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At least 415 records · Page 23Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

A comparison of propofol infusion and propofol/isoflurane anaesthesia in dexmedetomidine premedicated dogs.

The effects of propofol infusion were compared with propofol/isoflurane anaesthesia in six beagles premedicated with 10 microg/kg intramuscular (i.m.) dexmedetomidine. The suitability of a cold pressor test (CPT) as a stress stimulus in dogs was also studied. Each dog received isoflurane (end tidal 1.0%, induction with propofol) with and without CPT; propofol (200 microg/kg/min, induction with propofol) with and without CPT; premedication alone with and without CPT in a randomized block study in six separate sessions. Heart rate and arterial blood pressures and gases were monitored. Plasma catecholamine, beta-endorphin and cortisol concentrations were measured. Recovery profile was observed. Blood pressures stayed within normal reference range but the dogs were bradycardic (mean heart rate < 70 bpm). PaCO2 concentration during anaesthesia was higher in the propofol group (mean > 57 mmHg) when compared with isoflurane (mean < 52 mmHg). Recovery times were longer with propofol than when compared with the other treatments. The mean extubation times were 8 +/- 3.4 and 23 +/- 6.3 min after propofol/isoflurane and propofol anaesthesia, respectively. The endocrine stress response was similar in all treatments except for lower adrenaline level after propofol infusion at the end of the recovery period. Cold pressor test produced variable responses and was not a reliable stress stimulus in the present study. Propofol/isoflurane anaesthesia was considered more useful than propofol infusion because of milder degree of respiratory depression and faster recovery.

Anesthesia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of hypertonic saline infusion on the adrenocortical response to thiopental-halothane anesthesia in sheep after premedication with acepromazine.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether hypertonic saline infusion would prevent hypotension and pituitary-adrenocortical axis activation during halothane anesthesia after acepromazine premedication and thiopental induction in sheep. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized crossover study. ANIMALS: Six Welsh Mountain ewes weighing 40+/-2 kg and aged 2 to 3 years. METHODS: The sheep were studied on two occasions with 2 weeks between anesthetics. After acepromazine premedication, anesthesia was induced with thiopental and maintained for 120 minutes with halothane. During the first 15 minutes of anesthesia, 7.5% saline (4 mL/kg) was infused intravenously (HS group), but no infusion was given in the control (CONT) group. Sequential blood samples were taken for blood gas, cortisol, adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), glucose, and lactate assay. RESULTS: Hypotension developed in both treatments; blood pressure decreased to a nadir of 58+/-5 mm Hg in the HS group and to 63+/-4 mm Hg in the CONT group (P>.05). Plasma cortisol increased significantly in both groups, reaching a peak of 420+/-130 nmol/L in HS and 483+/-157 nmol/L in CONT (P>.05). ACTH increased similarly in both groups, reaching 128+/-64 pmol/L in HS and 134+/-55 pmol/L in CONT (P>.05). pH was slightly higher in CONT, but no other differences were detected between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Hypertonic saline did not ameliorate the adrenocortical response during anesthesia; this may be a result of its failure to prevent the hypotension.

Acepromazine↗
PubMed1999

The role of codeine phosphate premedication in fibre-optic bronchoscopy under insufficient local anaesthesia and midazolam sedation.

Midazolam is widely used as a sedative agent to produce amnesia in patients undergoing fibre-optic bronchoscopy. However, if a patient does not receive sufficient local anaesthesia, continuous severe cough and physical movement may interrupt the procedure and reduce its safety. We therefore examined whether codeine phosphate is a useful premedication for bronchoscopy. The study design was a randomized comparison between codeine phosphate and a placebo in patients undergoing light local anaesthesia and midazolam sedation. We used low dose local anaesthesia (5 ml of nebulized 2% xylocaine) on the assumption of insufficient local anaesthesia. Patients were allocated to receive codeine phosphate 0.4 mg kg-1 or a saline placebo 60 min before they were sedated with i.v. midazolam. If the patients exhibited severe cough during bronchoscopy, intrabronchial supplemental local anaesthesia (2% xylocaine solution in 1 ml increments) was instilled via a bronchoscope to the trachea and segmental bronchi to suppress the cough. The dose of supplemental xylocaine was assessed and the requirements were significantly lower in the codeine group compared to the placebo group: 36.4 +/- 10.2 mg vs. 95.1 +/- 24.6 mg, respectively. After bronchoscopy, patients were interviewed by a doctor to assess their willingness to undergo a repeat procedure if one was clinically indicated, but no significant difference was observed between the two groups. If local anaesthesia is insufficient, midazolam together with codeine phosphate premedication is useful for both the patient and the bronchoscopist.

Aged↗
PubMed1978

[Cardiac side-effects of oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy in relation to premedication (author's transl)].

The electrocardiogram was monitored in 100 patients undergoing oesphago-gastro-duodenoscopy. Premedication differed: 25 patients each were given either (Group I) atropine 0.5 mg, hyoscine-N-butylbromide 20 mg, and diazepam 5 mg, or (Group II) hyoscine-N-butyl-bromide 20 mg and diazepam 5 mg, or (Group II) diazepam 5 mg and glucagon 0.2 mg, or (Group IV) only diazepam 5 mg intravenously. After injection of the parasympatholytic drugs (Groups I and II) there was a significantly higher heart rate duringthe entire length of the examination than in groups III and IV. Nine of the ten cases of ascending S-T depression were found in Groups I and II, while descending (ischaemic) S-T changes occurred equally frequently in patients of all four groups. Two of the three more serious arrhythmias were registered after atropine. Since parasympatholytic drugs fail to inhibit arrhythmias and ST-T changes, while accentuating the rise in heart rate, it is recommended that premedication for oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy should not include such drugs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Bronchoscopy and rhythmic disorders. Premedication with atropine-sulfate, as a rule?].

Ikeda has introduced flexible bronchoscopy in the seventies of the last century. Since then the over one hundred year old procedure of direct airways inspection has widely spread and enhanced the diagnostic and therapeutic means. Thus the flexible bronchoscopy has become an important part of modern medicine. The close combination of atropine as premedication with bronchoscopy is justified with the terms "cardioprotection" and reduction of mucus secretion. As there is to this date no controlled study to prove this assumption, with the start of bronchoscopy we controlled every patient with a holter-ecg for 24-hours and estimated semiquantitatively the mucus secretion during procedure by a four point scale. Consecutively 55 patients could be randomised, 25 (7 females, 18 males) in the group with and 30 (7 females, 18 males) without atropine. In the records there were no detectable significant differences between the groups with atropine (A) and without atropine (P), as well as for registered bradycardias (A: 0 vs. P: 0, minimum of heart beats A: 63.8 vs. P: 74.1 min -1) as well as for alterations of heart rhythms, e. g. SVES (A: 7.3 % vs. P: 5.5 %), VES (A: 9.0 % vs. P: 9.0 %) or a combination of SVES with VES (A: 12.7 % vs. P: 10.9 %). The same results could be seen for each single of the first twenty minutes, additionally the first and the second recorded hour and the whole registered 24 hours. Moreover the times needed to complete the bronchoscopy showed no significant difference (mean of t A: 16.8 vs. P: 15.6 min, t-minimum 10 vs. 10 min, t-maximum A: 30 vs. P: 35 min). The same absence of differences was seen in estimated endobronchial mucus secretion (mean A: 1.88 vs. P: 2.0). According to these results of our studied group, there are no reasons, why a premedication with atropine in flexible bronchoscopy in local anaesthesia should be used. Even without the administration of atropine, flexible bronchoscopy could be performed as a safe and sophisticated method in direction of not inducing relevant arrhythmia, with low impact on patients.

Arrhythmias, Cardiac↗
PubMed1993

[The premedication of PTA. A double-blind and randomized comparison of midazolam/tramadol versus placebo/tramadol].

A prospective, randomised and double blind comparative study of Midazolam/Tramadol or placebo/Tramadol for premedication before PTA was carried out on 40 patients (12 female and 28 male, average age 66.1 +/- 12). The anxiolytic, analgesic and general findings were quantified by means of a visual analogue score. Pre- and peri-interventional blood gas, blood pressure and pulse rates were determined. The complications of the two schemes were compared. 19 patients received Midazolam/Tramadol and 21 placebo/Tramadol. Patient anxiety was reduced significantly from 25.8 +/- 25 to 4.3 +/- 6 by premedication. Significant increase in the pain score during PTA was observed only in the placebo group (4.3 +/- 12.6 to 27.4 +/- 20.9). There was no difference in the incidence of complications and respiratory depression due to the Midazolam/Tramadol combination was not observed.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Prevention of histamine-induced cardiovascular reactions during the induction of anaesthesia following premedication with H1- + H2-antagonists i.m.

In a prospective controlled double-blind study, 60 elective surgical patients were randomly assigned to three premedication groups. Twenty patients received promethazine 0.5 mg kg-1 i.m. 45 min before induction of anaesthesia; a further 20 patients received an additional i.m. injection of cimetidine 400 mg 120 min before induction. The third group (n = 20) served as the control group. Following vecuronium 0.02 mg kg-1, anaesthesia was induced with fentanyl, and etomidate. All patients then received suxamethonium 1.5 mg kg-1 i.v. The combined administration of H1- + H2-antagonists as premedication led to a significant reduction in the increase in heart rate when compared with the effects in the other groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Effects of midazolam and diazepam as premedication on heart rate variability in surgical patients.

We have examined the effects of midazolam 0.06 mg kg-1 i.m. and diazepam 0.2 mg kg-1 orally as premedication on the spectral components of heart rate (HR) variability in 24 elderly patients aged 65-87 yr and 24 young patients aged 18-35 yr undergoing elective surgery. The low-frequency/high-frequency (LF/HF) ratio of HR variability increased after arrival in the operating room in elderly patients who received no premedication, but not in young patients. In elderly patients who received midazolam or diazepam, the LF/HF ratio did not increase. However, diazepam increased the low-frequency component and the total power of HR variability in both young and elderly patients. We conclude that cardiac sympathetic nerve activity increased after arrival in the operating room in the elderly, that midazolam or diazepam reduced this increase and that diazepam caused an increase in the total power of HR variability that has not been observed for other agents.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1997

Effect of clonidine and dexmedetomidine premedication on perioperative oxygen consumption and haemodynamic state.

Premedication has been shown to affect both oxygen consumption and metabolic rate. We have compared the perioperative metabolic and haemodynamic effects of two alpha 2-agonists, clonidine and the more selective dexmedetomidine, in 30 ASA I patients undergoing plastic surgical procedures under general anaesthesia. Patients were premedicated with clonidine 4 micrograms kg-1 (n = 10), dexmedetomidine 2.5 micrograms kg-1 (n = 10) or saline (n = 10) i.m. The doses of clonidine and dexmedetomidine were intended to be equipotent. The maximum decrease in preoperative oxygen consumption was 8% and decreases in systolic and diastolic arterial pressures were 11% from baseline after clonidine and dexmedetomidine. During operation, the maximum reduction in heart rate was 18% in the clonidine and dexmedetomidine groups compared with the placebo group. After operation, the maximum decrease in systolic arterial pressure was 11%, diastolic arterial pressure 15% and oxygen consumption 17% in the clonidine and dexmedetomidine groups compared with placebo. In summary, both clonidine 4 micrograms kg-1 and dexmedetomidine 2.5 micrograms kg-1 decreased perioperative oxygen consumption effectively, with a similar haemodynamic profile.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMed1998

Oral clonidine premedication reduces the awakening concentration of isoflurane.

UNLABELLED: Because clonidine has analgesic and sedative properties, it may influence the awakening concentration or dose of an anesthetic. To investigate the effects of oral clonidine premedication on emergence from isoflurane anesthesia, we studied 61 ASA physical status I or II patients undergoing superficial operations. They were randomly allocated to one of three groups according to the dose of clonidine they received: the clonidine-2.5 group (n = 21), clonidine-5 group (n = 20), and control group (n = 20) received approximately 2.5, 5, or 0 microg/kg oral clonidine, respectively, in addition to 20 mg of famotidine 90 min before general anesthesia induction. Anesthesia was induced by thiamylal 5 mg/kg, and tracheal intubation was facilitated with succinylcholine 1.5 mg/kg I.V. Anesthesia was maintained with a 1.1% end-tidal isoflurane concentration and 67% N2O in oxygen, while ventilation was controlled to maintain end-tidal CO2 tension between 33 and 38 mm Hg. After surgery, N2O was discontinued while the end-tidal isoflurane concentration was maintained at 1.1%. After confirming the end-tidal N2O concentration of 0%, isoflurane was discontinued. The end-tidal isoflurane concentration at the time when patients responded to a standardized verbal command to open their eyes was recorded as MAC-Awake. The MAC-Awake values in the clonidine-5 group (0.22% +/- 0.09% [mean +/- SD]) was significantly less than those in the clonidine-2.5 and control groups (0.28% +/- 0.07% and 0.30% +/- 0.07%, respectively, P < 0.05). The wake-up time, from discontinuance of isoflurane until arousal, was longer in the clonidine-2.5 and clonidine-5 groups than in the control group (17.3 +/- 8.0, 16.9 +/- 7.0, and 10.6 +/- 5.3 min, respectively; P < 0.05). In conclusion, oral clonidine premedication 5 microg/kg decreases the awakening concentration of isoflurane, and arousal from isoflurane anesthesia is prolonged with oral clonidine in a dose of 2.5-5 microg/kg. IMPLICATIONS: Preanesthetic medication with oral clonidine, 2.5-5 microg/kg, is associated with prolonged recovery from isoflurane anesthesia in adults.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1999

Oral clonidine premedication enhances postoperative analgesia by epidural morphine.

UNLABELLED: This study was designed to evaluate the effects of oral clonidine premedication on postoperative analgesia by epidural morphine in a prospective, randomized, double-blinded design. Sixty consenting patients, scheduled for total abdominal hysterectomy, were randomly assigned to one of three groups (n = 20 each); the clonidine-morphine group received oral clonidine 5 microg/kg 90 min before arriving in the operating room and epidural morphine 2 mg before induction of general anesthesia, the clonidine-placebo group received oral clonidine 5 microg/kg and no epidural morphine, and the placebo-morphine group received no clonidine and epidural morphine 2 mg. An epidural catheter was placed at the L1-2 or L2-3 interspace, and 1.5% lidocaine was used for surgical anesthesia in all patients. General anesthesia was then induced with propofol, and maintained with a continuous infusion of propofol and 67% nitrous oxide in oxygen during surgery. Four patients were subsequently withdrawn from the study. After surgery, patient-controlled analgesia using IV morphine was used to assess analgesic requirement. Morphine consumptions determined every 6 h after surgery in the clonidine-morphine and placebo-morphine groups were significantly less than the clonidine-placebo group until 12 h after surgery, whereas those of the clonidine-morphine group were significantly less than the placebo-morphine group from 13 to 42 h after surgery. Visual analog (pain) scale (VAS) scores in the clonidine-morphine group were significantly lower than the placebo-morphine group at 48 h at rest, and at 1, 24, 36, and 48 h with movement. Similarly, VAS scores in the clonidine-morphine group were significantly lower than the clonidine-placebo group at 1 and 6 h both at rest and with movement, whereas VAS scores in the clonidine-placebo group were significantly lower than the placebo-morphine group at 24, 36, and 48 h at rest and with movement. The incidence of nausea and pruritus was similar between groups. We conclude that the combination of oral clonidine and epidural morphine produces more potent and longer lasting postoperative analgesia than either drug alone without increasing the incidence of adverse effects after major gynecologic surgeries. IMPLICATIONS: A small dose of epidural morphine is often used for postoperative analgesia. We found that oral clonidine premedication 5 microg/kg improves the analgesic efficacy of epidural morphine without increasing the incidence of adverse side effects.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2002

The efficacy of premedication with celecoxib and acetaminophen in preventing pain after otolaryngologic surgery.

UNLABELLED: Non-opioid analgesics are often used to supplement opioids for the management of perioperative pain. In this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study, we examined the effects of acetaminophen and a cyclooxygenase type-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, when administered alone or in combination, before elective otolaryngologic surgery in 112 healthy outpatients. Subjects were assigned to 1 of 4 study groups: Group 1, placebo (vitamin C, 500 mg per os [PO]); Group 2, acetaminophen 2000 mg PO; Group 3, celecoxib 200 mg PO; or Group 4, acetaminophen 2000 mg and celecoxib 200 mg PO. All patients received a standardized anesthetic technique. During the postoperative period, pain was assessed using a 10-point verbal rating scale. Recovery times, the need for rescue analgesics, side effects, and patient satisfaction scores were also recorded. The combination of acetaminophen and celecoxib was significantly more effective than placebo in reducing postoperative pain. Celecoxib, when administered alone or in combination with acetaminophen, improved patients' satisfaction with their postoperative analgesia. With the combination of acetaminophen and celecoxib, an additional expenditure of $6.16 would be required to obtain complete satisfaction with postoperative pain management in one additional patient who would not have been completely satisfied if he/she had received the placebo. However, oral celecoxib or acetaminophen alone was not significantly more effective than placebo in reducing postoperative pain when administered before surgery. We conclude that oral premedication with a combination of acetaminophen (2000 mg) and celecoxib (200 mg) was highly effective in decreasing pain and improving patient satisfaction after outpatient surgery. IMPLICATIONS: Oral premedication with a combination of acetaminophen (2000 mg) and celecoxib (200 mg) was effective in decreasing pain and improving patient satisfaction after otolaryngologic surgery. However, acetaminophen (2000 mg) or celecoxib (200 mg) alone was not significantly more effective than placebo in reducing postoperative pain.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1998

Effects of oral clonidine premedication on plasma glucose and lipid homeostasis associated with exogenous glucose infusion in children.

BACKGROUND: Oral clonidine may influence plasma glucose and lipid homeostasis by modulating endocrinologic responses to surgical stress. The effect of oral clonidine premedication on plasma glucose and lipid homeostasis associated with exogenous glucose infusion were investigated in children undergoing minor surgery. METHODS: Otherwise healthy children (n, 120; aged 3-13 yr) were assigned randomly to six groups according to the glucose concentration of the intravenous solution (0%, 2%, or 5%, at a rate of 6 ml kg(-1) x h(-1)) and the preoperative medications (4 microg/kg clonidine or placebo given 100 min before anesthesia) they were to receive. The plasma concentrations of glucose, nonesterified fatty acid, ketone bodies, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol were determined. RESULTS: Infusion of 5% glucose caused hyperglycemia (mean glucose concentration >200 mg/dl) in six children receiving placebo and two receiving clonidine. Although the mean plasma glucose concentration increased in three placebo groups, it was unchanged and the plasma concentrations of total ketone bodies and nonesterified fatty acid were increased in children receiving clonidine and glucose-free solution. The plasma epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol levels in children receiving placebo increased in response to surgery. Clonidine attenuated the increase in catecholamines and cortisol. CONCLUSIONS: Oral clonidine premedication attenuated the hyperglycemic response, probably by inhibiting the surgical stress-induced release of catecholamines and cortisol. Infusion of 2% of glucose maintained plasma glucose concentrations within physiologic ranges in children receiving clonidine.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1978

Some predictive implications of premedical scientific competence and preferences.

Current medical school admissions criteria favor candidates with superior scientific aptitude and strong interests in scientific subjects. Four measures of this cluster were studied: Medical College Admission Test Science subtest scores, premedical grades in scientific subjects, preference for scientific subjects, and an equally weighted composite of these three. In a sample of 1,135 medical school graduates the four predictors were moderately related to academic performance in the first two years of medical school but almost completely unrelated to performance in the fourth year and to faculty ratings of general and clinical competence. The scientifically oriented graduates tended to enter specialties such as anesthesiology, pathology, and surgery, whereas graduates ranking lower on the overall index showed a slight tendency to prefer internal medicine, pediatrics, and psychiatry. Ratings and adjectival descriptions of premedical students with above average scores on the four measures revealed them to be narrower in interests, less adaptable, less articulate, and less comfortable in interpersonal relationships than their lower scoring peers.

California↗
PubMed1987

Premedical and medical school performance in predicting first-year residency performance.

In the study reported here the authors examined the relationships among 40 measures of undergraduate college and medical school performance and competence in 18 medical care tasks during the first year of residency. A rating form was developed for the study to assess residents' competency in the medical care tasks and was sent to the directors of the residency programs entered by the graduates of a medical school. Stepwise multiple regression procedures were used to analyze the relationship between these ratings of residency performance and the residents' premedical and medical school performance and to identify the best predictors of residency performance for the 1982 and 1984 classes. A Rasch model analysis of the residency performance ratings indicated the ease or difficulty of each of the 18 tasks. The results provide information that would allow medical educators to use premedical and medical school performance to predict residents' competencies. The task of "clinically evaluates research and clinical data" was the most difficult for the graduates; that is, they were rated lower on it than on any other task. Two groups of measures of undergraduate and medical school performance were significantly related to performance in the residency: the Part II examination of the National Board of Medical Examiners (particularly the scores on the obstetrics-gynecology, medicine, surgery, and pediatrics subtests and the overall score) and the clerkships (particularly the third-year medicine clerkship, the fourth-year medicine clerkship, and the surgery clerkship).

Chicago↗
PubMed1999

The plight of premedical education: myths and misperceptions--Part II: science "versus" the liberal arts.

For decades it has been known that students who major in non-science fields perform as well as science majors who go to medical school. Yet the overwhelming majority of future medical students still major in biology or chemistry, and organic chemistry has come to be the defining premedical science course. This article traces the history of the liberal arts tradition, discusses its importance for medicine, and urges that readers think about the medical college in the age of the university. The author believes that the medical faculties should take a lead in helping to reshape the premedical as well as the medical education of future doctors.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1995

Premedication with midazolam in children. Effect of intranasal, rectal and oral routes on plasma midazolam concentrations.

We report a study performed to compare the time and plasma drug concentrations necessary to achieve a similar state of sedation after midazolam premedication given by various routes in children of 2-5 years old. Children were randomly allocated to one of three groups to receive midazolam 0.2 mg.kg-1 given intranasally, 0.5 mg.kg-1 given orally or 0.3 mg.kg-1 given rectally. Sedation was measured regularly until venepuncture was possible in a cooperative child. At this time, a first blood sample was taken to measure plasma concentration, followed by another 10 min later. Anaesthesia consisted of intravenous propofol supplemented with regional analgesia. At recovery from anaesthesia, a third blood sample was taken. Adequate sedation occurred sooner (7.7, SD 2.4 min) with intranasal than oral (12.5, SD 4.9 min) or rectal (16.3, SD 4.2 min) midazolam. The initial blood levels were lower when the drug was given by the alimentary routes despite higher doses (146, SD 51 ng.ml-1 in 11.5, SD 3.9 min; 104, SD 34 ng.ml-1 in 21 +/- 6 min; and 93, SD 63 ng.ml-1 in 23.1, SD 3.5 min for the intra nasal, rectal and oral routes respectively). Duration of surgical procedures, and of propofol infusion, and recovery from anaesthesia was similar for the three groups. The only problem arose in a 30-month-old boy in the intranasal group who developed respiratory depression with a plasma midazolam concentration of 169 ng.ml-1. Intranasal midazolam is an excellent alternative for rapid premedication provided that respiratory monitoring is used.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed2005

A study of the in vitro interaction between lidocaine and premedications using human liver microsomes.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate potential interactions between lidocaine (lignocaine) metabolism and premedication drugs, i.e. psychotropic and antianxiety agents (diazepam, midazolam), hypnotics (pentobarbital, thiamylal), depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents (vecuronium, pancuronium and suxamethonium), an antihypertensive agent (clonidine) and an H2-receptor blocking agent (cimetidine) using human liver microsomes in vitro. METHODS: The interaction effects between lidocaine and premedication were examined using human liver microsomal preparations and monitored for enzyme activity. The lidocaine and its main metabolite (monoethylglycinexylide) were measured by HPLC/UV. RESULTS: Lidocaine metabolism was non-competitively inhibited by midazolam (Ki = 77.6 microM). Thiamylal was a competitive inhibitor of lidocaine metabolism (Ki = 885 microM). Cimethidine, pancuronium and vecuronium weakly inhibited lidocaine metabolism in a concentration-depend manner over the therapeutic range in human liver microsomes. On the contrary, suxamethonium, pentobarbital and clonidine did not inhibit lidocaine metabolism over the therapeutic range in human liver microsomes. CONCLUSION: These results show that the interactions between lidocaine and midazolam and thiamylal are of potential toxicological and clinical significance.

Animals↗