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PubMed1991

Further studies on nasal sensation of airflow.

The effect of applying a eutectic mixture of local anaesthetics cream (EMLA) to the nasal vestibule, upon both nasal sensation of airflow and action of menthol was studied in 25 normal subjects. Anaesthesia of the vestibule was shown to decrease nasal sensation of airflow, p less than 0.001. The action of menthol in enhancing the sensation of nasal airflow was unchanged, p greater than 0.05. This shows that sensory nerve endings located within the nasal vestibule and mucosa, are likely to be important in conveying nasal sensation. This study expands basic scientific knowledge in this important clinical area. The site and nature of sensory nerve endings responsible and possible neurophysiological mechanisms involved are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

[Voice and vibration sensations in the speech forming organs: clinical and theoretical aspects of rare symptoms specific for schizophrenia].

When studying 750 psychiatric in-patients with psychoses of various diagnostic groups, the symptoms of voice sensations and vibration feelings could only be found among patients with paranoid schizophrenia. In addition, these symptoms were located exclusively in body areas that are involved in the peripheral motor production of voice and speech (areas of head, throat, thorax). In 11 of 15 such cases that could be identified, the sensations of voices and vibrations occurred simultaneously and in identical body parts; in the remaining 4 cases only voices without vibration sensations were reported. Therefore these symptoms can be considered as highly specific for schizophrenia. According to the terminology of Bleuler these two symptoms are because of their rareness to be taken as accessoric symptoms; according to the terminology of Kurt Schneider they have the value of first rank symptoms because of their highly diagnostic specifity for schizophrenia. The pathogenesis of these symptoms is on the one hand discussed under the perspective of language development and the changing function of language for behaviour control; on the other hand, the pathogenesis of these symptoms is discussed from the viewpoint of cybernetic, or neurophysiological-neuroanatomical foundation of speech production and speech control. Both models of explanation have in common that the ideational component of speech is noticed as acustic halluzinations and the motor proprioceptive part of speech is noticed as sensation of vibrations, both in a typically schiphrenic manner, i.e. dissociated and ego-alienated.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The prevalence of altered sensation associated with implant surgery.

Trauma to branches of the mandibular nerve may occur during oral surgical procedures and result in varying degrees of altered sensation. Since mandibular implant surgery involves mucoperiosteal flap elevation and bone removal during site preparation, complications involving altered sensation are to be expected. This study replicated a retrospective questionnaire study carried out in Toronto, Canada, and showed that the prevalence of altered sensation in implant patients in Adelaide, Australia (36%) was consistent with that found in Toronto (37%). These data reflect the incidence of altered sensation reported for similar oral surgical procedures and suggest that further characterization of this complication following mandibular implant surgery is necessary.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Quantitative assessment of cutaneous thermal and vibration sensation and thermal pain detection thresholds in healthy children and adolescents.

Quantitative sensory testing (QST) is a noninvasive, computer-assisted method for assessing function in peripheral small and large sensory fibers. In order to use QST for clinical neurological assessment in children, it is necessary: (1) to determine whether children can reliably perform these tests and (2) to characterize normal ranges in healthy children. Values of cold sensation, warm sensation, cold pain, heat pain, and vibration sensation detection thresholds were determined in the hand and foot with the method of limits (MLI) and method of levels (MLE) in 101 healthy children aged 6-17 years using a commercially available device. Both MLI and MLE were well-accepted by children, and there was good reproducibility between two sessions. The MLE takes longer to perform but produces lower thermal detection thresholds than the MLI. In the MLI, vibration and warm sensation showed higher thresholds in the foot than hand, whereas cold pain showed lower thresholds in the foot than hand. Based on these results, QST may be used to document and monitor the clinical course of sensory abnormalities in children with neurological disorders or neuropathic pain.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Effect of pulse repetition rate on the perception of thermal sensation with pulsed shortwave diathermy.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Pulsed shortwave diathermy (PSWD) is a form of therapy commonly used to enhance tissue repair and reduce pain. It is normally considered to be an athermal form of treatment; however, there is some evidence to suggest that thermal effects can arise with adequate dosage. The purpose of this study was to determine the pulse repetition rate (PRR) required to generate a 'possible' and 'definite' thermal sensation when PSWD was applied to the thigh. METHOD: Thirty healthy subjects were randomly assigned to placebo or treatment groups. The treatment group was exposed to PSWD at a constant setting of pulse duration (400 microseconds) and pulse power (190 W) while the PRR was increased from 26 Hz to 400 Hz in 10 increments. Each dose was applied for a period of two minutes. At the end of each application, subjects were asked if they felt a (1) 'possible' or (2) 'definite' thermal sensation. Skin temperature was measured immediately after each application. Placebo subjects were exposed to PSWD at its lowest settings throughout the experiment (pulse power = 5 W; pulse duration = 65 microseconds and PRR = 26 Hz). RESULTS: The results showed a significant correlation (p < 0.048) between PRR at 'definite' thermal sensation and skin temperature post-treatment and PRR at 'possible' thermal sensation (p < 0.001). Mean skin temperature increased significantly as PRR was increased, from 28.69 (+/- 0.75) degrees C pre-treatment to 31.14 (+/- 1.04) degrees C post-treatment, a mean difference of 2.34 degrees C. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that PSWD at adequate dosages can generate thermal effects, and that there is a relationship between these thermal effects and the PRR used. These results may have significant implications for the safe use of PSWD in the clinical arena.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Effects of alcohol, instructions, and consumption rate on affect and physiological sensations.

Sixty-four male normal drinkers participated in a study designed to assess the effects of alcohol, instructions that one has consumed alcohol, and rate of alcohol consumption on self-reports of affect and physiological sensations. Subjects were instructed that they would be consuming either an alcoholic or a nonalcoholic beverage, were actually administered either an alcoholic or a nonalcoholic beverage, and consumed their beverages at either a slow or rapid rate. The results showed that consumption of a moderate dose of alcohol induced positive affect and produced a variety of changes in physiological sensations. Instructions and consumption rate also selectively influenced some affects and sensations. These results suggest the need for controlling instructions and consumption rate in future research on alcohol's effects on affect and physiological sensations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Improving recognition of respiratory sensations in healthy adults.

In two discrimination training studies, we noted improvements in the ability of healthy individuals to discriminate between respiratory sensations. We trained individuals to discriminate between respiratory sensations elicited during inspiration in Experiment 1 and during expiration in Experiment 2. We elicited respiratory sensations by having participants breathe through circuits that differed in their resistance to air flow. Training, in both experiments, was conducted within the context of a task in which individuals judged which member of a series of respiratory circuit pairs was easier to breathe through. To improve the accuracy of judgments, we gave participants feedback of their performance, and we faded air flow resistance. The latter procedure consisted of presenting circuit pairs in order of increasing similarity. Individuals who received performance feedback with fading of air flow resistance demonstrated reliable improvements in discrimination from pre- to posttraining in both experiments, but controls, who received either performance feedback or practice in discrimination did not. These findings may contribute to improving awareness of respiratory sensations in asthma patients, and thereby bolster efforts to manage asthma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Anal sensation and the continence mechanism.

Thermal sensation is thought to be important in sensory discrimination between different substances. The aim of this study was to determine the thermal sensitivity in the anal canal in continent patients with hemorrhoids (N = 20), a group that has been reported to have a sensory deficit, and to compare the results with control subjects (N = 40) and patients with idiopathic fecal incontinence (IFI) (N = 22). Anal manometry was performed and sensation to mucosal electrostimulation and temperature change in the lower, middle, and upper zones of the anal canal assessed. Thermal sensation was impaired in the hemorrhoid group as compared with controls, but not to the same degree as in IFI (e.g., median thermal sensitivity in mid anal canal, control 0.9 degrees C, hemorrhoid 1.2 degrees C, IFI 2.0 degrees C, P less than .05 and less than .001, respectively). The correlation between the two tests of sensation was 0.54 (P less than .001) and the reproducibility of thermal sensory thresholds was 0.82 (P less than .001). In conclusion, patients with hemorrhoids have a mild anal sensory deficit, but continence in this group is likely to be augmented by other factors.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Inhibitory effect of capsaicin evoked trigeminal pain on warmth sensation and warmth evoked potentials.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of tonic pain evoked by topical application of capsaicin on the somatosensory sensation of warmth. The warmth pathways were studied in ten healthy subjects by recording the scalp potentials evoked by non-painful warm laser stimuli delivered on both the right and left perioral region (warmth C-fiber related laser-evoked potentials (C-LEPs)). Tonic pain was induced by topical capsaicin application above the lateral part of the right upper lip. The area of primary and secondary hyperalgesia were mapped. C-LEPs were obtained from 31 scalp electrodes before, during, and after capsaicin application. C-LEPs from the right perioral region were evoked by laser stimuli delivered to the area of secondary hyperalgesia during capsaicin application and on both the areas of primary and secondary hyperalgesia after capsaicin removal. While the lateralized N1/P1 component (around 185 ms of latency) was not affected by the capsaicin, the amplitudes of the later vertex C-LEPs (around 260 and 410 ms of latency for the N2a and P2 potentials, respectively) evoked from the secondary hyperalgesic area on the right side and from a symmetrical non-hyperalgesic area on the left perioral region were significantly decreased during capsaicin application and after capsaicin removal, as compared with the baseline recordings. At the same times, the rating of the laser-evoked warmth sensation was reduced significantly. This inhibitory effect can occur at brainstem level and is possibly due to: 1) trigemino-cortico-trigeminal circuits, similar to those mediating the classical diffuse noxious inhibitory control, or 2) an increased background activity of the capsaicin-insensitive A-fibers, which mediate the secondary hyperalgesia. Probably due to a peripheral inhibitory mechanism, neither reliable C-LEP components nor warmth sensation were evoked by laser pulses delivered to the primary hyperalgesic area. This is the first neurophysiological evidence in humans of an inhibitory effect of pain on warmth sensation.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Effects of repeated carbon dioxide-rich water bathing on core temperature, cutaneous blood flow and thermal sensation.

We examined the effects of repeated artificial CO(2) (1,000 ppm) bathing on tympanic temperature (T(ty)), cutaneous blood flow, and thermal sensation in six healthy males. Each subject was immersed in CO(2)-rich water at a temperature of 34 degrees C up to the level of the diaphragm for 20 min. The CO(2)-rich water was prepared using a multi-layered composite hollow-fiber membrane. The CO(2) bathing was performed consecutively for 5 days. As a control study, subjects bathed in fresh water at 34 degrees C under the same conditions. T(ty) was significantly lowered during CO(2) bathing (P < 0.05). Cutaneous blood flow in the immersed skin (right forearm) was significantly increased during CO(2) bathing compared with that during fresh-water bathing (P < 0.05), whereas cutaneous blood flow in the non-immersed skin (chest) was not different between CO(2) and fresh-water bathing. Subjects reported a "warm" sensation during the CO(2) bathing, whereas they reported a "neutral" sensation during the fresh-water bathing. The effects of the repeated CO(2) bathing were not obvious for core temperature and cutaneous blood flow, but the thermal sensation score during the CO(2) bathing was reduced sequentially by repeated CO(2) bathing (P < 0.05). These thermal effects of CO(2) bathing could be ascribed largely to the direct action of CO(2) on vascular smooth muscles and to the activity of thermoreceptors in the skin. Serial CO(2) bathing may influence the activity of thermoreceptors in the skin.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Thermal sensation and thermophysiological responses to metabolic step-changes.

This study investigated the effect on thermal perception and thermophysiological variables of controlled metabolic excursions of various intensities and durations. Twenty-four subjects were alternately seated on a chair or exercised by walking on a treadmill at a temperature predicted to be neutral at sedentary activity. In a second experimental series, subjects alternated between rest and exercise as well as between exercise at different intensities at two temperature levels. Measurements comprised skin and oesophageal temperatures, heart rate and subjective responses. Thermal sensation started to rise or decline immediately (within 1 min) after a change of activity, which means that even moderate activity changes of short duration affect thermal perceptions of humans. After approximately 15-20 min under constant activity, subjective thermal responses approximated the steady-state response. The sensitivity of thermal sensation to changes in core temperature was higher for activity down-steps than for up-steps. A model was proposed that estimates transient thermal sensation after metabolic step-changes. Based on predictions by the model, weighting factors were suggested to estimate a representative average metabolic rate with varying activity levels, e.g. for the prediction of thermal sensation by steady-state comfort models. The activity during the most recent 5 min should be weighted 65%, during the prior 10-5 min 25% and during the prior 20-10 min 10%.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Relationships between gastric accommodation and gastrointestinal sensations in healthy volunteers. A study using the barostat technique and two- and three-dimensional ultrasonography.

The origin of postprandial gastrointestinal sensations and their relation to gastric accommodation remain unclear. Our aim was to investigate the relation between antral and fundal accommodation and sensations. (A) In eight healthy volunteers fundus accommodation was measured using a barostat after a 200-ml (300-kcal) liquid nutrient. Antral area (AA) was measured using ultrasound. Data on bag volumes, AA, and sensations were assessed. (B) In another eight healthy volunteers gastric volume was measured after a 500-ml (300-kcal) liquid nutrient using 2-D/3-D ultrasound. Sensations were scored using VAS. Distal and proximal volumes were calculated from 3-D datasets. (A) Fullness was correlated with AA (r = 0.48, P = 0.002). Fullness and bag volume were not correlated. (B) Fullness was correlated with AA (r = 0.77, P < 0.001) and distal volume (r = 0.75, P < 0.001). Proximal volume was not correlated with fullness (r = 0.10, P = NS). We conclude that fullness is related to antral volume and area rather than proximal volume. The gastric antrum may play a key role in normal appetite regulation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Comparison between male and female subjective estimates of thermal effects and sensations.

Thirty-one male subjects aged between 18 and 40 years and 15 female subjects aged between 18 and 24 years were used to compare male and female subjective estimates of the effect of heat on thermal sensation, drowsiness, boredom and fatigue. The subjects were exposed to climatic conditions between 74 degrees and 110 degrees F (23.3 degrees and 43.3 degrees C) Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) while performing perceptual-motor tasks. Linear regression equations relating thermal sensation and ambient temperature were developed. These equations showed that the preferred temperature for males (71.6 degrees F (22 degrees C) WBGT) is significantly lower than that for females (77.1 degrees F (25 degrees C) WBGT). Females tend to feel more uncomfortable than males at both high and low temperature extremes. The subjective responses of thermal sensation take the same pattern as the subjective estimates of physiological responses to heat. Subjective estimates of thermal sensation in the heat relate directly to actual changes occurring in body temperature and heart rate. The subjective estimates by both males and females of drowsiness, boredom and fatigue form inverted U-curves when plotted against increasing temperature. The peaks of the inverted U or arousal curves for the two groups occur at 90 degrees F (32.2 degrees C) WBGT. The females reported higher levels of both drowsiness and boredom than the males at all temperatures, and the males reported higher fatigue than the females at the upper temperature levels.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Sensate and insensate in-shoe plantar pressures.

In the individual with loss of protective sensation, the presence of high plantar pressures has been considered a risk factor for the development of plantar ulceration. Previous studies of insensate plantar pressures have measured a limited number of isolated, barefoot steps in a laboratory setting. Such isolated snapshots of barefoot plantar pressures do not give us insight into possible step-to-step variations or what plantar pressures occur when wearing shoes. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively examine and compare in-shoe plantar pressures during continuous walking by normal sensate and diabetic insensate subjects. A portable, insole data-acquisition system was used for pressure measurement during 4 minutes of normal continuous walking. Seven pressure sensors were placed in each insole under posterior and anterior heels, the metatarsal heads, and hallux. Twelve sensate and five insensate subjects were studied. We found that the insensate group had higher plantar pressures under posterior and anterior heels and the first metatarsals compared with the sensate group. From the study of the coefficients of variation, we demonstrated a larger step-to-step variation in plantar pressures for the insensate during continuous walking, suggesting the need for caution in interpreting the data from isolated force plate steps when studying insensate individuals.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Restrained eaters are rapidly habituating sensation seekers.

Several authors have pointed to similarities between eating disorders and addictive behaviors. In earlier studies, addicts were found to score high on the Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS) and to habituate rapidly to neutral stimuli. In this study, we found experimental support for an addiction model of eating disorders: restrained eaters also scored significantly higher on the Sensation Seeking Scale and also habituated significantly quicker to a series of neutral stimuli than unrestrained eaters. No clear evidence was found for the hypothesis that restrained eaters score lower on measurements of anxiety. It is hypothesized that rapid habituation promotes sensation seeking, which may be manifested in excessive consumption of either drugs or food. Restraint may be a strategy to prevent negative consequences of sensation seeking and excessive consumption. The model is related to earlier experimental findings.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Relationships between catastrophic cognitions and body sensations in anxiety disordered, mixed diagnosis, and normal subjects.

Clark's (Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 461-470, 1986) cognitive model proposes that panic attacks result from the catastrophic misinterpretation of certain body sensations. The present study examined correlations between feared body sensations and catastrophic cognitions. It was hypothesized that regardless of diagnostic status meaningful correlations between sensations and cognitions would be obtained. Three groups--anxiety disordered patients (n = 33), nonanxiety disordered patients (n = 57), and normals (n = 60)--completed the Agoraphobic Cognitions Questionnaire and the Body Sensations Questionnaire. Results generally supported the hypothesis and the cognitive model of panic and anxiety. Limitations of the correlational methodology are discussed, and treatment implications are noted.

Agoraphobia↗
PubMed1990

Waning of panic sensations during prolonged hyperventilation.

Recent theories about panic emphasize that a hyperventilatory positive feedback loop is involved in panic: catastrophic misinterpretation of bodily sensations may trigger anxiety, anxiety may stimulate hyperventilation, hyperventilation may promote the salience of feared sensations etc. Such models leave unexplained how and when panics come to an end. It was hypothesised that panic with hyperventilation may end because pronounced hyperventilation becomes, in the course of time, less powerful in generating perceivable bodily sensations. Twenty healthy subjects hyperventilated forcefully and experienced clear panic symptoms as defined by DSM IIIR. When pCO2 was kept 55% below base line for 90 min, panic symptoms waned. The mean intensity of the symptoms declined as did the number of symptoms occurring. No panic symptoms were observed in the control group (n = 20) who ventilated normally. In so far as hyperventilation is involved in the positive feedback loops that characterize panic, panic attacks may be time-limited because sensations induced by hyperventilation become less salient even if massive hyperventilation continues. As to the explanation of the reported phenomenon, it is suggested that, apart from habituation, local physiological changes due to prolonged hyperventilation may produce a decrease in interoceptive input.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Masseter inhibitory periods and sensations upon electrical tooth-pulp stimulation in children and adults.

Sensations and masseter inhibitory periods (MIP) evoked by electrical tooth-pulp stimulation were recorded in 5 adults and 10 children. In the adult group there was always a sensation and it was usually associated with a two-phase MIP, with an early and a late component. Sensory detection in teeth with partially formed roots in the younger children (7-9 years old) was markedly reduced, and the MIP was mostly monophasic with a predominantly early component. In the older children with fully formed roots (10-12 years old) sensations did not differ from those in the adults, but the late MIP component occurred in significantly fewer trials (P less than 0.01). It is concluded that response to electrical tooth-pulp stimulation develops in the following stages: (1) early, oligosynaptic MIP, (2) sensation, and (3) the late, polysynaptic component of the MIP.

Adult↗