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At least 415 records · Page 23Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Price, cost and value of opiate detoxification treatments. Reanalysis of data from two randomised trials.

BACKGROUND: Treatments in different settings have different costs. A dilemma arises if expensive treatments lead to better outcomes. AIMS: To investigate conflicts between the priorities of cost minimisation, clinical effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness in the detoxification of opiate addicts. METHOD: Cost and clinical effectiveness were examined using published outcome data. The main outcome measures were: achieving a drug-free state on completion of detoxification; the economic costs of treatment. RESULTS: In terms of simple cost, in-patient detoxification is much more expensive than out-patient treatment (ratio, 24:1). With adjustment for successful outcome, the costs are almost identical (ratio, 0.9:1). Comparison of specialist and general psychiatry in-patient settings showed that even when adjusted for clinical outcomes, the specialist setting is more costly (ratio, 1.9:1), although the outcomes are better. CONCLUSIONS: Naïve adherence to cost and cost-containment considerations is dangerous. Discussion of treatment costs is misleading if not informed by, and adjusted for, evidence of effectiveness. This is especially important where marked differences in outcome between treatment options exist.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed2001

Family history, place and season of birth as risk factors for schizophrenia in Denmark: a replication and reanalysis.

BACKGROUND: Although a family history of schizophrenia is the strongest individual risk factor for schizophrenia, environmental factors related to urbanicity may contribute to a substantial proportion of the population occurrence of the disease. AIMS: This study replicates previous findings in four mutually exclusive Danish study populations, including out-patient information, ICD-10 diagnoses of schizophrenia, and a broader adjustment for mental illness in family members. METHOD: We established a population-based cohort of 2.66 million Danish people using data from the Civil Registration System linked with the Psychiatric Case Register. RESULTS: Overall, 10 264 persons developed schizophrenia during the 50.7 million person-years of follow-up. The risk of schizophrenia was increased by urbanicity of place of birth and by family history of schizophrenia or other mental disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Urban-rural differences of schizophrenia risk were replicated and could not be associated with the potential sources of bias we assessed. Environmental factors underlying the effect of place of birth are major determinants of schizophrenia occurrence at the population level, although the effect of family history is the strongest at the individual level.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

A reanalysis of two scales of tolerance of ambiguity.

Important reviews of the tolerance of ambiguity literature have shown that the concept has become overextended and its elements remain unsupported by the confused data collected, and scales with inadequate psychometric performance have been used. In the present study 631 subjects responded to Budner's (1962) test of Intolerance of Ambiguity and MacDonald's (1970) revision of Rydell and Rosen's (1966) Tolerance of Ambiguity Scale. These scales were chosen because they seemed somewhat less suspect than others. Tests of other personality dimensions which the literature reviews suggested were likely correlates of intolerance of ambiguity were also included. Initial results were uneven and inconclusive. After using item analysis to reduce the tests, more logical and consistent results were obtained. These help to clarify the concept, differentiating sharply between its supposed primary and secondary elements. Three studies in which the reduced tests were used with desirable results are reported.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1989

Rorschach records of Nazi war criminals: a reanalysis using current scoring and interpretation practices.

The Nuremberg trials focused worldwide attention on 22 Nazi war criminals. Rorschach Inkblot tests were administered to these Nazi leaders in an attempt to understand the Nazi personality. Past studies which have described and interpreted these Rorschach records have made at least two types of errors in their analyses. One is that of overinterpretation and excessive inference. A second common error has been the failure to detect meaningful distinctions between protocols that represent significant differences in personality style. This latter error is shown in repeated attempts to group all Nazi protocols into one distinct "Nazi personality." This investigation attempted to quantify the analysis of these Nazi Rorschach records, specifically those Nazi leaders who were sentenced to life imprisonment or execution for their war crimes against humanity, by utilizing Exner's (1985a) standardized Comprehensive Scoring System as well as computerized objective interpretation software based on the Exner system (1986). This modern analysis of the Rorschach records demonstrates that the Nazi war criminals cannot be grouped together into one specific mental disorder that would adequately characterize these diverse individuals. The varying degrees of psychopathology of the Nazi leaders are illustrated by analyses of individual Rorschach protocols.

Criminal Psychology↗
PubMed1997

Childhood depression, anxiety, and aggression: a reanalysis of Epkins and Meyers (1994).

Research on the constructs of childhood depression and anxiety has typically found that the 2 traits are highly correlated. In a study of the construct validity of childhood depression, anxiety, and aggression, Epkins and Meyers (1994) concluded that, despite some mixed results, the 3 constructs demonstrated adequate convergent and discriminant validity. We reexamined the results of the Epkins and Meyers study in 2 new analyses--a focused comparison of correlational patterns among the traits and a confirmatory factor analysis--and found no support for the discriminant validity of depression and anxiety and only weak support for their convergent validity.

Aggression↗
PubMed2006

Reanalysis of the Grønnerød (2003) Rorschach temporal stability meta-analysis data set.

I reanalyzed the Grønnerød (2003) Rorschach temporal stability meta-analysis data with a theoretically driven hierarchical regression analysis. I also examined the intrarater reliability of initial coding decisions and verified their consistency. In the new regression analyses, retest period strengthened its influence on stability, whereas methodological factors showed a tendency toward influence. The new results are more in line with the results from Grønnerød's (2004) psychotherapy change meta-analysis results.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Meta- and reanalysis of gene expression profiles of hot and cold thyroid nodules and papillary thyroid carcinoma for gene groups.

CONTEXT: There are an increasing number of studies analyzing gene expression profiles in various benign and malignant thyroid tumors. This creates the opportunity to validate results obtained from one microarray study with those from other data sets. This process requires rigorous methods for accurate comparison. OBJECTIVE: The ability to compare data sets derived from different Affymetrix GeneChip generations and the influence of intra- and interindividual comparisons of gene expression data were evaluated to build multigene classifiers of benign thyroid nodules to verify a previously proposed papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) classifier and to look for molecular pathways essential for PTC oncogenesis. METHODS: Gene expression profile data sets from autonomously functioning and cold thyroid nodules and from PTC were analyzed by support vector machines. GenMAPP analysis was used for PTC data analysis to examine the expression patterns of biologically relevant gene sets. RESULTS: Only intraindividual reference samples allowed the identification of subtle changes in the expression patterns of relevant signaling cascades, such as the MAPK pathway in PTC. Using an artificial intelligence approach, the autonomously functioning and cold thyroid nodule multigene classifiers were derived and evaluated by cross-comparisons. CONCLUSION: We recommend defining classifiers within one generation of gene chips and subsequently checking them across different array generations. Using this approach, we have demonstrated the specificity of a previously reported PTC classifier on an independent collection of benign tumors. Moreover, we propose multigene classifiers for different types of benign thyroid nodules.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1992

The bio/immuno ratio of plasma luteinizing hormone does not change during the endogenous secretion pulse: reanalysis of the concept using improved immunometric techniques.

The purpose of this study was to find out whether the ratio of bioactive (B)/immunoreactive (I) LH varies during pulsatile LH secretion in healthy men when I-LH is determined using novel immunometric methods with improved sensitivity and specificity. Blood samples were collected for LH measurements from eight healthy men (aged 20-26 yr) at 20-min intervals over a period of 10 h. LH was measured in all samples using two novel sensitive and specific immunometric methods [Delfia, Wallac (sensitivity, 0.04 IU/L); and Amerlite, Amersham (sensitivity, 0.1 IU/L)] and for comparison with a conventional RIA. In addition, the plasma samples representing the LH secretion peaks and the preceding interpulse nadirs (two to five pairs of samples per subject; n = 23) were measured for B-LH using the mouse interstitial cell in vitro bioassay. The three immunoassay methods demonstrated the well known pulsatile mode of I-LH secretion in all subjects. A good correlation of B- and immunometric I-LH levels was observed (bioassay vs. Delfia, r = 0.89), but independent of the immunometric method used, no difference could be demonstrated between the B/I ratios of the mean basal and peak levels of LH (1.72 +/- 0.19 and 1.63 +/- 0.19 with Delfia, and 2.18 +/- 0.32 and 2.10 +/- 0.26 with Amerlite, respectively). Only when I-LH was measured by RIA was there a significant (P < 0.001) 2-fold increase in the B/I ratio in the secretion pulses. In conclusion, the previously documented increase in the B/I ratio of LH during the endogenous secretion pulses could not be documented when I-LH was measured, instead of RIA, using the novel immunometric methods. This finding further emphasizes the need for reassessment of the B/I ratio changes in LH in various physiological and clinical conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Reanalysis of genotype distributions published in "Neurology" between 1999 and 2002.

The authors tested 123 genotypes described in 54 papers published in the journal Neurology between 1999 and 2002 to ascertain whether these genotype distributions deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). Unreported deviations from HWE in 19 genotype distributions described in 11 of the papers were discovered. The authors also report additional information that could have been extracted after calculating HWE and conclude that HWE values should be mandatory in population genetic studies published in Neurology.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1984

Linoleic acid and multiple sclerosis: a reanalysis of three double-blind trials.

Data from three double-blind trials of linoleic acid in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) were reanalyzed to examine whether inconsistency in the results was due to a relationship between patient characteristics and treatment response. The combined data consisted of neurologic assessments over 2 1/2-year trials for 87 treated patients and 85 control patients. Treated patients with minimal or no disability at entry had a smaller increase in disability than did controls (p less than 0.05). In addition, treatment reduced the severity and duration of relapses at all levels of disability and duration of illness at entry to the trials.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1991

Neuropsychological effects of carbamazepine and phenytoin: a reanalysis.

We previously reported that carbamazepine had fewer adverse neuropsychological effects than phenytoin, but it is now clear that our patients had much higher phenytoin than carbamazepine serum levels. When persons with high initial phenytoin levels were excluded, the statistical significance of all neuropsychological differences between the drugs disappeared.

Carbamazepine↗
PubMed1996

Anticipation in familial Parkinson's disease: a reanalysis of 13 United Kingdom kindreds.

Several authors reported anticipation for age at onset in familial Parkinson's disease (PD) and postulated the involvement of an unstable trinucleotide repeat gene. We reanalyzed 13 previously reported multiple generation kindreds with familial PD to investigate anticipation and related biases. Although initial review of 33 informative parent-child and aunt/uncle-niece/nephew pairs revealed a mean anticipation interval of 9.3 years (p = 0.0001), exclusion of probands, in an effort to limit referral bias, reduced this to 4.1 years (p = 0.09). This reduced figure is still an overestimate of the true anticipation interval because of residual referral bias and because of incomplete information on the most recent generation. Our analyses did not demonstrate the effects of recall bias or of reduced fertility. We conclude that the observed anticipation in familial PD may partly or completely result from referral and other biases. Caution should be exercised in assuming an unstable trinucleotide repeat gene as the cause of familial PD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Reanalysis of central cervical cord injury management.

Early investigators indicated that conservative management was superior to operative intervention in the treatment of central cord injuries. Their clinical data suggested that operative treatment, in fact, worsened the condition. Recent experience with this clinical entity, however, indicates that in selected patients operative intervention may be of value in improving the rate and degree of motor recovery. A retrospective study of all individuals admitted to our hospital (Delaware Valley Spinal Cord Injury Center) with central cervical spinal cord injury was done (28 patients). One-half had been treated with medical therapy alone (Group I); the others were treated both medically and surgically (Group II). Medical therapy consisted of intravenous mannitol, dexamethasone, and sodium bicarbonate given during the acute phase of the injury. Both groups were immobilized using either a halo or a Philadelphia collar. Criteria for entry into the surgical group were one or both of the following: (a) failure to improve progressively after an initial period of improvement, with persistent compression of neural tissue visualized on myelography and (b) unacceptable instability of the spinal bony elements. The patients were given neurological scores based on the motor power of the major muscle groups. The stability of the spine was scored using the Panjabi-White scale. The two groups were compared using Student's t-test and the two-factor analysis of variance. There was no significant difference in initial neurological scores between the groups. The surgical groups had a higher incidence of instability of the bony elements of the cervical spine, as judged by the Panjabi-White scale.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Paternal exposure to radiation and offspring cancer in mice: reanalysis and new evidence.

Parental exposure to radiation could induce various kinds of tumors in the next generation. In ICR mice, a large and significant increase of adult types tumor was observed in the F1 offspring after X-ray exposure at spermatozoa and spermatid stages, and less clear increase was observed after spermatogonial exposure. Mature oocytes were resistant upto 1 Gy, but very sensitive to tumor induction at higher doses. While there was no difference in the tumor incidence between acute and fractionated (0.36 Gy at 2 hr intervals) irradiation at post-gonial stages, a large reduction of tumor incidence was observed after spermatogonial and mature oocyte exposure, suggesting some repairs of X-ray damages in these germ cells. Acute lymphocytic leukemia was not induced in ICR and LT mice after spermatogonial exposure, while a large increase of adult type cancers was observed in F1 offspring. However, 1.9-3.2 fold and 4.5-7.4 fold increases of leukemia incidence were observed in ICR and LT mice, when spermatozoa stage was treated with the X-ray doses of 0.36-5.04 Gy and 3.6-5.04 Gy, respectively, indicating the large difference in the sensitivity of developing germ cells to leukemia induction by radiation in the F1 offspring. In contrast to ICR and LT mice, N5 strain developed about 10 or 18 times higher incidence of leukemia in the offspring after spermatogonial or spermatozoa exposure to 5.04 Gy of X-rays, respectively, showing a marked difference in the sensitivity to the leukemia induction by radiation between mouse strains.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Cigarette smoking and cancer mortality risk in Japanese men and women--results from reanalysis of the six-prefecture cohort study data.

In 1965 a cohort of 265,000 residents of 29 public health districts in six prefectures throughout Japan was established and followed between 1966 and 1981. By using survival analysis based on Poisson regression models adjusted for age, prefecture of residence, and occupation, a statistically significant dose-response relationship between cigarette smoking and mortality rate was found for cancers of the liver, pancreas, and lung in both sexes; cancers of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, larynx, and bladder in men; and cancer of the uterus in women. The magnitudes of relative risks were only slightly affected by adjustment for prefecture of residence or occupation. Analysis using linear relative risk models revealed that the inclusion of a quadratic term for the amount of daily cigarette consumption in addition to the linear term improved the fit of the model significantly for cancers of the esophagus and stomach in men and cancer of the stomach in women. The sex ratio of gastric cancer mortality was higher among smokers than among nonsmokers. When the follow-up period was divided into four 4-year intervals, it was noted that the relative mortality risk associated with lung cancer among males increased significantly during these time periods.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Reanalysis of the effects of air pollution on daily mortality in Seoul, Korea: A case-crossover design.

We used the case-crossover design to identify any increase in mortality in Seoul, Korea, when there were higher levels of ambient air pollution on case-days than would be expected solely as a result of chance. This empirical study showed that either unidirectional retrospective (selecting only control days prior to death) or prospective (selecting only control days after death) control sampling could cause risk estimates to be confounded by seasonal waves as well as time trends in air pollution levels. In bidirectional control sampling in which exposures at death were compared with exposures both before and after death, the estimated mortality was resistant to confounding by time patterns of air pollution. Using a bidirectional control sampling approach, the results from a conditional logistic regression model controlling for weather conditions showed that the nonaccidental mortality associated with a 50-ppb increment over a 3-day moving average of SO(2) concentrations, including the concurrent day and preceding 2 days, was 1.023 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.016-1.084]. The relative risk of death was 1.023 (CI, 0.999-1.048) per 50 ppb for 1-hr maximum O(3) and 1.010 (CI, 0.988-1.032) per 100 microg/m(3 )or total suspended particulates. In conclusion, the findings of this study were 2-fold: given the consistency of the observed association between SO(2) and daily mortality across different analysis methods, the association reported here indicates that air pollution is a probable contributor to premature death; and bidirectional control sampling is needed in a case-crossover design applied to air pollution epidemiologic studies to control confounding by seasonal patterns of air pollution as well as time trends.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Reanalysis of lambda max variations in the Stiles-Burch 10 degrees color-matching functions.

Individual differences in the color matches made by normal observers can be attributed in part to small interobserver variations in the spectral peaks (lambda max) of the cone sensitivities. I compared two different analyses of these lambda max variations that were both based on the Stiles-Burch 10 degrees color-matching functions [Opt. Acta 6, 1 (1959)]: one that suggested that the lambda max values for individual cone classes fall into discrete subgroups [J. Neitz and G. H. Jacobs, in Colour Vision Deficiencies IX, B. Drum and G. Verriest, eds. (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1989)] and one that failed to find discrete clustering [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 5, 1722 (1988)]. I conclude that there is not strong evidence for discrete lambda max variations in the Stiles-Burch matches.

Color Perception↗