; (ii) all horses showed a rapid increase in antibody titre, reaching maximum value within a month after the ehrlichiaemic stage; (iii) when 8 months had passed, titres had decreased, but 18 of 24 examined horses were still serologically positive; (iv) after 12-15 months most of the horses (n = 10) were serologically negative; and (v) the period required for complete clinical recovery varied from one day up to 6 months after antibiotic treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Symbiotic effectiveness of indigenous soybean bradyrhizobia as related to serological, morphological, rhizobitoxine, and hydrogenase phenotypes.

A Collection of 360 isolates of Bradyrhizobium japonicum was developed from soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill) nodules taken from 18 locations in Delaware. The isolates were characterized serologically with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, morphologically by colony type on yeast extract-mannitol agar, and for production of rhizobitoxine symptoms with soybean plants. These analyses revealed 12 and 3 groups based on serology and morphology, respectively. The more common identifiable isolates were in serogroups 94, 6, 122, and 76. Nearly 33% of the isolates were rated nonreactive with all of the antisera tested. Overall, 18% of the isolates produced rhizobitoxine symptoms, and these were associated with five known serogroups (31, 46, 76, 94, and 130) and the nonreactive grouping, but with only one colony type. A subsample of 92 isolates was rated for N(2)-fixing ability in the greenhouse and for hydrogenase phenotype in the laboratory. The nitrogen content of plant shoots was strongly and comparably related to both the serological and morphological groupings. Rhizobitoxine and hydrogenase phenotypes were relatively poor predictors of symbiotic effectiveness. Among the serologically reactive isolates, those in serogroups 38-115, 122, and 110 fixed the most N(2), whereas one colony type (that containing isolates producing rhizobitoxine) was clearly inferior to the remaining two morphological groupings. Isolates displaying hydrogenase activity (approximately 15% of the isolates tested) correlated with three serologically reactive groupings (serogroups 110 and 122 and a 122/123 cross-reactive group) and two colony types, none of which coincided with groupings containing bradyrhizobia rated positive for rhizobitoxine production.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1962

Serology of Bacterionema matruchotii.

Schmidt, Jean M. (State University of Iowa, Iowa City) and Robert L. Richardson. Serology of Bacterionema matruchotii. J. Bacteriol. 83:584-589. 1962.-Serological relationships of Bacterionema matruchotii were studied by means of the complement-fixation reaction. A common complement-fixing antigen was demonstrated in 37 strains of this organism. Serological relationships to species in the genera Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Actinomyces, and Corynebacterium were shown by means of reciprocal complement-fixation adsorption studies. The close serological relationships among strains of Bacterionema matruchotii, and the broad serological cross-reactions with several other genera, support the establishment of this new genus.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed1964

ANTIGENIC STRUCTURE OF THE ACTINOMYCETALES. VII. CHEMICAL AND SEROLOGICAL SIMILARITIES OF CELL WALLS FROM 100 ACTINOMYCETALES STRAINS.

Kwapinski, J. B. (The University of New England, Armidale, Australia). Antigenic structure of the Actinomycetales. VII. Chemical and serological similarities of cell walls from 100 Actinomycetales strains. J. Bacteriol. 88:1211-1219. 1964.-Cell walls prepared mechanically from 100 strains of Actinomycetales were studied by chromatographic and serological methods. The cell walls of Actinomyces were found to be serologically related to those of the corynebacteria and to some strains of mycobacteria and nocardiae. The cell walls of nocardiae appeared to be more closely related to those of the mycobacteria, Streptomyces, Micromonospora, and Waksmania. The cell walls of Micromonospora and Waksmania showed certain serological similarities to those of Thermoactinomyces and nocardiae. Micropolyspora was antigenically different from other species of the Actinomycetales. Three serological groups of mycobacteria and four groups of nocardiae were distinguished.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed1969

Immunological studies on dermatophytes. IV. Chemical structures and serological reactivities of polysaccharides from Microsporum praecox, Trichophyton ferrugineum, Trichophyton sabouraudii, and Trichophyton tonsurans.

The chemical structures and serological specificities of polysaccharides isolated from four species of dermatophytes, Microsporum praecox, Trichophyton ferrugineum, T. sabouraudii, and T. tonsurans, were investigated. Each of these species yielded a mixture of crude polysaccharides which could be separated into three water-soluble, neutral polysaccharides free of nitrogen. These were grouped as galactomannan I, galactomannan II, and glucan. The galactomannans I were quite similar in chemical structure. When measured by complement fixation, their serological cross-reactivities were similar with rabbit antisera to each of these species except T. sabouraudii. The differences in their relative reactivities with this antiserum could be correlated with differences in structure and specificity of this antiserum for galactofuranose end groups. The galactomannans II differed both in chemical structure and in their serological reactivities with antisera to each of these species. The galactomannan II from T. ferrugineum differed most in chemical structure and was the least reactive serologically. The glucans also differed in both structure and serological reactivities.

Antigens↗