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PubMed2005

Preferential inhibition of the lycopene epsilon-cyclase by the substituted triethylamine compound MPTA in higher plants.

In addition to the usual complement of carotenoids found in the plant leaf tissues, lettuce (Lactuca sativa), unusually, possesses large amounts of the diol lactucaxanthin. This carotenoid possesses two epsilon-end-groups and its presence provides a good model in which to study the effects of the substituted triethylamine compound 2-(4-methylphenoxy)triethylamine (MPTA) on the cyclisation of beta- and epsilon-end-groups during the biosynthesis of carotenoids. Treatment with 10 or 20microM MPTA significantly reduced levels of both beta-carotene and neoxanthin (up to 18-fold), whilst levels of violaxanthin and lutein were less affected (4-fold reduction). In contrast, levels of lactucaxanthin were not reduced even at the highest inhibitor concentration, and at 10microM MPTA levels of this xanthophyll doubled. The pigment stoichiometry of the bulk light-harvesting complex (LHCIIb) isolated from treated plants shows that lactucaxanthin successfully substituted for lutein and neoxanthin in two of the xanthophyll binding sites, namely L2 and N1. Inhibition of cyclisation was accompanied by the accumulation of lycopene and trace amounts of delta-carotene and a number of oxygenated derivatives of these precursors. Two forms of mono-hydroxy lycopene were identified together with mono-epoxy delta-carotene.

Carotenoids↗
PubMed2004

Unveiling the molecular arms race between two conflicting genomes in cytoplasmic male sterility?

Cytoplasmic male sterility can be thought of as the product of a genetic conflict between two genomes that have different modes of inheritance. Male sterilizing factors, generally encoded by chimeric mitochondrial genes, can be down-regulated by specific nuclear restorer genes. The recent cloning of a restorer gene in rice and its comparison with restorer genes cloned in petunia and radish could be regarded as the beginning of a general molecular scenario in this peculiar arms race.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed1963

EFFECT OF PHYSICAL FACTORS ON REACTIONS OF HORSE-RADISH PEROXIDASE COMPLEXES WITH REDUCED CYTOCHROME C.

This investigation concerns the effect of certain physical factors-viscosity, dielectric constant, ionic strength, and temperature of the medium-on the reaction of hydrogen peroxide and ferrocytochrome c in the presence of the enzyme horse-radish peroxidase. From study of the effects of viscosity and dielectric constant, it was concluded that the reaction between the secondary complex of hydrogen peroxide and enzyme on the one hand and ferrocytochrome c on the other is controlled by diffusion in media of high viscosity and by electrostatic effects at low viscosities. With respect to ionic strength, the data at pH 4.7 indicated a dipole-dipole interreaction. The temperature dependence of the over-all reaction had a Q(10) of 1.25.

Biophysical Phenomena↗
PubMed2002

Potential allelochemicals from the essential oil of Ruta graveolens.

The essential oil of aerial parts of Ruta graveolens was obtained by hydrodistillation with a 0.74% yield on a dry weight basis. Thirty-eight components were identified by GC and GC-MS analyses. 2-Ketones predominated in the essential oil, with undecan-2-one (46.8%) and nonan-2-one (18.8%) as the main constituents. The essential oil and some of its constituents were tested for their allelopathic activity in vitro on radish germination and radicle growth in light and darkness. The essential oil and some of its minor constituents were effective and dose-dependent inhibitors of both the germination and radicle growth; 2-ketones are not active. The possible allelopathic activity of rue essential oil and some its isolated constituents is reported.

Darkness↗
PubMed2003

Physiological mechanism of plant roots exposed to cadmium.

Physiological experiments on plant roots exposed to cadmium were conducted on carrot and radish using a liquid culture and a pot experiment with a series of cadmium applications. Activities of four enzymes (catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, superoxide dismutase), and concentrations of free proline and malonaldehyde in the roots of both plants were investigated. Results showed that the germination rate and growth of roots of both plants were inhibited at the concentration of 20 mg Cd/l, and the inhibition was increased with the increasing concentrations of cadmium, both in the liquid culture and in the pot experiment; activities of the four enzymes declined similarly in both species. The concentration of proline in roots reached the maximum when the application of cadmium was at the level of 20 mg/l in the liquid culture (or 20 mg/kg in soil), and then it declined slowly with the increasing concentration of cadmium. However, the reverse trend was observed for the concentration of malonaldehyde. All of bio-indicators measured here was quite sensitive to the addition of cadmium.

Biomass↗
PubMed2003

The role of citric acid on the phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil.

Adsorption and hydroponics experiments were conducted to study the role of citric acid on the phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil. The results show that addition of citric acid decreased the adsorption of both lead and cadmium, such an effect was bigger for cadmium than for lead. The decrease in the adsorption of Pb and Cd was mainly due to a decrease of pH in the presence of citric acid. The presence of citric acid could alleviate the toxicity of Pb and Cd to radish, and stimulate their transportation from root to shoot. The studies of heavy metal forms using sequential extraction demonstrated that lead was mainly existed as FHAC (a lower bioavailable form) in the root, while F(HCl) was the dominant form in the leaf. The addition of citric acid to the soil changed the concentration and relative abundance of all the forms. The detoxifying effect of citric acid to Pb in shoots might result from the transformation of higher toxic forms into lower toxic forms. Cadmium was mainly present as F(NaCl), therefore, it had higher toxicity than lead. The addition of citric acid increased the abundance of F(H2O) + F(NaCl), indicating that citric acid treatment could transform cadmium into more transportable forms.

Adsorption↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Synthesis of biomass and utilization of plants wastes in a physical model of biological life-support system.

The paper considers problems of biosynthesis of higher plants' biomass and "biological incineration" of plant wastes in a working physical model of biological LSS. The plant wastes are "biologically incinerated" in a special heterotrophic block involving Californian worms, mushrooms and straw. The block processes plant wastes (straw, haulms) to produce soil-like substrate (SLS) on which plants (wheat, radish) are grown. Gas exchange in such a system consists of respiratory gas exchange of SLS and photosynthesis and respiration of plants. Specifics of gas exchange dynamics of high plants--SLS complex has been considered. Relationship between such a gas exchange and PAR irradiance and age of plants has been established. Nitrogen and iron were found to the first to limit plants' growth on SLS when process conditions are deranged. The SLS microflora has been found to have different kinds of ammonifying and denitrifying bacteria which is indicative of intensive transformation of nitrogen-containing compounds. The number of physiological groups of microorganisms in SLS was, on the whole, steady. As a result, organic substances--products of exchange of plants and microorganisms were not accumulated in the medium, but mineralized and assimilated by the biocenosis. Experiments showed that the developed model of a man-made ecosystem realized complete utilization of plant wastes and involved them into the intrasystem turnover.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2002

Transfer factors of radioactive Cs, Sr, Mn, Co and Zn from Japanese soils to root and leaf of radish.

Transfer factors (TFs) of some selected radionuclides from ten different Japanese soils to radish have been studied by radiotracer experiments. The geometric mean values of TFs (on a wet weight basis) of radioactive Cs, Sr, Co, Mn and Zn for edible parts of radish (tuber) were 0.0090. 0.029, 0.00094, 0.0034 and 0.067, respectively. TFs for leaf were higher than those for tuber. The geometric mean values of leaf/tuber ratios were 4.1 for Cs, 4.9 for Sr, 1.6 for Co, 11 for Mn and 1.9 for Zn. Most of the Cs TFs obtained for andosol, which is the most common arable soil in Japan, were higher than those for the other soils. This might be due to the high concentrations of organic matter and alophen in andosol. The obtained TFs were compared to reference values of IAEA Technical Report 364.

Japan↗
PubMed2003

High temperature effect on microflora of radish root-inhabited zone and nutrient solutions for radish growth.

The effect of high temperatures (35 and 45 degrees C) on microflora of the root zone of radish plants grown in phytotron was evaluated by the response of microorganisms from 9 indicator groups. Phytotron air temperature elevated to 35 degrees C for 20 hours caused no significant changes in qualitative and quantitative composition of the root microflora in experimental plants. By the end of the experiment, the species diversity of microflora had changed. The amount of phytopathogenic microorganisms decreased which can be interpreted as more stable co-existence of microflora with plants. The numbers of microbes from other indicator groups was in dynamic equilibrium. The plants' condition did not deteriorate either. Exposure to the temperature of 45 degrees C for 7 hours have been found to change the numbers and species diversity in the radish root zone microflora. The microorganisms were observed to increase their total numbers at the expense of certain indicator groups. Bacteria increased spore forms at the stage of spores. Colon bacillus bacteria of increased their numbers by the end of experiment by an order. By the end of experiment the roots of experiment plants had microscopic fungi from Mucor, Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Cladosporium genera. The observed changes in the microbial complex seem to be associated with the changes of root emissions and general deterioration of the plants' condition. It is suggested that the response of the microorganisms can be indicative of the condition of plants under investigation.

Culture Media↗
PubMed2003

Mass exchange in an experimental new-generation life support system model based on biological regeneration of environment.

An experimental model of a biological life support system was used to evaluate qualitative and quantitative parameters of the internal mass exchange. The photosynthesizing unit included the higher plant component (wheat and radish), and the heterotrophic unit consisted of a soil-like substrate, California worms, mushrooms and microbial microflora. The gas mass exchange involved evolution of oxygen by the photosynthesizing component and its uptake by the heterotroph component along with the formation and maintaining of the SLS structure, growth of mushrooms and California worms, human respiration, and some other processes. Human presence in the system in the form of "virtual human" that at regular intervals took part in the respirative gas exchange during the experiment. Experimental data demonstrated good oxygen/carbon dioxide balance, and the closure of the cycles of these gases was almost complete. The water cycle was nearly 100% closed. The main components in the water mass exchange were transpiration water and the watering solution with mineral elements. Human consumption of the edible plant biomass (grains and roots) was simulated by processing these products by a unique physicochemical method of oxidizing them to inorganic mineral compounds, which were then returned into the system and fully assimilated by the plants. The oxidation was achieved by "wet combustion" of organic biomass, using hydrogen peroxide following a special procedure, which does not require high temperature and pressure. Hydrogen peroxide is produced from the water inside the system. The closure of the cycle was estimated for individual elements and compounds. Stoichiometric proportions are given for the main components included in the experimental model of the system. Approaches to the mathematical modeling of the cycling processes are discussed, using the data of the experimental model. Nitrogen, as a representative of biogenic elements, shows an almost 100% closure of the cycle inside the system. The proposed experimental model of a biological system is discussed as a candidate for potential application in the investigations aimed at creating ecosystems with largely closed cycles of the internal mass exchange. The formation and maintenance of sustainable cycling of vitally important chemical elements and compounds in biological life support systems (BLSS) is an extremely pressing problem. To attain the stable functioning of biological life support systems (BLSS) and to maintain a high degree of closure of material cycles in than, it is essential to understand the character of mass exchange processes and stoichiometnc proportions of the initial and synthesized components of the system.

Ammonia↗
PubMed2003

Light intensity and production parameters of phytocenoses cultivated on soil-like substrate under controlled [correction of controled] environment conditions.

To increase the degree of closure of biological life support systems of a new generation, we used vermicomposting to involve inedible phytomass in the intra-system mass exchange. The resulting product was a soil-like substrate, which was quite suitable for growing plants (Manukovsky et al. 1996, 1997). However, the soil like substrate can be regarded as a candidate for inclusion in a system only after a comprehensive examination of its physical, chemical, and other characteristics. An important criterion is the ability of the soil-like substrate to supply the necessary mineral elements to the photosynthesizing component under the chosen cultivation conditions. Thus, the purpose of this work was to study the feasibility of enhancing the production activity of wheat and radish crops by varying the intensity of photosynthetically active radiation, without decreasing the harvest index. The increase of light intensity from 920 to 1150 micromoles m-2 s-1 decreased the intensity of apparent photosynthesis of the wheat crops and slightly increased the apparent photosynthesis of the radish crops The maximum total and grain productivity (kg/m2) of the wheat crops was attained at the irradiance of 920 micromoles m-2 s-1. Light intensity of 1150 micromoles m-2 s-1 decreased the productivity of wheat plants and had no significant effect on the productivity of the radish crops (kg/m2) as compared to 920 micromoles m-2 s-1. The qualitative and quantitative composition of microflora of the watering solution and substrate was determined by the condition of plants, developmental phase and light intensity. By the end of wheat growth under 1150 micromoles m-2 s-1 the numbers of bacteria of the coliform family and phytopathogenic bacteria in the watering solution and substrate were an order of magnitude larger than under other illumination conditions. The obtained data suggest that the cultivation of plants in a life support system on soil-like substrate from composts has a number of advantages over the cultivation on neutral substrates, which require continual replenishment of the plant nutrient solution from the system's store to complement the macro- and micro-elements. Yet, a number of problems arise, including those related to the controlling of the production activity of the plants by the intensity of photosynthetically active radiation. It is essential to understand why the intensity of production processes is limited at higher irradiation levels and to overcome the factors responsible for this, so that the soil-like substrate could have an even better chance in the competition for the best plant cultivation technology to be used in biological life support systems.

Biomass↗
PubMed2003

A simple procedure for reducing lead content in fish.

The efficiencies of medicinal herbs (damaseisa, and rosemary); plants solutions (radish and barley); polypeptide solutions (nisin); neutral solutions (sodium chloride) and acidic solutions (acetic acid), as well as tap water, in the elimination of lead from naturally contaminated bolty fish were examined. The results indicate the efficient role of washing by nisin, damaseisa, radish, barley and rosemary compared with acetic acid and sodium sodium chloride solutions. It was noticed that nisin and damaseisa solutions (10%) eliminated lead completely. On the other hand, washing with tap water provided the least effective role in elimination of lead from fish.

Acetates↗
PubMed2003

Effect of naturally occurring allyl and phenyl isothiocyanates in the inhibition of experimental pulmonary metastasis induced by B16F-10 melanoma cells.

The effect of naturally occurring allyl and phenyl isothiocyanates in the inhibition of B16F-10 melanoma cells-induced metastasis has been studied in C57BL/6 mice. The two compounds were administered by three different modalities. Simultaneous administration of the compounds with tumour induction was found to produce significant reduction in the lung tumour nodule formation; of the two compounds studied, allyl isothiocyanate have shown to be more effective and it produced 93% inhibition of tumour nodules while phenyl isothiocyanate has an inhibition of 77.3%. Prophylactic administration also produces considerable effect but no effect was observed by their administration after the tumour development. Lung collagen hydroxyproline, lung uronic acid, lung hexosamine content, serum sialic acid and serum GGT levels were also estimated and the enhanced levels of these parameters in the control animals were found to be reduced by the simultaneous administration of these isothiocyanates; these data were also correlated with the inhibition of lung tumour nodules produced and the increase in life span of the animals.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The noble radish: past, present and future.

Recent developments in plant biotechnology have revealed that radish can be genetically modified by a technique called "floral-dipping". This system has been used successfully to delay both bolting and flowering in radish by the co-suppression of the photoperiodic gene, GIGANTEA. Future research could use this system to improve the pharmaceutical value of the crop for global usage.

Arabidopsis Proteins↗
PubMed2003

Identification of reaction products of acylated anthocyanins from red radish with peroxyl radicals.

Red radish anthocyanin extract, which consists of 12 known acylated anthocyanins, was reacted with 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) to generate peroxyl radicals under acidic pH conditions at 37 degrees C. The reaction products were isolated using preparative HPLC, and their chemical structures were determined to be p-hydroxybenzoic acid (1), 6-O-(E)-p-coumaroyl-2-O-beta-d- glucopyranosyl-alpha-d-glucopyranoside (3), p-coumaric acid (4), 6-O-(E)-feruloyl-2-O-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-alpha-d-glucopyranoside (5), and ferulic acid (6). Some products were not identified. HPLC analyses of the mixture of acylated pelargonidin isolated from red radish and AAPH revealed that the acylated pelargonidins possess the radical scavenging ability on some common sites even if the characteristics of the intramolecular acyl units are different. Degradation rates of acylated pelargonidins and the formation rates of the resulting reaction products were found to be quite different.

Acylation↗
PubMed2003

Effects of selenium supplementation on four agricultural crops.

Agricultural crops can be used either to remediate selenium-contaminated soils or to increase the daily selenium intake of consumers after soil supplementation using inorganic or organic selenium sources. In this study, four agricultural crops were examined for potential selenium enhancement. Soils containing tomato, strawberry, radish, and lettuce plants were supplemented with either an inorganic or an organic form of selenium. Two different soils, i.e., low Se and high Se containing, were also used. Statistically significant differences in appearance, fruit production, and fresh weights of the fruit produced were studied. Next, the amount of selenium retained in the edible fruits, nonedible plant, and soil for each was analyzed by acid digestion followed by hydride generation atomic absorption analysis. Finally, inhibition effects on the seeds of the agricultural plants were studied. The results show that supplementation with an inorganic form of selenium led to higher retention in the plants, with a maximum of 97.5% retained in the edible portion of lettuce plants.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2004

Glucoraphanin and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin contents in seeds of 59 cultivars of broccoli, raab, kohlrabi, radish, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, kale, and cabbage.

The importance of dietary sulforaphane in helping maintain good health continues to gain support within the health-care community and awareness among U.S. consumers. In addition to the traditional avenue for obtaining sulforaphane, namely, the consumption of appropriate cruciferous vegetables, other consumer products containing added glucoraphanin, the natural precursor to sulforaphane, are now appearing in the United States. Crucifer seeds are a likely source for obtaining glucoraphanin, owing to a higher concentration of glucoraphanin and the relative ease of processing seeds as compared to vegetative parts. Seeds of several commonly consumed crucifers were analyzed not only for glucoraphanin but also for components that might have negative health implications, such as certain indole-containing glucosinolates and erucic acid-containing lipids. Glucoraphanin, 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, other glucosinolates, and lipid erucic acid were quantified in seeds of 33 commercially available cultivars of broccoli, 4 cultivars each of kohlrabi, radish, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, kale, and cabbage, and 2 cultivars of raab.

Brassica↗