Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Rationalization”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 415 records · Page 23Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Total substitution of leaf protein in the ration of laying hens.

Laying birds of the Harco strain (crossbred sex-linked Brown Leghorn and Rhode Island Red) were fed rations in which leaf protein replaced 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the soybean meal. These five rations were compared with a standard layer ration that contained fish meal and ground nut cake. The results show that 75% of the soybean meal in layer rations can be replaced by leaf protein without any significant effect in egg production and feed efficiency when compared with the performance of birds receiving fish meal in their diet. Use of leaf protein as the sole supplemental source of protein for the birds significantly (P less than .05) reduced feed intake and also resulted in production of very watery droppings by the birds. Feeding of leaf protein also significantly (P less than .01) increased yolk color score.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2004

Evidence accumulation in decision making: unifying the "take the best" and the "rational" models.

An evidence accumulation model of forced-choice decision making is proposed to unify the fast and frugal take the best (TTB) model and the alternative rational (RAT) model with which it is usually contrasted. The basic idea is to treat the TTB model as a sequential-sampling process that terminates as soon as any evidence in favor of a decision is found and the rational approach as a sequential-sampling process that terminates only when all available information has been assessed. The unified TTB and RAT models were tested in an experiment in which participants learned to make correct judgments for a set of real-world stimuli on the basis of feedback, and were then asked to make additional judgments without feedback for cases in which the TTB and the rational models made different predictions. The results show that, in both experiments, there was strong intraparticipant consistency in the use of either the TTB or the rational model but large interparticipant differences in which model was used. The unified model is shown to be able to capture the differences in decision making across participants in an interpretable way and is preferred by the minimum description length model selection criterion.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Content of selected bioelements in complete daily food rations of students at the Bialystok Medical Academy].

The aim of the study was to evaluate calcium and iron content in a daily food ration of students of Białystok Medical Academy. The analysis was correlated with the consumption of product groups being the main source of these bioelements in the diet (milk, meat and their products). The study involved 492 students (66% women and 34% men) aged 19-25 years. Quantitative analysis was carried out using the 24-hour recall method. Calcium and iron content in the diet were estimated according to Kunachowicz et al. The results were compared with the standards accepted by the Institute of Food and Nutrition in Warsaw, for people with moderate physical activity. The mean calcium content in the diet of female students was 582.9 mg, while in the diet of male students 802.2 mg. Daily diet calcium content covered 53% and 73% of the safe norm in women and men respectively, the recommended norm being 49% and 67%. Calcium content in a daily food ration of the Białystok Medical Academy students was too low, which was caused by insufficient intake of milk and its products. Mean iron intake in a daily food ration of female students was 10.1 mg/day and of male students 15 mg/day. The difference was statistically significant. Iron supply in men, s diet covered the recommended norm in 100%, while the safe norm in 136.4%. In women iron in diet covered the safe norm in 72.1% and the recommended norm in 56.1%. Differences in iron content in a daily food ration of the students examined are associated with differentiated consumption of meat and its products (high intake was noted in men studying at Białystok Medical Academy).

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Maintenance ration and conversion efficiency of Hyporhamphus sajori].

The maintenance ration and conversion efficiency of Japanese halfbeak, Hyporhamphus sajori were tested with enclosures installed in a shrimp raising pond. The results showed that there existed an evident relationship between daily ration(DR) and growth rate(GR) of the fish, GR = 140.37 DR - 24.03. The conversion efficiency was 13.96% in biomass or 16.12% in energy. The maintenance ration was 17.12% and 20.39% of body weight in terms of growth rate and specific growth rate, respectively, indicating that it could be deduced from growth rate quite differently from that from specific growth rate in the same experiment. The abnormal growth rate appeared when daily ration was below 3.30% of body weight, implied that Japanese halfbeak may get other food resources besides supplied net zooplankton.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Rational range and optimum proportion of energy input in farmland].

There exists a rational range of artificial supplemental energy inputs in fields. In the range, the inputs can improve the yield and the output/input ratio. The rational range of energy input in total energy output is bigger than that in the output/input ratio. It is bigger in low yield fields than high yield fields, which suggests that increasing artificial supplemental energy input can increase the production of low yield fields as same as high yield fields. In the rational range of energy input, there exist high efficient lines in water and fertilizer inputs. The highest efficiency occurs when the rational inputs of water and fertilizer occur in these two lines. There also exist optimum lines of energy and economy input proportions. In the two lines, the proportions of energy and economy output/input of water and fertilizer inputs are the highest, which are the optimum of water and fertilizer inputs. Water and fertilizer may replace each other for equal yields, but would result in a decrease in the output/input ratio.

Crops, Agricultural↗
PubMed2001

[Development of food rations for humans in extreme environments].

Adequacy of food rations to the human body demands was assessed in three series of investigations with 73 volunteers. The first series (n = 31) was arranged in various climatic-geographic areas (the Arctic, desert, high altitude, and the moderate climate of Russia). Each test continued for 12 days. Energy value of the food ration made up 3560 kilocalories. The second and third series (n = 12 and n = 30, respectively) were performed in a pressurized module with simulation of some extreme factors of space flight. Energy value of the food ration balanced in the content of staple nutrients varied between 2800 and 3500 kcal. Results of physical-hygienic studies suggest adequacy of the proposed food rations to volunteers' physiological demands for nutrients and energy in various extreme conditions.

Altitude↗
PubMed2002

Attributional biases about the origins of attitudes: externality, emotionality, and rationality.

Pilot work and 3 studies investigated the ways people explain the origins of attitudes. Study I examined the use of 3 dimensions (externality, rationality, emotionality) to explain the origin of people's own, in-group, and out-group attitudes. Attributions for own attitudes were the least externally and emotionally based and the most rationally based. By comparison with the out-group, less externality, less emotionality, and more rationality also were attributed to in-group attitudes. Studies 2 and 3 examined the effects of intergroup threat on attributions for in- and out-group attitude positions. Under high threat, more externality and emotionality but less rationality were attributed to out-group attitudes than under low threat. Intergroup differentiation mediated the difference between out-group attributions under high and low threat.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Rational Redesign of Inhibitors of Furin/kexin Processing Proteases.

Furin/kexin processing proteases catalyze the proteolysis of large protein precursors involved in many biological processes, such as zymogen activation, peptide hormone synthesis, viral protein processing and receptor maturation, making them potential targets for therapeutic agents. Herein, homology modeling and weighted evolutionary tracing were combined to investigate the interactionmechanism of furin/kex2 with eglin C mutants. The model structures showed that there were many acidic residues in the furin (kex2) binding interface, contributing to specificity for multiple basic residues of their corresponding substrates or inhibitors. Besides, some rational explanations were presented for the different inhibitor/substrate specificity of the furin/kexin members by combining the model structures with results of evolutionary tracing. Based on these analyses,an attempt was made to rationally redesign the eglin C by interface engineering with heterogeneous self-consistent ensemble optimization to improve its inhibitory specificity on furin/kex2. With the model complex structures of furin/kex2 and eglin C variants as structural templates, the P(1), P(2) and P(4) of eglin C were redesigned, respectively. The design results show that both furin and kex2 favored basic residues at P(1), P(2) and P(4) in eglin C, in good agreement with the experimental data. The detection of many specific residues in S' part of furin/kexin sequences made possible designing inhibitors with high specific binding to furin and kex2, respectively. As for furin, the best inhibitor designed was eglin C-P(2)'Glu-P(3)'Asp-P(4)'Arg (only these three positions were shown), while the best eglin C variant for kex2 designed was P(2)'Arg-P(3)'Arg-P(4)'Glu. The structures show that furin and kex2 form distinct interactions with these two eglin C variants. Herein, a strategy was proposed that combine homology modeling, evolutionary tracing and rational interface redesign to investigate enzyme-inhibitor interactions and inhibitor engineering. This computational design gives some rational guidance to further experimental inhibitor engineering.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1976

Lactic acid-utilizing bacteria in ruminal fluid of a steer adapted from hay feeding to a high-grain ration.

A mature, rumen-cannulated steer fed Coastal Bermuda grass hay for 8 weeks was adapted to a high-grain ration by stepwise increases in grain over a period of 4 weeks. The grain rations had concentrate-to-roughage ratios of 40:60, 70:30, and 85:15 and were fed for 10, 7, and 11 days, respectively. Numerical estimates of lactate-utilizing bacteria in ruminal fluid of the steer the last 3 days each ration was fed were made by colony counts. Lactate-utilizing bacteria were identified as Megasphaera elsdenii, Peptococcus asaccharolyticus, and Selenomonas ruminantium. Maximal numbers of lactate-utilizing bacteria were observed in the ruminal fluid of the steer during feeding the concentrate-to-roughage ration of 70:30.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the ration on the structure of peripheral lymphoid organs, immunological parameters and nonspecific resistance of rats].

It has been established that the fatty component of the ration, with the rest ingredients being unchanged, alters the immunologic status of the body. When fatty portion of the ration was substituted for sunflower oil (omega 6) active macrophage-plasmocytic reaction in the lymphoid organs, elevation of the humoral immunity parameters and suppression of the T-cell system were recorded. The reaction to immunization was less pronounced when equal ratios of sunflower and ichtyenic oils were used. When the fatty component of the ration was completely substituted for ichtyenic oil, a decrease in T-lymphocyte number and focal necrotic changes in the lymphoid organs were observed. The fatty component of the rations used produced no significant effect on the bactericidal activity of the blood serum.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Rational approaches to natural-product-based drug design.

Natural-product-based drug discovery has encountered significant challenges during the past decade. In recent years the pharmaceutical industry has placed low emphasis on natural-product-based drug discovery efforts because of an increasing reliance on newer technologies, such as combinatorial synthesis and high-throughput screening, and their associated approaches to drug discovery. However, recent natural-product-based lead-identifying strategies have successfully and rapidly integrated rational approaches that exploit and evolve the structural diversity provided by nature. These rational approaches include the application of structure- and ligand-based design, relationship building between biosynthetic enzymes and targets as well as within the target and natural product scaffold space, and biology-oriented synthesis-guided library design. This review focuses on the recent clinical and preclinical development of natural-product-based compounds derived from these rational approaches, and is organized according to disease areas as well as novel concepts that may provide a rational basis for future developments.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Cardiomyopathy of ruminants induced by the litter of poultry fed on rations containing the ionophore antibiotic, maduramicin. I. Epidemiology, clinical signs and clinical pathology.

The epidemiological, clinical and clinical pathological findings in 20 cattle and 4 sheep from 15 outbreaks of poultry litter toxicity in South Africa over the past 6 years are documented. In 6 outbreaks, the litter emanated from batteries where maduramicin had been incorporated into rations of broilers. According to circumstantial evidence the litter involved in the 9 other outbreaks was also derived from broilers which had been fed on rations containing an ionophore. The litter was fed ad libitum to the affected stock or constituted 30-80% by volume of their rations. The principal sign manifested was sudden mortality of up to 70% of the herd or flock, usually within 20-40 days of commencement of feeding of poultry litter. A few cattle developed signs of congestive heart failure, and stiffness was commonly seen in sheep. In a dosing trial with poultry litter involving 1 steer and 6 sheep, the steer and a sheep died suddenly and a second sheep was destroyed in extremis. Tachycardia and/or cardiac arrythmia were recorded in 5 sheep, and the activity of aspartate transaminase (AST) and/or lactate dehydrogenase (LD) in the sera of 4 was elevated. Since the cardiac lesions in field cases were similar to those of ionophore poisoning and broiler rations containing maduramicin was a common factor in several outbreaks, toxic litter from some of these outbreaks were tested for the presence of this compound. Analysis by high performance liquid chromatography of litter from 2 specimens of outbreaks revealed that they contained 2.5 ppm and 6.1 ppm maduramicin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1991

Effect of calcitriol infusions on serum aluminum in vitamin D-depleted rabbits fed an aluminum-supplemented ration.

Three dosages of calcitriol (10, 30 and 60 IU/day) were given to rabbits by subcutaneously implanted osmotic pumps. The purpose was to compare the dosages with regard to their putative effect in elevating serum aluminum levels by mechanisms such as enhancing intestinal absorption, diminishing renal excretion, or others. To establish uniform levels of endogenous calcitriol and its precursors, all rabbits had been depleted of vitamin D. The depletion was demonstrated by their serum calcidiol and calcitriol levels declining to unmeasurable levels, following the regimen of a vitamin D-free diet. The 8 rabbits were then placed on an aluminum-supplemented (aluminum lactate) ration. The amount of feed (and aluminum) consumed was determined at daily intervals. Serum aluminum levels were determined at intervals during the 7 days on this regimen. In a second test, the same 8 rabbits received the same regimen but in addition were infused with 10, 30 or 60 IU calcitriol per day. It was found that the aluminum-fed rabbits receiving 60 IU/day and 30 IU/day calcitriol infusions showed statistically significantly elevated serum aluminum levels as compared to their levels without calcitriol (p = 0.0208 and p = 0.434, respectively). Rabbits receiving pumps delivering 10 IU/day while receiving the aluminum-supplemented ration showed no rise in serum aluminum with time or treatment during the 7 day study. Likewise rabbits receiving aluminum-supplemented rations without calcitriol showed only an early minimal rise in mean serum aluminum which returned to the pre-test level by the end of a week in spite of continued consumption of aluminum-supplemented rations.

Aluminum↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of rations with qualitatively varying carbohydrates on lipid metabolic indices in the liver, blood and bile].

In tests conducted on rats the process of eliminating the endogenous formed lipids with bile was studied and the discovered changes were contrasted against the lipids metabolism disorders in the liver and blood of the animals receiving rations with differing quantitative and qualitative content of carbohydrates. A balanced ration with saccharose led to a higher quantity and radioactivity of the total lipids and triglycerides in the liver and blood. In the bile a fall in the level of the cholic acid, cholesterol and the lipid complex and an increased radioactivity in the composition of the lipids complex, cholesterol and phospholipids were observed. A ration with an elevated level of starch did not upset the lipids metabolism in the liver and blood. In the bile the lipids complex decreased, the quantity of cholic acid increased, while the radioactivity in the lipids complex and phospholipids was rising. A carbohydrate-rich ration with saccharose raised the content of total lipids, triglycerides and of the ether-bound blood cholesterol and their radioactivity. The described diet resulted in an increased amount of the bile and in a drop therein of the level of the lipids complex, cholesterol and phospholipids and in an accrued radioactivity in them.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Experience with computer utilization in organizing rational nutrition].

A number of algorhythms and programmes in the language "Algol-60" are proposed. On the ground of a balanced assortment of products and a "library of courses" corresponding to it is possible to formulate optimal nutrition rations for a definite designed period of time (1, 2, 3 weeks, etc). From the given rations one may compile a menu for any pre-set number of meals per day, to obtain information on the chemical composition of the ration, its cost, calorific value in weight units, as well as on the amount and kinds of products entering the ration.

Computers↗
PubMed1979

[Effect of different types of rations on the digestive and metabolic processes in steers].

Investigations on the physiology of the digestive processes in steers fed by varying in type rations were performed. Differences in regard to time of food consumption, rumination, rest, etc. were established also. Differences in lung ventilation and gas metabolism were observed too. The animals daily digested and consumed varying quantities of the ration's dry matter (differing by 15.4%). It was established that when the animals got accustomed to a definite type of ration from an early age a sharply differentiated and functionally resistant digestive activity is produced in them, which is adapted to the respective type of ration.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1977

Incorporation of sodium bicarbonate into laying rations. I. Effect on egg production and hatchability.

Two experiments were carried out on Fayoumi (I) and Rhode Island Red (II) pullets to study the effect of substituting NaCl (0.67% of the ration) by NaHCO3 (1% of the ration) and the concentration of NaHCO3 (1% and 2% of the ration). Both breeds showed different reactions to the NaHCO3 additions: the laying increased in (I) by 5-6%, whereas it decreased in (II) by 7-14%. Fertility and hatchability increased significantly. The Ca content of the shells showed an increasing trend. The incorporation of 1% sodium bicarbonate into the laying rations is recommended under the conditions of the AR Egypt.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1984

[Changes in the acid-base index of blood in dairy cows in relation to the seasonal composition of feed rations and phases of the reproductive cycle].

The changes in the acid-base indices of the blood of dairy cows in different stages of reproduction cycle were studied in relation to the composition of feed ration in the autumn, winter, spring and summer feeding seasons. The cows were in the following stages of their reproduction cycle: Group I the fourth to sixth month of gravidity, II eighth to ninth month of gravidity, III one to two months after calving. The seasonal composition of feed ration was demonstrated to exert a significant influence on the acid-base balance of the blood of cows in the studied stages of reproduction. A considerable occurrence of metabolic acidoses with different levels of compensation was observed when the cows were given the autumn and winter feed rations. Subclinical acid-base disorders of different directions (metabolic and respiratory alkaloses, acidoses) frequently occurred in the green feeding season. The frequency of acid-base disorders as a result of incorrect nutrition was found to be the highest in highly pregnant cows (group II) and in those one to two months after parturition (group III), i. e. in the periods with a significant influence on the reproduction process. On the whole, the best situation as to the acid-base balance was found in cows in the fourth to sixth month of their gravidity, irrespective of the seasonal effect of feed ration.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗