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PubMed2005

Retirement and drinking outcomes: lingering effects of workplace stress?

This study assesses the degree to which sexual harassment (SH), generalized workplace abuse (GWA), and psychological workload (PWL) impact drinking behaviors in retirement. A mail survey was completed at four points in time by a cohort of 1654 employees initially drawn from a university workplace. Questionnaires assessed experiences of SH, GWA, PWL and drinking behaviors. Hypotheses were tested involving (1) the extent to which SH, GWA, and PWL experienced while working were associated with frequency and quantity of drinking in retirement, (2) the extent to which drinking levels of retirees differed from those of current employees experiencing similar stress levels, and (3) the extent to which gender moderated these relationships. Retirees reporting earlier stressful work environments report higher levels of alcohol consumption during retirement compared to those retirees reporting less stressful earlier work environments. Gender moderated these relationships. The findings of this study suggest that there may be a residual effect of workplace stress during retirement.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2005

Gender differences in balance performance at the time of retirement.

BACKGROUND: Impairments in balance performance are a commonly accepted risk factor for falling in older people. Since there is a higher reported incidence of falling in women, it is of interest to test whether this correlates with poorer balance performance in women than men at the time of retirement in order to plan health promotional strategies. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether any gender differences exist in balance performance in people approaching retirement age. METHODS: Ninety-seven healthy volunteers (44 males, 53 females) planning to retire shortly were enrolled in the study (age range 50-67 years). Balance assessments during quiet standing were performed under various conditions; feet together eyes open, feet together eyes closed and single limb stance eyes open. The range of centre of pressure displacement in both the anterior-posterior and medial-lateral planes was collected for each task using a force platform. FINDINGS: For several of the balance tasks the men exhibited a statistically significant larger range of centre of pressure displacement than the women (P<0.01). However, after normalising the data for height, no gender differences were seen. Over half of the group failed to complete all three single limb stance trials on both limbs. INTERPRETATION: When the data was normalised for height, no differences were found in static balance performance between men and women of retirement age. A number of participants demonstrated balance impairments whilst performing the single limb stance likely to affect functional activities. Health promotional messages should be targeted equally at men and women.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Health problems as determinants of retirement: are self-rated measures endogenous?

We explore alternative measures of unobserved health status in order to identify effects of mental and physical capacity for work on older men's retirement. Traditional self-ratings of poor health are tested against more objectively measured instruments. Using the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), we find that health problems influence retirement plans more strongly than do economic variables. Specifically, men in poor overall health expected to retire one to two years earlier, an effect that persists after correcting for potential endogeneity of self-rated health problems. The effects of detailed health problems are also examined in depth.

Health Services Research↗
PubMed1999

Retirement from orthodontics: financial and psychosocial preparation and adaptation.

Retired members of the Pacific Coast Society of Orthodontists (n = 231) were surveyed with respect to their financial and psychosocial preparation for, and adaptation to, retirement. Statistical and subjective evaluation of the survey results established that the respondents used a variety of strategies in divesting themselves of their practices and other aspects of professional life. The respondents reported a relatively high level of accumulated wealth and general satisfaction with retirement as a result of a sense of financial security as well as continued active participation in diverse recreational, social, avocational, business, family, and community activities. Early anticipation of and planning for all aspects of the retirement experience enhanced the likelihood of a satisfactory outcome.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Low prevalence of depression and anxiety is linked to statutory retirement ages rather than personal work exit: a national survey.

BACKGROUND: Common mental disorder prevalence decreases substantially around the conventional retirement age for men in the UK, but trends for older women are more continuous. Prevalence changes in depression and anxiety around retirement are less clear, as is the role of risk factors. The aim of this study was to establish whether work status, age or other known risk factors account for the reduced prevalence of depressive episode and anxiety disorder around retirement ages for men and for women. METHOD: The British Psychiatric Morbidity Survey (BPMS) 2000 was analysed, including 1875 men and 2253 women aged 45-75 years. Diagnoses were from the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R). Logistic models were adjusted for sociodemographic factors, social network, work status, life events, physical illness and disability. RESULTS: There are marked reductions in the prevalence of depressive episode after 60 years for women [60% lower prevalence, 95% confidence interval (CI) 40-80] and 65 years for men (90% lower prevalence, 95% CI 70-100), compared to the youngest age groups. For anxiety disorder, the reduction in prevalence was 80% (95% CI 60-90) for men and 40% (95% CI 20-60) for women. In fully adjusted multivariate models, the strong association between diagnoses and age groups remained, for both genders. Work status was a significant factor for men but not for women. CONCLUSION: There is a discontinuity in the prevalence of depressive episode for both men and women, coinciding with statutory retirement ages. No studied risk factor reduced the associations between age group and disorders. This population scale recovery may provide a model for understanding non-genetic factors.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Linking retirement experiences and marital satisfaction: a mediational model.

The authors propose and test a mediational model linking the experience of retirement with marital satisfaction. The experience of retirement (financial strain, time structure, a sense of purposefulness, and interpersonal contacts) is held to predict marital satisfaction indirectly through its sequential effects on context-specific well-being (retirement-specific satisfaction with health, activities, and peers) and context-free well-being (depressive symptoms). Both this model and a revised model in which retirement satisfaction also exerted a direct effect on marital satisfaction were supported using structural equation modeling on data from 164 retirees (mean age = 69 years). An alternative model in which depressive symptoms assume a predictive rather than mediational role was not supported; cross-lagged regression analyses excluded the possibility that marital dissatisfaction resulted in depressive symptoms. The conceptual and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Effects of age on symptoms of anxiety and depression in a sample of retired police officers.

This study addressed the effects of age on anxiety and depressive symptoms. The analysis was based on the responses of 1,334 retired male Scottish police officers (34-94 years old) to the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine the partialed linear and curvilinear effects of symptoms of, separately, anxiety and depression on age and retirement variables. Significant partialed effects of retirement type and present age were found. Early retirement was a vulnerability factor for both disorders. The authors found a consistent linear reduction in anxiety across age and a U-shaped function for depression across age. The differing profiles and independent effects of age on anxiety and depression are consistent with their status as separate entities. Respondents were increasingly susceptible to depression from the mid-50s onward, whereas susceptibility to anxiety was reduced with age.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Perceptions of and satisfaction with retirement: a comparison of six European union countries.

The main aim of this study was to assess perceptions of and satisfaction with retirement among 1,686 recently retired people from 6 European Union countries. The authors compared their responses to a set of questions taken from the Retirement Satisfaction Inventory (F. J. Floyd et al., 1992). The first significant result was that Belgian, British, Finnish, French, and Spanish retirees all expressed very similar assessments of life satisfaction, whereas Portuguese retirees expressed a lower level of satisfaction. The 2nd result was that the major determinants of overall satisfaction in the 6 countries were (a) health and resources and (b) anticipated satisfaction. Finally, the data revealed that cultural background only accounted for a limited amount of variance in overall satisfaction with retirement.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

The practice of dentistry: an assessment of reasons for premature retirement.

AIM: To assess reasons for premature retirement among practising dentists and to evaluate their association with occupational stress. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. SETTING: Records from one organisation operating in the private medical sickness industry in the UK. MATERIALS: Reasons for premature retirement of 393 dentists due to illness between 1981 and 1992. RESULTS: The most frequent causes of premature retirement were musculoskeletal disorders (29.5%), cardiovascular disease (21.1%), and neurotic symptoms (16.5%), 82.7% of cases examined were in the > 50 years age group. CONCLUSIONS: Musculoskeletal disorders and stress related illnesses were the two most important groups which influenced premature retirement.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Stress and adaptation: preparation for successful retirement.

Retirement from work can present a significant adjustment challenge for the older population financially, socially and emotionally. Retirement has been identified as a significantly stressful event. Work provides both a structured activity within a regular time frame and a sense of purpose and daily meaning. Energy is channelled into intellectual, creative, and/or physical tasks that offer a sense of satisfaction when they are completed. The planning for retirement is associated with successful adaptation. A realization of the potential and rewards of retirement will also facilitate this adaptation.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1975

The work-satisfaction, retirement-attitude typology: profile examination.

After a typology is developed based on work satisfaction and attitude toward retirement, profiles are examined of respondents appearing in four typological categories. Data at three points in time (1964, 1966, 1974) from 1,922 older (50+) employed males suggest that membranes of some types will be more susceptible to negative consequences of life-cycle change (work to retirement) than others. Findings from socioeconomic status, age, social participation, health, community, housing, family, work, morale, and longevity variables indicate pre-retirement planning approaches should be developed for those having different work-retirement attitudes.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

Career trajectories and older men's retirement.

The idea of a long and stable career rewarded by retirement is a fixture of the American social ethos and political economy. The paradox is that many Americans' careers do not fit this image. Here, we examined how the structure of the career, as compared to only those circumstances proximate to retirement, is important for understanding career endings. Based on labor force histories drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Older Men, we observed that the occupational roles held through the mid and late career combine additively to influence retirement and disability experiences, with different conditions of work coming into play depending on the career stage. Occupational roles in the mid career also have long-term, indirect effects, operating through the onset of health problems and the adequacy of pension benefits. Although retirement and disability are not hinged to occupational mobility per se, these career endings are sensitive to major discontinuities in the career and work role in terms of unemployment and labor force mobility.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

The impact of ethnic involvement and migration patterns on long-term care plans among retired sunbelt migrants: plans for nursing home placement.

OBJECTIVES: We examine anticipated preferences for nursing home placement as a strategy for meeting possible future long-term care needs among a sample of community-dwelling elderly European Americans who migrated to Florida after retirement. We synthesize prior research on ethnicity in late life, retirement migration patterns, and informal networks of retired migrants. METHODS: We gathered data through structured personal interviews with 578 retired migrants identified through screening from telephone listings, supplemented with snowball sampling techniques. RESULTS: Lifetime migration patterns and current ethnic involvement are significant predictors of mentioning nursing home placement as a strategy for possible long-term care needs. DISCUSSION: We interpret these results within the framework of Rowles's emphasis on the permeability of community-nursing home boundaries.

Aged↗
PubMed1981

The impact of preretirement programs on the retirement experience.

In an attempt to provide evidence on the impact of preretirement programs on the retirement experience of participants a longitudinal design was employed. Two experimental groups and a control group were used to evaluate a comprehensive group discussion program and an individual briefing program. Questionnaire data were collected prior to program initiation and again six years later. Over 80 male industrial workers participated throughout the project. Now age 65 or over they have been retired an average of 3.7 years. Posttest data indicate no significant effect upon the retirement experience by either program. No substantive differences with the control group were noted in length of adjustment period, accuracy of expectations, level of preparation, life satisfaction, attitude toward retirement, or job deprivation. It was concluded that the impact of preretirement programs may be of short duration and of primary value in the preretirement phase.

Aged↗
PubMed1981

Retirement, identity and well-being: realignment of role relationships.

Gerontological research has struggled with the meanings of adjustment and the implications of retirement. Data from a national survey are used to investigate the impact of background variables and the retirement of men on their community activities, visiting friends, identity, and well-being. Findings include that: (1) retirement is not directly associated with visiting friends, identity, or well-being; (2) but does indirectly encourage an older identity and discourage well-being through its effect on community activities; (3) lack of community activities is the strongest predictor of an older identity for both working men and retired men; and (4) community activities has the strongest effect on the well-being of both.

Aged↗
PubMed1984

Retirement preparation programs: differentials in opportunity and use.

Two issues rarely addressed in the retirement planning field are (a) the proportion of older workers who participate, or have the opportunity to participate, in retirement preparation programs; and (b) socioeconomic differentials in access to such programs. Data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of older men were used to investigate these two issues. The data indicate that fewer than 4% of this sample of men aged 60 to 74 in 1981 had participated in a retirement preparation program. Logistic multiple regression analysis indicated that level of education, occupational status, government employment, and private pension coverage were positively related to the likelihood of participation as well as the likelihood of opportunity to participate. Conclusions from this analysis are (a) very few older men are ever exposed to retirement preparation programs and (b) those who would seem to benefit most from preparation programs, low status and low income workers, are the least likely to have access to these programs.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

A recursive model of economic well-being in retirement.

Although investigators have identified some of the social and economic forces that influence levels of economic resources among elderly adults, little has been done to organize these factors into predictive lifespan models of economic well-being. Applying path analysis to data on retiring workers from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, the present research offers a beginning recursive model. It traces the influences of demographic/family background, human capital, and work-related characteristics on economic position in retirement. Controlling for differences in labor force participation and other human capital measures, race and family background lose their direct significance, whereas sex remains directly significant in predicting economic resource levels for recently retired workers. In addition, the model estimates the direct and indirect effects played by industrial sector location and social class position. In total the structurally based capital attainment model explains 65% of the variance in a measure of economic well-being that includes retirement income and wealth.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

The vertical mosaic in later life: ethnicity and retirement in Canada.

Given the distinctive historical experiences, cultural features, and status positions of the diverse ethnic groups in Canadian society, we anticipate that these differences will influence the retirement behavior and conditions of their members. This paper examines the effects of ethnic group membership for immigrants to Canada on the timing of retirement and the sources and amounts of retirement income using data from the Public Use Sample of the 1981 Census of Canada. Separate but parallel analyses are conducted for men and women to take into account their distinctive labor force experiences. We find that membership in Asian, African, or Latin American ethnic groups is associated with both later retirement and a lower probability of receiving social insurance and private pension benefits, as well as appreciably lower income among elderly men. This is likely the result of changes in pension legislation in the 1960s and 1970s reducing benefits to recent immigrants.

Africa↗