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At least 415 records · Page 23Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Nontraditional nutrition education interventions: the radio ECCA method.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a nutrition education intervention using a radio programme in the Canary Islands. DESIGN: Pre-post quasiexperimental epidemiological study. SETTING: Free living population in the Canary Islands, Spain. SUBJECTS: A sample of 1753 individuals out of 6846 volunteers participating in the educational programme. INTERVENTIONS: A 6-week radio programme consisting of 12 didactic units with supplementary print support material and four optional attendance-based healthy cooking seminars. RESULTS: At 2 months postintervention, an increased consumption of pulses, salads, fruits and juices, cereals and fish, and a decreased consumption of meat, sausages, pastries, French fries, bread and eggs were observed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Amateur radio operators and exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls.

In September, 1982, the Special Studies Branch, Chronic Diseases Division, Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control, was alerted to the possibility that oils in certain oil-filled devices used by amateur radio operators throughout the country were contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). To evaluate the possible exposures and concomitant health risks, we conducted an exposure assessment study in two phases: an evaluation of the prevalence of environmental contaminations and an assessment of human exposure. Of 77 oil samples collected, only 2 were contaminated above a 50-ppm level; analyses of blood specimens collected from these two owner-operators showed serum PCB-levels which were well within a "normal" or expected background range. Although, on the basis of these limited data, PCBs from contaminated oils do not appear to be a hazard to amateur radio operators, we recommend that PCB-contaminated oils should not be used because of the continuing potential for exposure from either inhalation or direct contamination.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Preventing domestic violence in the african american community: assessing the impact of a dramatic radio serial.

This article reports on the evaluation of "It's Your Business," a dramatic radio serial promoting domestic violence prevention in the African-American community that was made available for national broadcast. Radio stations in 4 study cities committed to airing the broadcasts. However, in only 1 of the 4 was the broadcast carried out in even a limited way. Consequently, only data from one city could be used to assess impact. Even there only 9 percent of the sample could confidently be called exposed, answering a recall question correctly and claiming to hear more than 2 episodes. These moderately exposed respondents scored higher than non-exposed respondents on 21 out of 27 anti-domestic violence beliefs and behaviors; 10 differences were statistically significant. However, the moderate exposure group only displayed stronger outcomes than a group who claimed exposure but could not recall much about the program in 2 out of the 27 outcomes at a statistically significant level. We conclude that the association of moderate exposure and anti-domestic violence outcomes was most likely an artifact of selective perception, and not a result of exposure alone. The evaluation points to the need to better understand how exposure can be achieved to complement our work on developing messages.

Black People↗
PubMed1999

Smoker reactions to a "radio message" that Light cigarettes are as dangerous as Regular cigarettes.

The purpose of this study was to examine in a systematic, controlled fashion the reactions of smokers to scientifically correct information about the risks of smoking Light cigarettes (about 6-15 mg tar by the FTC method). Random-digit dialing, computer-assisted telephone interviews were used to locate daily smokers of Light cigarettes. In an experimental design, smokers were randomly assigned to listen (n = 293) or not (n = 275) to a persuasive simulated radio message on the risks of Light cigarettes; 108 of those who did not listen to the message in the first part of the interview were played the message in the second part, to evaluate some repeated-measures effects. Those who heard the message were more likely to report that one Light cigarette could give a smoker the same amount of tar as one Regular cigarette and that Light cigarettes were more dangerous: 55% said the message made them think more about quitting and 46% said the message increased the amount they wanted to quit; 42% said that after hearing the message they thought Light cigarettes were more dangerous. Using the Theory of Planned Behavior, structural equation modeling analysis indicated that the message acted to increase intention to quit smoking by increasing the desire to quit smoking. Seventy-three per cent of the smokers agreed that it was important to play such messages widely on the radio; 77% agreed that there should be a warning on packs that vent blocking increases tar; 61% agreed that the location of filter vents should be marked. The majority of smokers of Light cigarettes seem to value being informed that Light cigarettes are as dangerous for them as Regular cigarettes, and this information increases their intentions to quit smoking.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Cancer incidence near radio and television transmitters in Great Britain. I. Sutton Coldfield transmitter.

A small area study of cancer incidence in 1974-1986 was carried out to investigate an unconfirmed report of a "cluster" of leukemias and lymphomas near the Sutton Coldfield television (TV) and frequency modulation (FM) radio transmitter in the West Midlands, England. The study used a national database of postcoded cancer registrations, and population and socioeconomic data from the 1981 census. Selected cancers were hematopoietic and lymphatic, brain, skin, eye, male breast, female breast, lung, colorectal, stomach, prostate, and bladder. Expected numbers of cancers in small areas were calculated by indirect standardization, with stratification for a small area socioeconomic index. The study area was defined as a 10 km radius circle around the transmitter, within which 10 bands of increasing distance from the transmitter were defined as a basis for testing for a decline in risk with distance, and an inner area was arbitrarily defined for descriptive purposes as a 2 km radius circle. The risk of adult leukemia within 2 km was 1.83 (95% confidence interval 1.22-2.74), and there was a significant decline in risk with distance from the transmitter (p = 0.001). These findings appeared to be consistent over the periods 1974-1980, 1981-1986, and were probably largely independent of the initially reported cluster, which appeared to concern mainly a later period. In the context of variability of leukemia risk across census wards in the West Midlands as a whole, the Sutton Coldfield findings were unusual. A significant decline in risk with distance was also found for skin cancer, possibly related to residual socioeconomic confounding, and for bladder cancer. Study of other radio and TV transmitters in Great Britain is required to put the present results in wider context. No causal implications can be made from a single cluster investigation of this kind.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Population exposure to electromagnetic fields generated by radio base stations: evaluation of the urban background by using provisional model and instrumental measurements.

Electromagnetic radiation, which is used by broadcasting and mobile telephone systems to transmit information, permeates the city environment. In order to properly evaluate population exposure to electromagnetic fields, knowledge of their intensity and spectral components is necessary. In this study the results of radiofrequency field monitoring carried out in Torino, a large town located in the north-west of Italy are shown: the variation of the electromagnetic field strength is evaluated as a function of the height from the ground, the location in the urban area and the frequency. separating the contributions of the different sources (broadcasting antennas and radio base stations for mobile phones). Furthermore, the contribution of the radio base stations is theoretically evaluated, adding the emissions off all installations situated in Torino and examining the field strength maps calculated, considering the orography, for different heights. The theoretical values are also compared with those measured in the frequency range of mobile telephony emissions.

Background Radiation↗
PubMed1996

Assessment of cellular telephone and other radio frequency exposure for epidemiologic research.

Epidemiologists are now embarking on the evaluation of the hypothesis that exposure to radio frequency energy from low-power wireless communication devices, such as portable cellular telephones, causes brain cancer and other adverse health outcomes. Even in the laboratory, exposures from radio frequency sources are difficult to quantify; their measurement in large populations for epidemiologic study is challenging. In this paper, we outline the nature and magnitude of these exposures and discuss the prospects for obtaining useful measures of exposure for epidemiologic research.

Brain Neoplasms↗
PubMed1994

Radio frequency currents induced in the human body for medium-frequency/high-frequency broadcast antennas.

Radio frequency currents in the human body, induced by high-frequency and medium-frequency high-power broadcast antennas, were studied theoretically and experimentally. An analytical formula was derived to calculate the foot currents in a grounded semispheroidal model of the human body. The model agrees within 30% with the results given by the standard formula presented by Gandhi on the basis of measurements with humans. Near 100 kHz, the model predicts a decrease of 14% of the current dissipated in the human body, which is due to the beta relaxation of the cells. The effect of the body and foot-contact impedances were studied with the aid of a simplified equivalent circuit which showed that the body impedance does not considerably affect the foot current below 10 MHz. The normalized foot currents measured in front of the broadcast antennas were within 30% agreement of the currents calculated with the Gandhi formula from the electric fields measured at a height of 1 m. The foot currents are induced by vertical electric fields for both medium-frequency and high-frequency antennas in spite of a strong horizontal component in the latter case. The distance at which the occupational exposure limit of 200 mA was exceeded in the worst (maximum coupling) case was 50 m for the high-frequency antenna and < 14 m for the medium-frequency antenna. In the latter case, the radio frequency shocks resulting from touching ungrounded metallic bodies impose a practical limit to about 40 m.

Electromagnetic Fields↗
PubMed2001

Radio frequency radiation exposure standards: considerations for harmonization.

Radio frequency radiation exposure standards vary in origin, development process, legal status, and in the actual exposure limits. To identify the sources of differences in limits, we evaluated technical aspects of eight standards that included supporting information on the scientific data and rationale. Comparisons were made among the standards by examining the scope of the underlying database, the rationales for safety factors and other issues underlying exposure limits in the energy-deposition range (0.1 MHz to 10.0 GHz) and in the surface-heating range (about 10 or 15 GHz to 300 GHz). The framework for this assessment was based on the methods recommended by the scientific and regulatory organizations for developing health-based exposure limits. General guidelines for performing risk assessments for threshold acting agents have been developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Health Canada's Environmental Health Directorate, and the International Program on Chemical Safety of the World Health Organization. This general methodology was applied to radiofrequency radiation for this assessment. Because these methods strive to identify scientific issues and separate them from risk management or policy, they provide a basis for evaluation of standards in this paper. This distinction can provide a foundation for the longer-term goal of global harmonization of radio frequency radiation standards. Each of the standards evaluated in the energy-deposition range was found to use the same basic restriction, based on biological data and a 10-fold safety factor, yet explanations reflect different interpretations of the underlying biological data. Rationales differ for the magnitude of the safety factor, for the circumstances of exposure, for the nature of sensitive populations, and for the presumed health status of the individuals for whom the basic restriction is applicable. In the surface-heating range, broad variability in exposure limits are seen in the limit itself, as well as in the approach to time averaging and frequency dependence. Averaging times differ among standards, as do tissue geometries for defining partial-body exposures. The differences in approaches to develop the standards do not completely explain differences among the exposure limits, and methods for computing exposure limits from basic restrictions are not always defined. This analysis suggests harmonization of standards will require more detailed review and coordination of biological and engineering data and of policy options.

Canada↗
PubMed2000

A novel speech controller for radio amateurs with a vision impairment.

This paper describes a portable speech controller system for persons with a vision impairment to adjust the channel frequency of a radio set via speech commands. The speech commands are recognized on a general-purpose digital signal processor using a hidden Markov model (HMM), and are used to remotely control radio channel changes.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mapping of the radio frequency magnetic field with a MR snapshot FLASH technique.

A fast method to measure the radio frequency magnetic field intensity distribution during magnetic resonance examinations within objects or patients is proposed. Using a snapshot FLASH sequence, several images are obtained with different transmitter amplitudes for the single prepulse prior to the imaging sequence. The signal intensity at each pixel within a selected slice is diminished by this prepulse, unless the pulse angle is 0 degrees or a multiple of 360 degrees. This condition can be used to measure that transmitter amplitude Umax for each pixel which causes an excitation of 360 degrees by the prepulse. The values of Umax can be visualized in an image and are inversely proportional to the radio frequency magnetic field strength at each position within the image. The method can also be used for in-vivo measurements, where it may be difficult to realize prepulses with sufficient high flip angles. In these cases, signal corresponding to a 180 degree prepulse can be used for calculating Umax.

Electromagnetic Fields↗
PubMed1993

Transurethral radio frequency thermotherapy for symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia.

A total of 90 patients with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) were treated with transurethral radio frequency thermotherapy. The treatment consisted of one 180-min session at 48 degrees C. All patients were evaluated before treatment and 80 (10 with urinary retention) were reevaluated at 3 months for follow-up. The analysis of the results of this group of patients is the subject of this presentation. Results were defined according to the variation in three parameters: nocturia, symptomatic score (Madsen) and urinary peak flow. Improvement (defined as a change of 50% or more in any of the three measured parameters) was found in 78% of the patients. Improvement in all of the above-mentioned parameters was found in 34.08% of the patients. In 29.82% of the patients improvement was found in two parameters and 14.02% of the patients improvement was found in one parameter and none in 21.30%. The percent variations in each parameter before and after treatment were: nocturia and symptom score decreased by 33.33% and 50%, respectively, and urinary peak flow increased by 33.65%. Age was the most important predictive factor. Of the patients under 65 years of age, 85% showed very good and good results. In comparison, only 42% of the patients over 65 years showed similar results. Immediate complications were 4 cases of acute urinary retention (5.71%) and 4 cases of urinary infection (5.71%). Transurethral radio frequency thermotherapy, having a low toxicity and complication rate, has comparable results to other nonsurgical treatment modalities. It is a viable alternative treatment for symptomatic BPH.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Cost-effectiveness of television, radio, and print media programs for public mental health education.

Mass media campaigns to influence public attitudes and behaviors in the area of mental health must consider cost-effectiveness, which is based on actual costs, the number of people reached (exposures), and the impact of the program on the individual. Cost per exposure is a critical factor. The authors review their experience in developing media programs in several broadcast formats and in print. Their experience suggests that an effective television production has a very high per-exposure cost and that radio is a more cost-effective way to present health messages. Radio programs also have the advantage of reaching people in their homes or cars or at work. Brief segments may be particularly cost-effective because they can be can be inserted between programs during prime-time hours. Print media--newspapers, magazines, and newsletters--can be cost-effective if magazine or newspaper space is free, but newsletters can be costly due to fixed postage costs. One advantage of print is that it can be reread, clipped out, copied, and passed on.

Advertising↗
PubMed1987

Integrating systems theory and attachment theory: the use of radio communication to modify attachments in a patient with psychogenic vomiting.

A case is presented that shows the usefulness of integrating systems theory and attachment theory in the formulation and treatment of a clinical problem. The 5 year old son of East Indian immigrants presented with persistent psychogenic vomiting associated with pathological family attachments. It was evident that the precarious family equilibrium was stabilized by the child's psychogenic vomiting. The therapeutic team suggested to the family that their problems might be more satisfactorily resolved if the mother and child maintained their link by two-way radio. Three weeks later the vomiting had ceased, the child no longer felt that he needed the radio and both parents had established new patterns of relating to their child, whose attendance and peer socialization at school showed marked improvement. To some extent the rapid resolution of the problems was facilitated by the cultural strengths of the family.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2003

Rationalizing radio medical advice for maritime emergencies.

The provision of radio medical advice by the National Health Service for British coastal waters has developed in an ad hoc fashion. In 1999, the closure of one of the two centres providing such advice led to unexpected problems. The demographic characteristics of the offshore population covered by each centre were markedly different and this resulted in a different spectrum of medical emergencies presenting to the sole remaining centre. Subsequent data collection of the details of medical emergencies presenting from offshore allowed an audit to inform the development of training packages for both base and remote practitioners. This has led to an ongoing national rationalization of ship-to-shore radio medical advice for the UK.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1996

Organization and activities of the International Radio Medical Centre (CIRM).

The International Radio Medical Centre (CIRM) was founded in 1935, to provide free medical assistance by radio to ships with no doctor on board and others who cannot be reached by a doctor. In 1950 CIRM was established as a non-profit-making foundation and has benefited since 1957 from an annual contribution from the Italian government. The results achieved by the Centre over 61 years include medical assistance to 42,935 patients on board ships (as well as on small islands and aircraft), with 375,264 medical messages received and transmitted. CIRM is organized into a medical service, a telecommunications service and a studies section. The 24-h continuous medical service is provided by doctors at the CIRM headquarters. The doctor on duty gives instructions for managing the case. If necessary the medical service will coordinate the patient's hospitalization at the nearest port with suitable medical facilities or arrange the patient's transfer to another ship with a doctor on board, or an airlift. The telecommunications service receives requests for assistance, locates the ship or whoever made the request, passes the call to the doctor on duty, and relays the doctor's response to those requesting assistance. The studies section, established in 1957-58, researches occupational pathologies of sailors and contributes to their prevention. This provides a scientific basis for improving medical assistance to sailors at sea.

Emergencies↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[People taking care of people: the art of caring through radio waves].

The nurse as a primary care provider professional participates actively in health education activities. Within the spoken language, the radio, because of its power of penetration, assumes an important role in the dissemination of health information. Thus, the School of Nursing at Santo Amaro University, in São Paulo, Brazil, initiated a series of community health programs using the services of the university radio. The purpose of this paper is to report on the experience of elaborating and implementing the weekly programs "Healthy Life" and "People taking care of People", in first one implemented in 1996. Due to the positive results obtained, this activity became part of the University Extension Program with the participation of teachers and students.

Brazil↗
PubMed2000

A radio controller using speech for the blind.

This article describes a low-cost, portable real-time DSP-based speech controller system to provide radio interface control command applications for the blind. The system recognizes spoken Mandarin Chinese words on a DSP chip (TMS320C31) using a hidden Markov model. The function of the radio set, which includes a tuner, tape, and compact disc, were evaluated under both noisy and noiseless environments. Four subjects took part in the experiment and achieved 83 and 90% mean recognition rates under noisy and noiseless conditions, respectively. In addition, because this system is based on a DSP chip, it can easily be programmed to execute speaker-independent algorithms.

Algorithms↗