Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Reward”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 415 records · Page 23Linked to original sources
PubMed1975

Influence of locus of control on interpersonal attraction and affective reactions in situations involving reward and punishment.

Ninety-six subjects with either high or low I-E Scale scores participated in individual discussions with an experimental who either (a) rewarded and then punished, (b) punished and then rewarded, or (c) gave no evaluative feedback after the subject's responses. Because previous research has suggested that internally controlled subjects attend primarily to rewards while externally controlled subjects attend primarily to punishments, it was hypothesized (a) that the internally controlled subjects, as compared to externally controlled subjects, would be more attracted to the experimenter in the conditions involving rewards and punishments regardless of the sequencing and (b) that the reverse would be true in the nonevaluative control condition. The prediction was consistently supported and subjects' feelings of anger and anxiety during the discussions generally complemented the attention and attraction hypotheses. The results indicate that individual differences influence attraction in situations involving rewards and punishments and they offer a prescription for developing interpersonal attraction and minimizing anger: Offer rewards to internally controlled persons and remain neutral with externally controlled persons.

Affect↗
PubMed2000

Multiple reward signals in the brain.

The fundamental biological importance of rewards has created an increasing interest in the neuronal processing of reward information. The suggestion that the mechanisms underlying drug addiction might involve natural reward systems has also stimulated interest. This article focuses on recent neurophysiological studies in primates that have revealed that neurons in a limited number of brain structures carry specific signals about past and future rewards. This research provides the first step towards an understanding of how rewards influence behaviour before they are received and how the brain might use reward information to control learning and goal-directed behaviour.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Marijuana and cannabinoid regulation of brain reward circuits.

The reward circuitry of the brain consists of neurons that synaptically connect a wide variety of nuclei. Of these brain regions, the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the nucleus accumbens (NAc) play central roles in the processing of rewarding environmental stimuli and in drug addiction. The psychoactive properties of marijuana are mediated by the active constituent, Delta(9)-THC, interacting primarily with CB1 cannabinoid receptors in a large number of brain areas. However, it is the activation of these receptors located within the central brain reward circuits that is thought to play an important role in sustaining the self-administration of marijuana in humans, and in mediating the anxiolytic and pleasurable effects of the drug. Here we describe the cellular circuitry of the VTA and the NAc, define the sites within these areas at which cannabinoids alter synaptic processes, and discuss the relevance of these actions to the regulation of reinforcement and reward. In addition, we compare the effects of Delta(9)-THC with those of other commonly abused drugs on these reward circuits, and we discuss the roles that endogenous cannabinoids may play within these brain pathways, and their possible involvement in regulating ongoing brain function, independently of marijuana consumption. We conclude that, whereas Delta(9)-THC alters the activity of these central reward pathways in a manner that is consistent with other abused drugs, the cellular mechanism through which this occurs is likely different, relying upon the combined regulation of several afferent pathways to the VTA.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The novel dopamine D3 receptor antagonist NGB 2904 inhibits cocaine's rewarding effects and cocaine-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior in rats.

Accumulating evidence indicates that dopamine (DA) D(3) receptor antagonists appear highly promising in attenuating cocaine reward and relapse in preclinical models of addiction. In the present study, we investigated the effects of the novel D(3)-selective antagonist NGB 2904 (N-(4-[4-{2,3-dichlorophenyl}-1-piperazinyl]butyl)-3-fluorenylcarboxamide) on cocaine self-administration, cocaine-enhanced brain stimulation reward (BSR), and cocaine-triggered reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior in male Long-Evans rats. We found that: (1) acute intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of NGB 2904 (0.1-10 mg/kg) failed to alter cocaine self-administration (0.5 mg/kg/infusion) under fixed-ratio 2 (FR2) reinforcement, but 1 or 5 mg/kg NGB 2904 significantly lowered the break-point for cocaine self-administration under progressive-ratio (PR) reinforcement; (2) cocaine (1, 2, and 10 mg/kg) significantly enhanced electrical BSR (decreased brain reward thresholds), while NGB 2904 significantly inhibited the enhancement of BSR elicited by 2 mg/kg, but not 10 mg/kg of cocaine; (3) NGB 2904 alone neither maintained self-administration behavior nor altered brain reward thresholds; and (4) NGB 2904 significantly inhibited cocaine-triggered reinstatement of extinguished drug-seeking behavior, but not sucrose-plus-sucrose-cue-triggered reinstatement of sucrose-seeking behavior. Overall, these data show that the novel D(3)-selective antagonist NGB 2904 attenuates cocaine's rewarding effects as assessed by PR self-administration, BSR, and cocaine-triggered reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior. Owing to these properties and to its lack of rewarding effects (as assessed by BSR and by substitution during drug self-administration), NGB 2904 merits further investigation as a potential agent for treatment of cocaine addiction.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Direct evidence of astrocytic modulation in the development of rewarding effects induced by drugs of abuse.

Long-term exposure to pyschostimulants and opioids induced neuronal plasticity. Accumulating evidence suggests that astrocytes actively participate in synaptic plasticity. We show here that a glial modulator propentofylline (PPF) dramatically diminished the activation of astrocytes induced by drugs of abuse, such as methamphetamine (METH) and morphine (MRP). In vivo treatment with PPF also suppressed both METH- and MRP-induced rewarding effects. On the other hand, intra-nucleus accumbens (N.Acc.) administration of astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM) aggravated the development of rewarding effects induced by METH and MRP via the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (Jak/STAT) pathway, which modulates astrogliosis and/or astrogliogenesis. Furthermore, ACM, but not METH itself, clearly induced the differentiation of multipotent neuronal stem cells into glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes, and this effect was reversed by cotreatment with the Jak/STAT inhibitor AG490. Intra-cingulate cortex (CG) administration of ACM also enhanced the rewarding effect induced by METH and MRP. In contrast to ACM, intra-N.Acc. administration of microglia-conditioned medium failed to affect the rewarding effects of METH and MRP in mice. These findings suggest that astrocyte-, but not microglia-, related soluble factors could amplify the development of rewarding effect of METH and MRP in the N.Acc. and CG. The present study provides direct evidence that astrocytes may, at least in part, contribute to the synaptic plasticity induced by drugs of abuse during the development of rewarding effects induced by psychostimulants and opioids.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

The rat nucleus accumbens is involved in guiding of instrumental responses by stimuli predicting reward magnitude.

The present study examined the involvement of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolpropionate/kainate (AMPA/KA) and dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens (ACB) in influencing reaction times of instrumental responses by the expectancy of reward. A simple reaction time task demanding conditioned lever release was used in which the upcoming reward magnitude was signalled in advance by discriminative cues. After training, in control rats with vehicle infusions (0.5 micro L) into the ACB, reaction times of responses were significantly shorter to the discriminative cue predictive of high reward magnitude. Indirect stimulation of dopamine receptors in the ACB by d-amphetamine (20 micro g/0.5 micro L) decreased reaction times, impaired their guidance by cue-associated reward magnitudes and reduced the accuracy of task performance. Blockade of AMPA/KA receptors in the ACB by 6-cyano-7-nitroquino-xaline-2,3-dione (0.75 and 2.5 micro g/0.5 micro L) or NMDA receptors by d(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (5 micro g/0.5 micro L) produced a general increase in reaction times, but left guidance of reaction times by cue-associated reward magnitudes unaffected. Thus, stimulation of intra-ACB ionotropic glutamate receptors is critically involved in modulating the speed of instrumental responding to cues predictive for reward magnitude, but is not required for intact performance of previously learned instrumental behaviour.

6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione↗
PubMed1996

The relationship between recognition, rewards and burnout in AIDS caring.

The positive psychological and sociological dimensions of AIDS care provision may produce important information to assist burnout prevention. While most studies on stress and burnout in AIDS health care have focused on the negative and difficult aspects of this work, few have considered the notion that the rewards of care-giving may buffer against stress or counterbalance experiences that may otherwise lead to burnout. A study of HIV/AIDS volunteers examined the relationship between stressors, rewards and burnout, using the HIV Volunteer Inventory and the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Correlation data indicates that a lack of a sense of personal accomplishment is a contributor to frequency of burnout. Over a fifth of the variance of burnout frequency can be accounted for by both stress and reward factors. Qualitative interview data also support the importance of rewards. Rewards in the form of gratitude from clients and recognition and support from management positively influenced the organizational climate. This study points to the need to find ways to increase the recognition and rewards experienced by carers. The potential benefits include reduced attrition and burnout and enhanced quality of life in the work setting.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

Instructed delay activity in the human prefrontal cortex is modulated by monetary reward expectation.

Goal-directed actions are executed with greater efficiency when the goals of the actions are rewarded and so the reward expectation must influence systems concerned with action-planning and motor control. However, little is known about how this influence is achieved in primates. Here, we demonstrate in human subjects that manual performance is enhanced when the goals of the visually cued actions are monetary rewards. We also used event-related fMRI in the same subjects to localize neural activity related to action preparation and selection that was influenced by the reward. We found three areas with significant interaction between reward and preparation: the prestriate visual cortex, the premotor cortex and the lateral prefrontal cortex. The latter two areas appear to be frontal systems integrating the expectation of rewards with selection and preparation of actions.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

Contrasting effects of reward expectation on sensory and motor memories in primate prefrontal neurons.

The value of reward obtained with successful behavior is important for guiding purposeful behavior. The lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) has been implicated in working memory that guides goal-directed behavior. However, mechanism that integrates the reward value into the working memory for goal-directed behavior is not understood. To help clarify this issue, we examined the effect of reward expectation on the neuronal process in the LPFC associated with memory-based sensorimotor processing. By temporally dissociating visuospatial sensory and saccade-directional motor memories in the LPFC, we here show that reward expectation significantly enhanced the directional selectivity of sensory working memory but did not affect the directional selectivity of motor memory. The enhancement of sensory working memory in the neuronal population was sustained during the delay but extinguished soon after the motor memory appeared. These results suggest that the expectation of high reward value primarily affects the sensory working memory that may be used for behavioral guidance rather than preparation for forthcoming saccades. It thus appears that the LPFC is a neuronal substrate for working memory used to guide a reward-oriented behavior, rather than reflecting an efficient control of motor action in motivated states.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Change in the centrality of women's multiple roles: effects of role stress and rewards.

OBJECTIVES: To examine (a) change versus stability over one year in four social roles occupied by 182 midlife women (parent care provider, mother, wife and employee), (b) increases in role stress and increases in role rewards as predictors of change in centrality, and (c) whether increases in stress or increases in rewards were stronger predictors when the 2 were considered simultaneously. METHOD: Interviews were conducted at 2 time points approximately 1 year apart. Participants were asked to rate the personal importance of each role on a scale of 1 to 10. Stress and rewards in each role were also assessed. RESULTS: Analyses revealed considerable change in role centrality, especially in the parent-care and employee roles. Increases in wife and employee stress were associated with decreases in the centrality of these roles, whereas increases in rewards in each of the four roles were related to increases in the centrality of the respective roles. When considered simultaneously, role rewards were stronger predictors of change in centrality than role stress. DISCUSSION: These findings suggest that the centrality of a social role can change over time in response to stressful and rewarding role experiences.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Reduced reward processing in the brains of Parkinsonian patients.

Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in healthy controls and non-demented, non-depressed Parkinsonian patients was measured using H2(15)O PET while subjects performed a prelearned pattern recognition task with delayed response. To investigate differences between the two groups in response to reward, the experimental design consisted of three reinforcement conditions: no reinforcement consisting of nonsense feedback, positive symbolic reinforcement and monetary reward. In the controls, monetary reward activated bilaterally the striatum and anterior cingulate gyrus, as well as unilaterally the left cerebellum, midbrain and medial frontal gyrus. Symbolic reinforcement revealed a similar pattern of activation, except that the striatum and left midbrain showed no activation. The Parkinsonian patients responded to monetary reward with increased activation bilaterally in the cerebellum, medial frontal gyrus, and anterior cingulate gyrus as well as unilaterally in the right fusiform gyrus and midbrain and left caudate nucleus and precentral gyrus. Symbolic reinforcement induced significantly increased rCBF in the right cerebellum only. Compared with symbolic reinforcement, monetary reward produced extended activation of temporoparietal association cortex. The pattern observed in the controls demonstrates the role in reward processing of dopaminergic mesolimbic pathways in the healthy human brain, whereas the pattern in the Parkinsonian patients suggests the involvement of compensatory cortical loops in the diseased brain.

Arousal↗
PubMed2004

Different representation of forthcoming reward in nucleus accumbens and medial prefrontal cortex.

We recorded single units in the rat nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) to investigate activity related to reward mediation and anticipation during execution of an alternating reward task. NAcc and mPFC neurons showed increased activity differently during an interposed delay preceding reward delivery. Some NAcc neurons increased their activity specifically during the delay period before reward presentation, discriminating forthcoming food or water presentation. A subset of neurons in the mPFC similarly discriminated between food and water reward during the delay; however, about half did not discriminate reward qualities. These results show that the NAcc and the mPFC contribute differently to the organization and execution of goal-directed behavior.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2004

Heightened heart rate response to alcohol intoxication is associated with a reward-seeking personality profile.

BACKGROUND: The psychomotor stimulant theory of addiction posits that sensitivity to the positively rewarding properties of alcohol puts certain individuals at higher risk for alcohol abuse. A valid and reliable index of overactivation in the reward system has been a heightened baseline heart rate (HR) increase on the ascending limb of the blood alcohol curve. The main goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between this HR response and a questionnaire measuring sensitivity to reward and sensitivity to punishment. Additional goals included looking at (1). the association between a high HR response and various personality traits (hopelessness/introversion, anxiety sensitivity, impulsivity, and sensation-seeking) and (2). the relationship between these personality traits and stimulant use. METHODS: A total of 18 low- and 19 high-HR responders completed the Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire (SPSRQ), the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale (SURPS), and a modified version of the Addiction Severity Index. RESULTS: High-HR responders obtained significantly higher scores than low-HR responders on the sensitivity to reward scale of the SPSRQ, as well as increased sensation-seeking scores on the SURPS. High-HR responders were not at significantly higher risk of having used stimulants, but stimulant use was associated with higher impulsivity scores on the SURPS. CONCLUSIONS: Novelty/sensation-seeking is among the personality traits that have been linked to heavy alcohol use. This study suggests that reward sensitivity might mediate the relationship between this personality profile and drinking behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Effects of information and reward on stimulus-preceding negativity prior to feedback stimuli.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of informational and motivational level of feedback stimuli on the stimulus-preceding negativity (SPN). In the time estimation task, in which a visual stimulus was presented 3 s after a voluntary movement, (a) the information level (high information and low information) and (b) the motivation level (reward and no-reward) for feedback stimuli were manipulated. Under the high-information condition, subjects received feedback information about (1) correctness (correct or incorrect), (2) direction of error (under- or overestimate), and (3) degree of accuracy (accurate or less accurate) of their time estimation. In the low-information condition, however, they received information about the correctness only. In the reward condition, they received a monetary reward for accurate time estimations but received nothing in the no-reward condition. The results demonstrated a significant interaction of information by motivation level, showing that the SPN amplitude under the reward/high-information was larger than that in the no-reward/high-information condition. The results are discussed in terms of emotional anticipation, taking into consideration the result of self-report that subjects felt to be more motivated when they received precise information.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Reward expectation, orientation of attention and locus coeruleus-medial frontal cortex interplay during learning.

Regulation of attention and promotion of behavioural flexibility are functions attributed to both the noradrenergic nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) and the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The PFC receives a large innervation from LC and small changes in catecholaminergic activity in PFC profoundly affect cognitive function. It is crucial to the understanding of learning-related plasticity, that the cognitive context driving LC neurons be determined and the relation to activity in PFC be elucidated. To this end simultaneous recordings were made from LC and prelimbic cortex (PL) during an odour-reward association task in the rat. Neuronal activity related to orientation of attention, reward predictability, reward itself, and changes in stimulus reinforcement contingencies, was measured. All LC neurons and a significant proportion of PL neurons were engaged during several aspects of a Go/NoGo task, especially after the signal for trial onset and CS+ presentation. LC activation was, however, more tightly aligned to the behavioural response than to the CS+ 22% of PL neurons were activated during the response-reward delay. This suggests that the activity of both these structures is related to reward anticipation. Finally, LC neurons exhibited rapid plasticity when the reward-contingency was modified. Within-trial response latencies were always shorter in LC than in PL and between-trial response adaptation in LC preceded that in PL by many trials. Identifying such temporal relationships is an essential step toward understanding how neuromodulatory inputs to forebrain networks might promote or permit experience-dependent plasticity in behavioural situations.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2004

GABAA receptors signal bidirectional reward transmission from the ventral tegmental area to the tegmental pedunculopontine nucleus as a function of opiate state.

The brainstem tegmental pedunculopontine nucleus (TPP) is involved in reward signalling and is functionally and anatomically linked to the VTA. We examined the possible role of the TPP as a reward transmission output for GABAA receptors in the VTA in rats not previously exposed to opiates vs. rats that were chronically exposed to and in withdrawal from opiates or in rats that had recovered from chronic opiate exposure. Bilateral lesions of the TPP blocked the rewarding effects of a GABAA antagonist but not the rewarding effects of a GABAA receptor agonist in rats previously unexposed to opiates. This functional pattern was reversed in rats that were dependent on opiates and in withdrawal. However, once rats had recovered from chronic opiate exposure the functional parameters of VTA GABAA receptor reward signalling reverted to the pattern observed in animals that had not been exposed to opiates. These findings suggest that GABAA receptors in the VTA can regulate differential reward signalling through separate neural systems during the transition from a drug-naive to a drug-dependent and withdrawn state.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Roles of octopaminergic and dopaminergic neurons in mediating reward and punishment signals in insect visual learning.

Insects, like vertebrates, have considerable ability to associate visual, olfactory or other sensory signals with reward or punishment. Previous studies in crickets, honey bees and fruit-flies have suggested that octopamine (OA, invertebrate counterpart of noradrenaline) and dopamine (DA) mediate various kinds of reward and punishment signals in olfactory learning. However, whether the roles of OA and DA in mediating positive and negative reinforcing signals can be generalized to learning of sensory signals other than odors remained unknown. Here we first established a visual learning paradigm in which to associate a visual pattern with water reward or saline punishment for crickets and found that memory after aversive conditioning decayed much faster than that after appetitive conditioning. Then, we pharmacologically studied the roles of OA and DA in appetitive and aversive forms of visual learning. Crickets injected with epinastine or mianserin, OA receptor antagonists, into the hemolymph exhibited a complete impairment of appetitive learning to associate a visual pattern with water reward, but aversive learning with saline punishment was unaffected. By contrast, fluphenazine, chlorpromazine or spiperone, DA receptor antagonists, completely impaired aversive learning without affecting appetitive learning. The results demonstrate that OA and DA participate in reward and punishment conditioning in visual learning. This finding, together with results of previous studies on the roles of OA and DA in olfactory learning, suggests ubiquitous roles of the octopaminergic reward system and dopaminergic punishment system in insect learning.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Reward and purpose as incentives for children differing in locus of control expectancies.

The Intellectual Achievement Responsibility Questionnaire was used to classify 248 fourth- and fifth-graders as internals, mediums, and externals on the internal-external locus of control personality dimension. Subjects were assigned to four treatment groups resulting from the manipulation of intrinsic (purpose vs. non purpose) and extrinsic (reward vs. no reward) motivational conditions and administered a coding task with number of figures coded as the dependent variable. An analysis of variance with IE, reward, purpose, sex, and grade as factors yielded significant purpose, sex, grade, and IE X Reward X Purpose effects. The performance of internals was found to be unaffected by motivational manipulations; purpose together with reward improved the performance of mediums: reward and purpose (individually and together) improved the performance of externals. Implications for future investigation of the IE construct and the social psychology of psychological research were discussed.

Achievement↗