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At least 415 records · Page 23Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Black race does not independently predict adverse outcome following radical retropubic prostatectomy at a tertiary referral center.

PURPOSE: There is controversy in the literature as to whether black race is associated with poorer oncological outcomes among men undergoing radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer. To address this issue we examined the outcomes of a cohort of black and white men treated by multiple surgeons at our institution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study population consisted of 4,962 white and 326 black men treated with anatomical radical retropubic prostatectomy between 1988 and 2004 by 10 different surgeons at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, a tertiary care referral center. We evaluated the association between race and adverse pathological features, and biochemical progression. RESULTS: Black men had significantly higher preoperative serum prostate specific antigen (mean 7.2 vs 6.0 ng/ml, p <0.001), body mass index (median 27.4 vs 26.3 kg/m, p <0.001) and incidence of higher grade disease (Gleason sum 4 + 3 or greater) on prostate biopsy (17% vs 14%, p = 0.011). After adjustment for multiple clinical variables there was no statistically significant association between race and the adverse pathological characteristics of high grade disease, positive surgical margins, extraprostatic extension or seminal vesicle invasion. Black race was associated with a significantly increased risk of biochemical progression on univariate analysis (HR 1.52, 95% CI 1.16-2.00, p = 0.002). However, after adjusting for clinical and pathological characteristics, black race was not an independent predictor of biochemical progression (HR 1.09, 95% CI 0.81-1.45, p = 0.578). CONCLUSIONS: Black men were more likely to be obese and present with adverse preoperative clinical features at a younger age, and have a higher rate of biochemical progression. However, on multivariate analysis black race was not an independent predictor of adverse pathological outcome or biochemical recurrence. Further efforts are needed to detect prostate cancer earlier among black men.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2005

Improved rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) for mapping both the 5' and 3' terminal sequences of paramyxovirus genomes.

Rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) is a powerful PCR-based technique for determination of RNA terminal sequences. However, most of the RACE methods reported in the literature are developed specifically for the mapping of eukaryotic transcripts with 3' poly-A tail and 5' cap structure. In this study, an improved RACE strategy was developed which allows both 5' and 3' RACE of paramyxovirus genomic RNA using the same set of common molecular biology reagents without having to rely on expensive RACE kits. Mapping of RNA genome terminal sequences is an essential part of characterizing novel paramyxoviruses since these sequences contain important signals for genome replication and transcription, and are important molecular markers for studying virus evolution. The usefulness of this strategy was demonstrated by rapid characterization of both genome ends for a novel paramyxovirus recently isolated from human kidney primary cells. The RACE strategy described in this paper is simple, cost-effective and can be used to map genome ends of any RNA viruses.

DNA Primers↗
PubMed2004

The effect of creatine supplementation upon inflammatory and muscle soreness markers after a 30km race.

We have evaluated the effect of a creatine supplementation protocol upon inflammatory and muscle soreness markers: creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), prostaglandin E2) (PGE2) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) after running 30km. Runners with previously experience in running marathons, with their personal best between 2.5-3h were supplemented for 5 days prior to the 30km race with 4 doses of 5g of creatine and 15g of maltodextrine per day while the control group received the same amount of maltodextrine. Pre-race blood samples were collected immediately before running the 30km, and 24h after the end of the test (the post-race samples). After the test, athletes from the control group presented an increase in plasma CK (4.4-fold), LDH (43%), PGE2 6.6-fold) and TNF-alpha (2.34-fold) concentrations, indicating a high level of cell injury and inflammation. Creatine supplementation attenuated the changes observed for CK (by 19%), PGE2 and TNF-alpha (by 60.9% and 33.7%, respectively, p<0.05) and abolished the increase in LDH plasma concentration observed after running 30km, The athletes did not present any side effects such as cramping, dehydration or diarrhea, neither during the period of supplementation, nor during the 30km race. All the athletes finished the race in a time equivalent to their personal best +/- 5.8%. These results indicate that creatine supplementation reduced cell damage and inflammation after an exhaustive intense race.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Analysis of impact of age and race on biochemical control after radiotherapy in different prostate cancer settings.

OBJECTIVES: To provide a single-institution analysis of the impact of age and race on biochemical control after radiotherapy (RT) administered in different prostate cancer scenarios. Age and race are among the most controversial prognostic factors in determining outcome after RT. Proper understanding of these prognostic factors can assist in both treatment decision-making and the general understanding of the natural history of prostate cancer. METHODS: The records of 527 consecutive nonmetastatic patients undergoing RT at a single institution and for whom demographic, disease, treatment, and follow-up information were available were reviewed. The cohort was divided into two categories: locally advanced/localized (458 patients) and postprostatectomy (69 patients). Biochemical failure-free survival (BFFS) curves were compared within each group to determine the influence of age and race on biochemical control. RESULTS: BFFS curves for the entire study population did not reveal any statistically significant difference when separated by age (younger than 60 years versus 60 to 69 years versus 70 years or older; 4-year BFFS 75% versus 70% versus 72%, respectively; P = 0.773) or by race (African American versus white; 4-year BFFS 74% versus 70%, respectively; P = 0.469). Additionally, no statistically significant differences were observed as a function of stage or age within either category (intact prostate or postprostatectomy). CONCLUSIONS: Age and race did not, in our study, independently influence biochemical control after RT for nonmetastatic prostate cancer. On the basis of the results of this study, age and race should not be used as independent factors in treatment decision-making and in patient counseling concerning prostate cancer.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

Anthropometrical data and coefficients of regression related to gender and race.

As a result of migration and globalization, the requirement for anthropometrical data of distinct races and gender has augmented whilst the availability remained minimal. Therefore, several sets of estimation equations, which depend on gender, race, body height (BH), and body mass (BM), were established in this study to fulfill this necessity. The method consisted of: (a) an inexpensive device to scan the body surface, (b) the electronic reconstruction of the body surface and (c) a module to calculate segmental lengths, segmental masses, radii of gyration and moments of inertia, using the 16-segment model (Zatsiorsky, 1983) and density data of Dempster (Space requirements of the seated operator, WADC Technical Report, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, 1995, pp. 55-159), and (d) the establishment of regression equations. One hundred young Chinese and Germans, representing the Asian and Caucasian races, were randomly recruited to participate in this study. The results revealed contrasting trunk, limb lengths and relative skull volume (skull volume/body volume) between the two races as well as the independence of head mass from body height. The regression equations, which were successfully derived based on the above-unveiled differences, are capable of supplying a prompt way to obtain all anthropometrical parameters of different genders and race groups through individual BM and BH. Anthropometrical data are related to gender, race, BH and BM. In order to obtain the data, one can utilize various measurements, which might have enormous financial expenditure in addition to time-consumption or employ the convenient and economical short-cut-regression-to obtain such data. The results of this study reveal that the accuracy of such estimations is high. The errors of predictions lie under 0.7 Standard deviation, which will satisfy most of applications.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1996

Age- and race-specific reference ranges for prostate-specific antigen from a large community-based study.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the relationship of age and race to prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels among participants in a community-based study. METHODS: A total of 77,700 records of men aged 40 to 79 years were analyzed from a longitudinal study of PSA conducted during Prostate Cancer Awareness Week 1993 and 1994. Records from 1994 were not included for men who were tested in 1993. All cases of prostate cancer were excluded. Records with outlier PSA values greater than 20 ng/mL were eliminated from the analysis (n = 190; 24%). RESULTS: Mean PSA values (ng/mL) of 10-year age groups differed significantly (P < 0.0001) between each group (ages 40-49, 0.83; 50-59, 1.23; 60-69, 1.83; 70-79, 2.31). In each successively older age group, PSA variance increased significantly (P = 0.0001). Standard deviations (SD) by age group were: 40-49, 0.79; 50-59, 1.33; 60-69, 1.94; and 70-79, 2.35. Significant differences in mean PSA by race were found. Pairwise differences in mean PSA were found between whites and blacks, whites and Latinos, blacks and Asians, and Asians and Latinos (P < 0.0001). No statistically significant differences in PSA variance between racial groups were found. Age-within-race analysis resulted in consistent statistical significance when comparing variance among age cohorts in each race. CONCLUSIONS: Age-specific PSA reference ranges are a result of the increasing mean PSA and increasing PSA variance in successively older cohorts of men. Mean PSA values differ significantly by race, but differences in PSA variance do not. The clinical significance of race-specific PSA reference ranges has yet to be determined.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Effect of race on outcome of orthotopic liver transplantation: a cohort study.

BACKGROUND: There is significant evidence to suggest that long-term survival after renal transplantation is significantly lower in African Americans than in other races. We aimed to establish whether there was a difference in survival in African Americans compared with other races after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) and whether race was an independent predictor of survival. METHODS: We collected data from the United Network of Organ Sharing transplant registry for all liver transplants done between 1988 and 1996 in the USA. We also recorded information on age, sex, race, blood group, and cause of death for the donors and recipients. FINDINGS: 2-year graft survival was significantly lower for African Americans (601 of 884, 68%) and Asians (266 of 416, 64%) compared with white Americans (8703 of 11762, 74%) and Hispanics (878 of 1220, 72%). 2-year and 5-year patient survival were significantly lower for African Americans (654 of 884 [74%], 270 of 565 [48%]) and Asians (287 of 416 [69%], 92 of 252 [37%]) compared with white Americans (9786 of 11762 [83%], 4357 of 7514 [58%]) and Hispanics (964 of 1220 [79%], 341 of 657 [52%]). Compared with white Americans, African American (hazard ratio 1.36, 95% CI 1.16-1.60, p<0.0001) and Asian (1.25, 1.01-1.56, p=0.03) race were independent predictors of poor survival at 2 years. INTERPRETATION: African Americans and Asians have a worse outcome after OLT compared with white Americans and Hispanics. The higher rate of chronic rejection in African Americans and a relatively worse outcome in other minority races merits further examination.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Depression with racing thoughts.

The aim of this study was to explore the clinical and family history correlates of depression with racing thoughts, an understudied phenomenon. Consecutive outpatients with a major depressive episode (MDE, N=336; unipolar subtype, n=130; bipolar-II subtype, n=206) were interviewed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders-Clinician Version. Depression with racing thoughts was present in 213 patients (63.3%), a subgroup characterized by significantly more patients with bipolar-II disorder, lower age and lower age of onset, more atypical features, psychomotor agitation, diminished ability to think, suicidal ideation, guilt, leaden paralysis, MDE symptoms, and bipolar-II disorder family history than found in the subgroup without racing thoughts. Logistic regression controlled the diagnosis of bipolar-II disorder (which was associated with most of these variables). Comparisons in the separate bipolar-II and unipolar samples of depression with racing thoughts vs. the variables found significantly different in the total group found that associations with depression with racing thoughts were partly related to bipolar-II and partly related to unipolar diagnoses. Limitations of the study include reliance upon a single interviewer, non-blind cross-sectional assessment and bipolar-II diagnosis based on history. Depression with racing thoughts was very common in depressed outpatients, and was associated with suicidal ideation. Possible differential effects of antidepressants vs. mood stabilizers and antipsychotics are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Risk factors and sources of variation in horse falls in steeplechase racing in the UK.

We identified risk factors associated with falling during steeplechase racing. We used retrospective data from all steeplechase runs on UK racecourses during 1999: 10,866 starts with 647 horse falls. The relationship between continuous variables and falling was assessed using generalised additive models (GAMs). Polynomial fits then were included in a multilevel, multivariable logistic-regression model. The number of runners had a linear, positive association with the risk of falling. The distance of the race had a non-linear relationship with the risk of falling; the risk steadily increased in races up to 23 furlongs (1furlong approximately equals 198 m), and then decreased in longer races. Age also had a significant, non-linear relationship with the risk of falling: a decreasing risk up to 12 years of age followed by an increasing risk in older horses. Horses that wore visors and had raced previously were associated with a decrease in the risk of falling. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) showed that although most of the variation resided at the start (level 1), a proportion of variation in the risk of falling could be attributed to horse and race. Trainer and jockey contributed very little to the variation in the risk of falling.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed1998

A case-crossover study of intensive racing and training schedules and risk of catastrophic musculoskeletal injury and lay-up in California thoroughbred racehorses.

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between intensive racing and training schedules and risk of either catastrophic musculoskeletal injury (CMI) or lay-up from racing in California Thoroughbreds. Thoroughbred racehorses that sustained a CMI during racing or training and either were subsequently euthanized or died on a California racetrack during 1991 and 1992 were studied using a case-crossover study design. Each study subject (case) provided its own self-matched control information in the form of 'typical' exposure frequency, determined or estimated from historic information. Periods of rapid average daily accumulation of high-speed exercise distance were identified for each horse from official race and training histories with a sliding 60-day window. Those window frames containing an average daily rate of distance accumulation exceeding 75th percentile cutoff values were classified as exposed frames followed by 30 days of increased risk, or hazard periods. All remaining days (excluding periods of layoff from racing) were considered non-hazard time at risk. The relative risk (RR) of CMI within 30 days following a period of rapid accumulation of high-speed exercise distance (during a hazard period) was 4.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.0, 5.8). Of these 214 cases, 84 (39%) were injured during a hazard period whereas on average only 22% of total career time at risk was hazard time for these horses. A second analysis was performed for horses with at least 1 lay-up period from racing of > or = 60 days. RR for a lay-up beginning during a hazard period was estimated for the last lay-up experienced by each horse. The RR for lay-up beginning during a hazard period was 4.8 (95% CI = 2.9, 8.1). Of these 98 cases, 32 (33%) of the lay-ups began during a hazard period whereas on average, only 22% of at-risk time up to last lay-up was hazard time for these horses.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2003

Perceptions of race.

UNTIL RECENTLY, EXPERIMENTS ON PERSON PERCEPTION HAD LED TO TWO UNWELCOME CONCLUSIONS: (1) people encode the race of each individual they encounter, and (2) race encoding is caused by computational mechanisms whose operation is automatic and mandatory. Evolutionary analyses rule out the hypothesis that the brain mechanisms that cause race encoding evolved for that purpose. Consequently, race encoding must be a byproduct of mechanisms that evolved for some alternative function. But which one? Race is not encoded as a byproduct of domain-general perceptual processes. Two families of byproduct hypotheses remain: one invokes inferential machinery designed for tracking coalitional alliances, the other machinery designed for reasoning about natural kinds. Recent experiments show that manipulating coalitional variables can dramatically decrease the extent to which race is noticed and remembered.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Mind the gap: bridge methods to allocate multiple-race mothers in trend analyses of birth certificate data.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the effects of proposed methods of redistributing multiple-race mothers to single-race categories when computing trend data from birth certificates. METHODS: Low birthweight and multiple (twin and higher-order) birth rates for California were calculated for non-Hispanic mothers from birth certificate data for 2000. Births to the 1.9% of mothers identified as multiple-race were reassigned to single-race groups according to 12 "bridging" methods. Bridge methods utilized population-based whole allocation, fractional allocation, and other methods, primarily depending on first race listed. RESULTS: For large race groups, there was little difference in low birthweight and multiple birth rates regardless of the bridge method employed. For smaller groups such as Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders and American Indians/Alaska Natives, there was substantial variation by bridge method in observed rates. CONCLUSIONS: Tracking trends in birth outcomes across the change in data collection will challenge public health researchers. This paper outlines advantages and disadvantages of various bridge methods.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Physician referral patterns and race differences in receipt of coronary angiography.

OBJECTIVE: This study addresses the following research questions: (1) Is race a predictor of obtaining a referral for coronary angiography (CA) among patients who are appropriate candidates for the procedure? (2) Is there a race disparity in obtaining CA among patients who obtain a referral for the procedure? STUDY SETTING: Three community hospitals in Baltimore, Maryland. STUDY DESIGN: We abstracted hospital records of 7,927 patients from three hospitals to identify 2,653 patients who were candidates for CA. Patients were contacted by telephone to determine if they received a referral for CA. Logistic regression was used to assess whether racial differences in obtaining a referral were affected by adjustment for several potential confounders. A second set of analyses examined race differences in use of the procedure among a subsample of patients that obtained a referral. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: After controlling for having been hospitalized at a hospital with in-house catheterization facilities, ACC/AHA (American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association) classification, sex, age, and health insurance status, race remained a significant determinant of referral (OR = 3.0, p < .05). Additionally, we found no significant race differences in receipt of the procedure among patients who obtained a referral. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that race differences in utilization of CA tend to occur during the process of determining the course of treatment. Once a referral is obtained, African American patients are not less likely than white patients to follow through with the procedure. Thus, future research should seek to better understand the process by which the decision is made to refer or not refer patients.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2003

Race as a moderator in a model of sexual harassment: an empirical test.

L. F. Fitzgerald, C. L. Hulin, and F. Drasgow (1995) proposed that victim characteristics, such as race, might moderate the relationships between sexual harassment and its job, psychological, and health status outcomes. This study describes 2 theoretical positions, tokenism and double jeopardy, that could account for this possible moderation by race, as well as the alternative view that no moderating effects exist. The effects of race are empirically examined through simultaneous path analysis. Results indicate that whereas mean levels of harassment differ across race, the phenomenon of sexual harassment unfolds similarly across races; race is not a moderator of the relationships between sexual harassment and the variables proposed as its antecedents and outcomes.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1988

Estimation of genetic trend in racing performance of thoroughbred horses.

Thoroughbred horses have been bred exclusively for racing in England since Tudor times and thoroughbred horse racing is now practised in over 40 countries and involves more than half-a-million horses worldwide. The genetic origins of the thoroughbred go back largely to horses imported from the Middle East and North Africa to England in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. Since the establishment of the Stud Book in 1791, the population has been effectively closed to outside sources, and over 80% of the thoroughbred population's gene pool derives from 31 known ancestors from this early period. Despite intense directional selection, especially on the male side, and the generally high heritabilities of various measures of racing performance, winning times of classic races have not improved in recent decades. One possible explanation for this is that additive genetic variance in performance may have been exhausted in the face of strong selection. To test this, we have estimated the genetic trend in performance over the period 1952-77 using TIMEFORM handicap ratings which are based entirely on the horse's own performance, and express its racing merit as a weight in pounds which the compilers believe the horse should carry in an average free-handicap race. These ratings take into account such factors as the firmness of the ground, the distance and the level of the competition. Our results indicate that the failure of winning times to improve is not due to insufficient genetic variance in the thoroughbred population as a whole.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

The effect of sex, age and race on estimating percentage body fat from body mass index: The Heritage Family Study.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of sex, age and race on the relation between body mass index (BMI) and measured percent body fat (%fat). DESIGN: Cross-sectional validation study of sedentary individuals. SUBJECTS: The Heritage Family Study cohort of 665 black and white men and women who ranged in age from 17 to 65 y. MEASUREMENTS: Body density determined from hydrostatic weighing. Percentage body fat determined with gender and race-specific, two-compartment models. BMI determined from height and weight, and sex and race in dummy coded form. RESULTS: Polynomial regression showed that the relationship between %fat and BMI was quadratic for both men and women. A natural log transformation of BMI adjusted for the non-linearity. Test for homogeneity of log transformed BMI and gender showed that the male-female slopes were within random variance, but the intercepts differed. For the same BMI, the %fat of females was 10.4% higher than that of males. General linear models analysis of the women's data showed that age, race and race-by-BMI interaction were independently related to %fat. The same analysis applied to the men's data showed that %fat was not just a function of BMI, but also age and age-by-BMI interaction. Multiple regression analyses provided models that defined the bias. CONCLUSIONS: These data and results published in the literature show that BMI and %fat relationship are not independent of age and gender. These data showed a race effect for women, but not men. The failure to adjust for these sources of bias resulted in substantial differences in the proportion of subjects defined as obese by measured %fat.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2004

Distribution of genetic variability in populations of two chromosomal races of Dichroplus pratensis (Melanoplinae, Acrididae) and their hybrid zone.

We examined, through allozyme electrophoresis, the genetic structure of populations of the acridid grasshopper Dichroplus pratensis from two chromosomal races (Northern and Southern) and their hybrid zone in Argentina. No fixed alleles for any particular race were found, although genetic differentiation among parental races was significant (0 = 0.044, 95% CI: 0.004-0.068). Hybrid populations are genetically more similar to the Southern race (0 = 0.008, 95% CI: -0.005-0.018) than to Northern ones (0 = 0.018, 95% CI: 0.002-0.030). Differential viability or fertility of hybrids, or asymmetry in mating preferences in favour of one particular cross would cause a higher proportion of matings between hybrid individuals and those from the Southern race. This would explain the high genetic similarity between those groups, in spite of their geographical vicinity with northern race populations.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Effects of a 110 kilometers ultra-marathon race on plasma hormone levels.

To assess changes of sex hormones, cortisol, prolactin (PRL) and beta-endorphins in an exhaustive aerobic performance, blood samples were taken in 11 endurance trained runners (R) along an ultra-marathon race of 110 km (T1 before the start, T2 at km 33, T3 at km 75 and T4 immediately after completing the race). Results were compared to a control group (C) who followed the race. Cortisol (p < 0.001) and beta-endorphins (p = 0.009) showed a significant increase during the race without significant modification after T2. Testosterone decreased along the race (p = 0.02). Luteinising hormone (LH) was lower at the end of the race as compared to the start in the R. No modification of PRL was noticed in the runners. Most of the modifications except for testosterone were observed from the start to T2, even in exhaustive performance no further modification was noticed from that point onwards.

Adult↗