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PubMed2004

[Educational objectives in the new interdisciplinary subject "Rehabilitation, Physical Medicine, Naturopathic Techniques" under the 9th Revision of the Licensing Regulations for Doctors--consensus recommendations of the German Society for Rehabilitative Sciences and the German Society for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation].

In October 2003 the 9 (th) revision of the Federal Medical Training Regulations (Approbationsordnung) came into effect. The new compulsory interdisciplinary subject "Rehabilitation, Physical Medicine, Naturopathic Treatment" offers the opportunity to teach all students in comprehensive concepts of Rehabilitation such as the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) of the WHO and the new book 9 of the German Social Code (SGB 9), as well as Physical Medicine and Naturopathic Treatment. Since the content of this new subject has not been defined up to date a joint task force of the German Society of Rehabilitation Science and the German Society of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation was founded in order to recommend teaching standards. As part of these teaching standards educational objectives are introduced in this article. They should guide the persons in charge of teaching the subject in the medical faculties. In some areas the students should acquire profound abilities and skills in addition to knowledge. The medical faculties may focus on different educational targets according to their individual teaching profile.

Complementary Therapies↗
PubMed2004

Self-efficacy theory and the theory of planned behavior: teaching physically active physical education classes.

The purpose of our investigation was to examine determinants of teachers' intentions to teach physically active physical education classes (i.e., spend at least 50% of class time with the students engaged in moderate to vigorous physical activity). Based on the theory of planned behavior, a model was examined hypothesizing that teachers' intentions were determined by subjective norm, attitude, and perceived behavioral control. Grounded in self-efficacy theory, it was hypothesized that program goal importance and hierarchical and barrier self-efficacy would also predict intention. Using a series of hierarchical regression analyses, the theory of planned behavior was supported by accounting for 59% of the variance in intention due to attitude, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norm. Self-efficacy theory based variables received minimal support.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

Physical activity as leisure: the meaning of physical activity for the health and well-being of adolescent women.

Globally, low participation in physical activity by adolescent young women is a major health concern. While the barriers to activity for this group are well documented, little is known about the views and experiences of nonathlete, but active, young women. In order to gain an understanding of young women's lived experiences of the relationship between physical activity as leisure and health, data were collected through focus groups. Active nonathlete young women in the United Kingdom attached significant meaning to physical activity as a space for leisure, and used it to enhance their health and well-being.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

PHYSEAN: PHYsical SEquence ANalysis for the identification of protein domains on the basis of physical and chemical properties of amino acids.

MOTIVATION: PHYSEAN predicts protein classes with highly variable sequences on the basis of their physical, chemical and biological characteristics such as diverse hydrophobicity, structural propensity and steric properties. These characteristics, calculated from multiple positions in a sequence, may be conserved even between sequences that fail to produce alignments at any acceptable level of statistical significance. PHYSEAN complements methods that require sequence alignments (BLAST, FASTA, dynamic programming) by adding less residue- and position-specific physicochemical information on the protein or the domain. RESULTS: We predict proteins or their domains like signal peptides using physical, chemical, geometric, and biological properties of the 20 amino acids. This comprehensive set of properties may cover the diagnostic functional and structural aspects of a domain or a protein class. We automatically select and weight a subset of properties so as to discriminate between, e.g., signal peptides and amino-termini of cytosolic proteins with the lowest number of incorrect predictions. This optimal selection of properties and their weights significantly decreases the number of incorrect predictions as compared to any single property or any combination of unweighted properties. Weights have been optimized by high-performance linear programming models that systematically find the optimal solution from among an astronomic number of property/weight combinations. PHYSEAN's performance is demonstrated by highly accurate predictions of signal peptides (the vehicles for protein transport across membranes) and their cleavage sites. The results indicate reliable predictions are possible even in the lack of sequence conservation using an automated physical and chemical analysis of proteins.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1988

Proprietary physical therapy service in entry-level physical therapy curricula.

The purposes of this study were to 1) assess the value of including an expanded business administration unit that would include proprietary practice issues in an entry-level physical therapy curriculum and 2) organize topics by priority that could be included in such a unit. Twenty-seven physical therapists (100%) in private practice in Montana responded to the questionnaire. Ninety-three percent of the respondents stated that such an expansion would be valuable in the entry-level physical therapy curriculum. Topics of greatest priority were 1) Self-analysis of Resources, 2) Reimbursement, and 3) Contracting Services and Referral Sources. Topics of least priority were 1) City and State Tax and Licensure Requirements, 2) Computers and Computer Programs, and 3) Insurance Planning. Further research and development are needed to formulate methods and objectives for such an expansion.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1999

Cause, prevalence, and response to occupational musculoskeletal injuries reported by physical therapists and physical therapist assistants.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Physical therapists (PTs) and physical therapist assistants (PTAs) are susceptible to occupational musculoskeletal injuries. The purpose of this study was to examine the reported causes and prevalence of occupational musculoskeletal injuries to PTs and PTAs during a 2-year period. SUBJECTS: A questionnaire was mailed to 500 PTs and 500 PTAs randomly selected from the American Physical Therapy Association 1996 active membership list. Six hundred sixty-seven questionnaires were returned, giving a response rate of 67%. METHOD: Based on a literature review and a pilot study, an occupational injury questionnaire was constructed and mailed. Self-reports of injuries were obtained. RESULTS: Thirty-two percent of the PTs and 35% of the PTAs reported sustaining a musculoskeletal injury. The highest prevalence of injury was to the low back (62% of injured PTs and 56% of injured PTAs). The PTs reported the upper back and the wrist and hand as having the second highest prevalence (23%). The PTAs reported the upper back as having the second highest prevalence (28%). The PTs and PTAs reported making changes in their work habits of improved body mechanics, increased use of other personnel, and frequent change of work position. The majority of PTs and PTAs reported they did not limit patient contact time or area of practice after sustaining an injury. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION: Although PTs and PTAs are recognized to be knowledgeable in prevention and treatment of musculoskeletal injuries, they are susceptible to sustaining occupational musculoskeletal injuries because of performing labor-intensive tasks.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Is physical activity or physical fitness more important in defining health benefits?

PURPOSE: We addressed three questions: 1) Is there a dose-response relation between physical activity and health? 2) Is there a dose-response relation between cardiorespiratory fitness and health? 3) If both activity and fitness have a dose-response relation to health, is it possible to determine which exposure is more important? METHODS: We identified articles by PubMed search (restricted from 1/1/90 to 8/25/00) using keywords related to physical activity, physical fitness, and health. An author scanned titles and abstracts of 9831 identified articles. We included for thorough review articles that included three or more categories of activity or fitness and a health outcome and excluded articles on clinical trials, review papers, comments, letters, case reports, and nonhuman studies. We used an evidence-based approach to evaluate the quality of the published data. RESULTS: We summarized results from 67 articles meeting final selection criteria. There is good consensus across studies with most showing an inverse dose-response gradient across both activity and fitness categories for morbidity from coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, cardiovascular disease (CVD), or cancer; and for CVD, cancer, or all-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS: All studies reviewed were prospective observational investigations; thus, conclusions are based on Evidence Category C. 1) There is a consistent gradient across activity groups indicating greater longevity and reduced risk of CHD, CVD, stroke, and colon cancer in more active individuals. 2) Studies are compelling in the consistency and steepness of the gradient across fitness groups. Most show a curvilinear gradient, with a steep slope at low levels of fitness and an asymptote in the upper part of the fitness distribution. 3) It is not possible to conclude whether activity or fitness is more important for health. Future studies should define more precisely the shape of the dose-response gradient across activity or fitness groups, evaluate the role of musculoskeletal fitness, and investigate additional health outcomes.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

How to assess physical activity? How to assess physical fitness?

Regular aerobic physical activity (PA) increases exercise capacity and physical fitness (PF), which can lead to many health benefits. Accurate quantification of PA and PF becomes essential in terms of health outcome and effectiveness of intervention programmes. In this manuscript we present a review regarding the assessment of physical activity and fitness. Three types of PA assessment methods can be distinguished: criterion methods, objective methods and subjective methods. Criterion methods like doubly labelled water, indirect calorimetry and direct observation are the most reliable and valid measurements against which all other PA assessments methods should be validated, but they also hold important drawbacks. Objective PA assessment methods include activity monitors (pedometers and accelerometers) and heart rate monitoring. Finally, questionnaires and activity diaries are considered subjective methods. For the assessment of PF, we distinguish field tests and laboratory tests. The Eurofit for Adults is a test battery that is designed to assess health-related fitness of individuals, communities, sub-populations and populations. It is mainly used for evaluating the morphological component, the muscular component, the motor component and the cardio-respiratory component. In the laboratory, exercise capacity is preferentially assessed through maximal incremental exercise testing. Cardio-pulmonary exercise testing is a well-established procedure that provides a wealth of clinically diagnostic and prognostic information. The peak oxygen uptake is the gold standard in the assessment of exercise tolerance. When maximal exercise is contraindicated or not achievable, the VAT or the submaximal slopes provide reasonable alternatives.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Effects of age, physical training, and physical fitness on coronary heart disease risk factors in older track athletes at twenty-year follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: To compare current coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factor values in older athletes with mid-life measures and to examine the associations between changes in CHD risk factors with aging, physical training, and physical fitness. DESIGN: Prospective study with three longitudinal evaluation points: initial (T1), 10-year (T2), and 20-year (T3). Subjects were selected because of their elite status in Masters track competition. SETTING: University and medical center laboratories. PARTICIPANTS: Participants were 60 to 92 years of age and included 21 of the initial 27 subjects. At T3, subjects were divided into three groups, based on physical activity levels: high intensity (H), remained elite in national and international competition (n = 9); moderate intensity (M) continued frequent rigorous endurance training but rarely competed (n = 10); and low intensity (L) greatly reduced their training volume and intensity (n = 2). MEASUREMENTS: Smoking history; family history of coronary or cerebrovascular disease; resting blood pressure; resting electrocardiogram (ECG); serum total cholesterol, plasma glucose; body weight, % body fat, body mass index, waist:hip ratio; training pace and mileage; maximal oxygen consumption VO2 max). MAIN RESULTS: Several risk factors (smoking, diabetes, obesity) were never present, and the prevalence of other risk factors (family history of cardiovascular disease, abnormal resting ECG) remained low through T3 (< or = 14% of subjects). Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure remained low without medication, but diastolic blood pressure measurements had the greatest redistribution between evaluation periods of any risk factor (r = .16, P = .479, T1 to T2). Mean total cholesterol was lower at T2 (-13%, P = .005) and T3 (-14%, P = .019) compared with T1. Change in VO2 max was correlated with changes in body weight (r = -.44, P = .048) and % fat (r = -.52, P = .015) from T1 to T2, whereas age was correlated to changes in systolic blood pressure (r = -.61, P = .003) and total cholesterol (r = -.49, P = .023) from T2 to T3. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of CHD risk factors remained low, and mean risk factor values remained low and generally stable in older athletes who had maintained habitual exercise training.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1977

Teaching physical evaluation and physical diagnosis in a hospital setting.

The inclusion of physical evaluation as a predoctoral course emphasizes the physical and emotional needs of the patient to the dental student. The dental graduate who enters a general practice residency program will have better preparation for his hospital training and he will have more time to develop diagnostic skills if his predoctoral training includes physical evaluation.

Curriculum↗
PubMed2001

Physical fitness and self-reported physical exercise among college men and women in 1987 and 1997.

The study examined the relations of self-reported physical activity levels and physical fitness scores for two samples of college students assessed in 1987 (n = 261) and in 1997 (n = 243). Significantly greater exercise was reported by the 1997 women than the 1987 women; amount of exercise reported by men did not differ. For both samples, greater exercise was associated with increased fitness for women and men as assessed by the Hall 1986 Physical Fitness Test Profile, comprised of measures on body fat composition; grip strength; muscle endurance, flexibility, resting heart rate; systolic and diastolic blood pressures; and aerobic power. For the 1987 sample men were more fit than women. For the 1997 sample, women were more fit than men. The 1997 women were more fit than the 1987 women; there was no difference on overall fitness measures of the two samples of men.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Physical fitness and physical training during Norwegian military service.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the physical fitness and training of Norwegian infantry soldiers during 10 months of compulsory military service. METHODS: Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and maximal numbers of sit-ups, push-ups, and chin-ups and 3-km running time were tested in 107 male infantry soldiers at the beginning and end of basic training (BT), and again at demobilization. The amount of physical training was registered throughout the military service. RESULTS: During BT, major improvements in sit-ups and push-ups were found. VO2max increased in soldiers with the lowest initial VO2max, but decreased to pre-BT level at demobilization. The amount of obligatory physical training was 8.5 hours x week(-1) during BT and 35% lower after BT, and was usually performed in uniform at low to moderate intensity. CONCLUSION: The amount of high-intensity endurance and strength training during compulsory military service is to low to improve the soldiers' endurance and muscular strength.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Improving physical functioning in the elderly dialysis patient: relevance of physical therapy.

Compromised physical functioning is characteristic of medically complicated patients on dialysis, but many of these deficits can be addressed by rehabilitation. This article describes the benefits and limitations of a 3-month physical therapy pilot program at an inner-city hemodialysis clinic. Program results indicate the difficulties in keeping patients participating in such a program, but, for those patients who did regularly participate, on-site physical therapy consultation was valuable in assisting staff to identify exercise regimens that were consistent with individual patients' needs and addressed their functional difficulties.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1999

Uniqueness of physical therapy tasks and its relationship to complexity and delegation: a survey of Pennsylvania physical therapists.

Physical therapists' (PTs') perceptions of 26 physical therapy tasks regarding complexity, uniqueness to PTs, and delegation were studied. A questionnaire describing 26 PT tasks was sent to 200 PTs in Pennsylvania identified as working in acute care, rehabilitation, or private practice. The response rate was 45.5%. Eleven of the 26 tasks identified as most unique to PTs were also identified as highly complex. None of these 11 tasks was delegated frequently to a nurse or a PT aide, and only two were delegated to an occupational therapist. All 11 unique tasks were delegated to the physical therapist assistant (PTA), with some level of supervision provided by the majority of respondents. Results indicated there are activities within patient care that are perceived by PTs to be unique to their profession. Also, the role of the PTA may be expanding, warranting further research in this area.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Metabolic effects of static physical load under the conditions of pharmakologicheskoĭ mobilization of physical endurance].

The model of static physical loading (SPL) was used to study the biochemical effects of graded static tension and potentiality for pharmacological mobilization of physical endurance with participation of male volunteers. A close pathogenetic linkage between the established metabolic effects of the model and their adaptive adequacy to the stressing factor show that there is every reason to arrange the observed shifts in a SPL syndrome. The SPL syndrome is primarily manifested by exaggerated tone of the adrenoactive structures, inhibition of insulin production by the pancreas, activation of the neuropeptide anti-stress mechanisms, predominant utilization of the lipid substrate in energy production, intensification of protein catabolism, and increase in myocyte membrane permeability due to energy deficit. The investigation demonstrated that improvement of static physical endurance can be attained with a mobilizing stimulator (sidnocarb) and a combination of sidnocarb with a nonmediatory preparation (bemytil). This pharmacological combination levels side-effects of exorbitant activation of the adrenal system. On the contrary, a metabolic vitamin-microelements complex ("cocktail C") perceivably enhances SPL endurance (sidnocarb dose was lowered in three times), possesses the stress-protective effect, the ability to moderate the intensity of free (uninvolved in phosphorylation) oxidation and to optimize energy-plastic processes with predominant utilization of the lipid substrate.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2004

[Acute physical workload and glucose serum concentration in subjects with different level of physical activity].

The aim of this study was to estimate glucose serum concentration during acute workload in the subjects with different level of physical activity. The study involved a group of healthy males, average 21 years of age, which, based on the level of their physical activity, were divided into two groups: trained and untrained subjects. Acute work load of 30 minutes duration was carried out on byciclergometer following the protocol of individually adjusted constant work load. The glucose serum concentration was measured in the rest and during exercise (6., 12. 18., 24. and 30. minutes). The standard glucose oxidase method was used to determine serum glucose concentration. The serum glucose concentration was in the mean refferal values in the rest period, and during exercise in both examined groups. In the trained group of subjects there was no statistically significant changes in glucose serum concentration during acute work load. In the untrained group of subjects we established decrease in glucose serum concentration during exercise (at 18th., 24th. and 30th) compared to the concentration at rest period. Level of physical activity does not cause significant changes in the glucose serum concentration during acute work load of moderate intensity. Trained subjects have better ability of serum glucose concentration maintenance during exercise compared with sedentary subjects.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Nutritional status, physical development and physical fitness of soldiers before and after training].

Results of nutritional status, physical development and fitness examination in 414 infantrymen from 4 garrisons have been presented. Examinations have been undertaken in two phases: immediately after entering the army and at the end of the military service. Somatometric values and physical fitness results suggest the positive effect of training and nutrition on nutritional status, physical development and fitness of soldiers.

Body Constitution↗
PubMed1985

Effect of physical exercise and sleep deprivation on plasma androgen levels: modifying effect of physical fitness.

The responses of plasma testosterone (T), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) binding capacity, androstenedione (A), and luteinizing hormone (LH) to 21 km of marching exercise and to sleep deprivation stress were studied in army recruits. The effect of physical fitness on the exercise responses was evaluated, cross-sectionally, by comparing the stress responses in 11 fit and 11 less fit subjects, and, longitudinally, in 11 subjects after 4 months of physical training. The submaximal marching exercise did not significantly alter the plasma hormone levels compared to the control day levels. The fit subjects had a tendency toward smaller decreases in the mean plasma T and T/SHBG ratio during both control and exercise days than the less fit subjects. After 4 months of conditioning, the mean plasma T and T/SHBG ratio tended to decrease less during both control and exercise days, which was more evident in the well-conditioned subjects. The exercise caused a decrease in mean plasma LH, especially in the less fit subjects. After sleep deprivation stress, the morning levels of plasma T, A, and LH were significantly depressed, as a result of which the normal diurnal variation of the hormones disappeared.

Androgens↗