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At least 415 records · Page 23Linked to original sources
PubMed1977

Role played by the adenylcyclase-cAMP system of the rat septal area on Na+, K+ and water renal excretion.

In this study, the participation of the adenylcyclase--cAMP system of the rat septal area in the mediation of the natriuretic, kaliuretic and diuretic effects of noradrenaline (NA) was investigated. The intraseptal injection of 20 nmol of NA caused a significant increase in the urinary excretion of Na+ and K+ as well as in the urinary volume during the 2 hr period following the intracerebral injection which was blocked by 40 nmol of phentolamine, locally injected, 30 min before the catecholamine. In contrast, pretreatment with propranolol (100 nmol) potentiated the effects of NA on salt and water renal excretion. The intraseptal injection of 3.12 to 50 nmol of dibutryrl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (db cAMP) caused dose-dependent increase in natriuresis and kaliuresis, but a decrease in urinary volume. Under the same experimental conditions, caffeine administration (6.25 to 100 nmol) also induced dose-dependent increases in Na+ and K+ urinary output. These results indicate that the saluretic effect of NA may be mediated by an alpha receptor-induced activation of the adenylcyclase--cAMP system in the septal area.

Adenylyl Cyclases↗
PubMed1978

Metrazol-induced petit mal: the role played by monoaminergic mechanisms and striatum.

Gradually accumulating subconvulsive doses of metrazol give rise to behavioral and electrographic effects close to petit mal epilepsy: slow negative waves and spike-wave complexes on EEG, frozen and myoclonic jerks. Intensification of monoaminergic transmission with apomorphine, DOPA or 5-hydroxytryptophan attenuates, but inhibition (chlorpromazine, haloperidol and p-chlorphenylalanine), on the contrary, increases the subconvulsive effect of the metrazol. Low frequency stimulation of the striatum potentiates, and lesion limits expressiveness of metrazol-induced petit mal. Bilateral electrolytic lesion of the striatum eliminates apomorphine, DOPA and haloperidol action, but slight changes the effects of chlorpromazine, 5-hydroxytryptophan and p-chlorphenylalanine.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Thalamic neuron theory: theoretical basis for the role played by the central nervous system (CNS) in the causes and cures of all diseases.

The Thalamic Neuron Theory (TNT) postulates that the central nervous system (CNS) is involved in all disease processes, as the CNS not only processes incoming physical and chemical information from the periphery, it also sends out physiological commands to the periphery in order to maintain homeostasis for the entire body. Inherent in its capacity to learn and adapt (i.e. to habituate) is the CNS' ability to learn to be sick (pathological habituation) by looking in certain deranged central neural circuitries, leading to chronic disease states. These pathologically habituated states can be reversed by dehabituation through manipulation or modulation of the abnormal neural circuits by physical means (physical neuromodulation) like acupuncture, or chemical means (chemoneuromodulation) such as Chinese medicine, homeopathy or other modern medical techniques in a repetitious manner to mimic the habituation process. Chemoneuromodulation can also be achieved by delivery of minute amounts of pharmacological agents to specific sites in the periphery such as the acupuncture loci. It is hypothesized that humoral and neurotrophic factors and cytokines could be highly effective neuromodulating agents. TNT assumes the blue print for embryological development is embodied in the phylogenetically ancient part of the brain. This primordial master plan, organized in the form of a homunculus, possibly encased in a small nucleus, retains control over the subsequently evolved parts of the brain so that the entire CNS functions like a composite homunculus which controls the physiological functions of the entire body. TNT further postulates that the master homunculus takes the shape of a curled up embryo with its large head buried close to its pelvic region, with its large feet and hands crossed over to the contralateral sides. Neuronal clusters along a neuronal chain in the homunculus represent acupuncture points in the periphery. The neuronal chain itself represents a meridian and Chi is nothing more than the phenomenon of neurotransmissions. Certain new theoretical concepts such as the principles of Adynamic Stat and Bilaterality are also presented. Many difficult to explain clinical observations in modern medicine, Chinese herbal medicine, acupuncture and homeopathy can now be adequately explained using TNT. Based on this model, new therapeutic techniques can be launched to combat a whole host of intractable diseases.

Central Nervous System↗
PubMed2005

The role played by the right hemisphere in the organization of complex textual structures.

Eleven patients with right hemisphere damage (RHD), 11 left hemisphere damaged (LHD) nonaphasic subjects, and 11 neurologically intact controls were given three story description tasks. The two brain-damaged groups had no language, visuospatial, memory, or conceptual deficits on standardized neuropsychological testing. In the first experiment, the subjects were asked to retell previously read stories. In the second they had to tell stories which were depicted in cartoon-like fashion. In the third experiment, the story content was also depicted but pictures were given unordered so that the participants had first to arrange them in a plausible sequence. The elicited narratives were analyzed with a method which allowed examining within-sentence (lexical selection and syntactic complexity) and between-sentence (cohesion and coherence) processing abilities of the three groups. In the first experiment all groups performed quite well on both within- and between-sentence measures. In the two picture description tasks, however, the performances of the right hemisphere damaged subjects were poorer than those of normal controls when examined in terms of information content or coherent and cohesive aspects of narrative production. These findings agree with the hypothesis that RHD subjects are impaired in deriving from visual information the mental model of a story. They also indicate that clinical methods for analyzing structural aspects of discourse are suitable to identify these symptoms.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Hepatocyte growth factor plays roles in the induction and autocrine maintenance of bone marrow stromal cell IL-11, SDF-1 alpha, and stem cell factor.

OBJECTIVE: Bone marrow (BM) stroma provides the microenvironment required for long-term hematopoiesis, and this is supported by direct interaction between stromal cells and hematopoietic cells, mediated by adhesion molecules, and through cytokine releases from the BM stroma. In a previous study, we demonstrated that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is one of the cytokines constitutively produced from BM stromal cells, promoting hematopoiesis mainly in an indirect way. We also showed that stromal cells themselves express HGF receptor c-MET. It was therefore postulated that HGF exerts its effect on hematopoiesis and maintenance of the hematopoietic microenvironment in a paracrine and autocrine manner. METHODS: The effect of HGF on stromal cells was analyzed by neutralizing intrinsic HGF. RESULTS: Addition of neutralizing anti-HGF antibody inhibited the ability of BM stromal cells to support colony formation from CD34(+) cells and reduced production of significant cytokines from stromal cells, interleukin-11 (IL-11), stromal cell-derived factor-1 alpha (SDF-1 alpha), and to a lesser extent, stem cell factor (SCF). Furthermore, this neutralizing antibody reduced proliferation of stromal cells and inhibited adhesion of stromal cells to collagen type IV and fibronectin. Inhibition of adhesion to fibronectin was mediated by inhibition of alpha(5)beta(1)-integrin. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that HGF constitutively produced from BM stromal cells is an autocrine regulator, which is able to maintain the hematopoietic microenvironment through stimulating proliferation and adhesion to the extracellular matrix and promoting hematopoiesis through inducing constitutive production of IL-11, SDF-1 alpha, and SCF by stromal cells themselves.

Autocrine Communication↗
PubMed2005

The asthma and obesity epidemics: the role played by the built environment--a public health perspective.

Obesity and asthma have reached epidemic proportions in the United States. The reasons for these epidemics are complex, and the solutions to address them are many. This article explores the epidemics, their causes and consequences, associations and relationships, an expansion of the definition of the environment, and current national initiatives that address the components of the built and social environments that promote obesity and precipitate asthma.

Asthma↗
PubMed2005

Possible role played by R1 protein in starch accumulation in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seedlings under phosphate deficiency.

The effect of phosphate (Pi) deficiency on starch accumulation was studied in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). After 3 weeks of Pi deprivation total Pi concentration in root and shoot was reduced by 68% and 42%, respectively; however, only shoot growth was affected. In leaves, Pi deprivation induced glucose, fructose and starch accumulation. Pi deficiency did not affect starch synthesis, but it reduced its mobilization during the dark period. At the same time, starch produced by Pi deficient plants have fewer Pi bound and was also less susceptible to beta-amylase hydrolysis. R1 protein is the protein responsible of phosphorylating C3 and C6 glucosyl residues of the polyglucan, increasing the hydration capacity and the interaction with amylolytic enzymes. Pi deprivation did not change the amount of R1 protein detected in total extracts but decreased its association with starch granules.

Phaseolus↗
PubMed2005

Inflammation-associated immune suppression in cancer: the roles played by cytokines, chemokines and additional mediators.

Chronic inflammation and presence of inflammatory cells, primarily macrophages, at tumor sites are highly associated with specific malignancies. In these cases, the inflammatory milieu is overloaded with mediators that suppress immune activities at many levels: recognition of tumor-associated antigens, activation, the actual cytolysis of tumor cells and more. Local suppression of leukocyte functions at the inflammatory tumor site further contributes to profound immunosuppression of potential anti-tumor immune functions. The present review discusses the inflammatory setup in tumors and the factors inducing the presence of detrimental inflammatory macrophages at tumor sites. Moreover, the different mediators that contribute to inflammation-associated immune suppression, including primarily cytokines and chemokines but also prostaglandins and oxidants, are described. Bearing in mind the notion that under specific conditions the inflammatory mediators clearly contribute to malignancy, while in others they may exert surveillance missions against tumor cells, the potential therapeutic value of the inflammatory components is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The role played by environmental factors in the integration of a transfer station in a municipal solid waste management system.

Transfer stations are an integral part of present-day municipal solid waste management systems. The main criteria used to decide on the location of a transfer station has traditionally been the minimization of transport costs, since it is cheaper to transport great amounts of waste over long distances in large loads than in small ones. In this study, we are going to consider the environmental factor in order to compare the feasibility of using a transfer station integrated within a waste management system. Applying the Life Cycle Assessment technique will enable us to obtain an objective parameter that quantifies the environmental impact of transportation and of operating a transfer station. Taking the current rates of solid wastes generation in the Plana region of Castellón (Spain) as our starting point, in this study we compare the environmental costs involved in the process of taking municipal wastes directly to the nearest waste treatment facility, with those involved in a waste management system integrating a transfer station. Comparing these two cases, an average reduction of 16.8% in the environmental impact can be obtained when a transfer station is incorporated in the waste management system.

Environment↗
PubMed1986

Role played by oxygen in myocardial protection with crystalloid cardioplegic solution.

To evaluate the importance of the oxygen dissolved in crystalloid cardioplegic solution, the protective effects of oxygenated glucose-insulin-potassium cardioplegic solution (O2-GIK) (oxygen tension greater than 600 mm Hg) on the isolated working guinea pig heart were compared with those of deoxygenated (N2-GIK) (oxygen tension less than 10 mm Hg) and aerated GIK solution (GIK) (oxygen tension = 140 to 160 mm Hg). Hearts were subjected to 180 minutes of ischemia with intermittent infusions (every 30 minutes) of cold cardioplegic solution, followed by 30 minutes of normothermic reperfusion. The O2-GIK solution tended to maintain high-energy phosphates at higher levels during ischemia, and resulted in the best recovery of cardiac function. Though not as effective as O2-GIK, GIK solution produced protective effects; N2-GIK solution failed to exert such effects. These results strongly suggest that the protective effects of crystalloid cardioplegic solution are due primarily to the oxygen dissolved in it; anaerobic metabolism or washout of the metabolites plays a minor part.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Mechanism generating endocochlear potential: role played by intermediate cells in stria vascularis.

The endocochlear DC potential (EP) is generated by the stria vascularis, and essential for the normal function of hair cells. Intermediate cells are melanocytes in the stria vascularis. To examine the contribution of the membrane potential of intermediate cells (E(m)) to the EP, a comparison was made between the effects of K(+) channel blockers on the E(m) and those on the EP. The E(m) of dissociated guinea pig intermediate cells was measured in the zero-current clamp mode of the whole-cell patch clamp configuration. The E(m) changed by 55.1 mV per 10-fold changes in extracellular K(+) concentration. Ba(2+), Cs(+), and quinine depressed the E(m) in a dose-dependent manner, whereas tetraethylammonium at 30 mM and 4-aminopyridine at 10 mM had no effect. The reduction of the E(m) by Ba(2+) and Cs(+) was enhanced by lowering the extracellular K(+) concentration from 3.6 mM to 1.2 mM. To examine the effect of the K(+) channel blockers on the EP, the EP of guinea pigs was maintained by vascular perfusion, and K(+) channel blockers were administered to the artificial blood. Ba(2+), Cs(+) and quinine depressed the EP in a dose-dependent manner, whereas tetraethylammonium at 30 mM and 4-aminopyridine at 10 mM did not change the EP. A 10-fold increase in the K(+) concentration in the artificial blood caused a minor decrease in the EP of only 10.6 mV. The changes in the EP were similar to those seen in the E(m) obtained at the lower extracellular K(+) concentration of 1.2 mM. On the basis of these results, we propose that the EP is critically dependent on the voltage jump across the plasma membrane of intermediate cells, and that K(+) concentration in the intercellular space in the stria vascularis may be actively controlled at a concentration lower than the plasma level.

4-Aminopyridine↗