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PubMed1976

The differentiation of paranoid from affective psychoses by patients' premorbid characteristics.

Various premorbid characteristics of a group of patients aged 50 or over suffering from paranoid psychoses (N = 54) were compared with those of patients of similar age suffering from affective psychoses (N = 57). (The diagnoses were those of the consultants.) The presence of deafness was investigated in the manner described by Cooper et al(1974). Using the discriminant function method, the diagnostic groups were highly significantly differentiated by six independent variables, which in combination predicted 40 per cent of the variance. These were: a 'schizoid personality' factor, the number of surviving children, precipitating events, deafness, family history and social class.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1979

The distinction between the affective psychoses and schizophrenia.

In an attempt to demonstrate a valid boundary between schizophrenia and the affective psychoses, discriminant function analyses have been carried out with history, mental state and follow-up data in two populations of patients. A bimodal distribution of discriminant scores was obtained in one of them (a general psychotic sample of 128 patients), using a discriminant function derived from the same sample; but when the function was applied to the second population (a schizoaffective sample of 106 patients) the distribution was ambiguous. Functions derived from the schizoaffective sample produced highly skewed distributions of discriminant scores in the general psychotic sample. Kraepelin's hypothesis that the functional psychoses consist of two distinct disease entities receives some support from our findings, but there is still no compelling evidence that the universe of psychotic patients falls naturally into these two groups.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed1987

Epidemiology of puerperal psychoses.

Computer linkage of an obstetric register and a psychiatric case register made it possible to investigate the temporal relationship between childbirth and psychiatric contact in a population of 470 000 people over a 12-year period: 54 087 births resulted in 120 psychiatric admissions within 90 days of parturition [corrected]. The 'relative risk' of admission to a psychiatric hospital with a psychotic illness was extremely high in the first 30 days after childbirth, particularly in primiparae, suggesting that metabolic factors are involved in the genesis of puerperal psychoses. However, being unmarried, having a first baby, Caesarian section and perinatal death were all associated with an increased risk of psychiatric admission or contact, or both, suggesting that psychological stresses also contribute to this high psychiatric morbidity. Women with a history of manic depressive illness, manic or depressive, had a much higher risk of psychiatric admission in the puerperium than those with a history of schizophrenia or depressive neuroses, and the majority of puerperal admissions met Research Diagnostic Criteria for manic or depressive disorder. Probably, therefore, puerperal psychoses are manic depressive illnesses and unrelated to schizophrenia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Prader-Willi syndrome and psychoses.

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is associated with an insatiable appetite and (often) other maladaptive behaviours (self-injury, sleep disorders, insistence on routines, and temper tantrums). Psychoses are not a recognised feature. Most affected people have a chromosome 15 abnormality (deletion, disomy, structural rearrangement, etc.). Three people with PWS who developed psychotic disorders in early adult life are described. The nature of the psychoses and the significance of the association are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Oral olanzapine versus oral haloperidol in the maintenance treatment of schizophrenia and related psychoses.

BACKGROUND: Three studies compared olanzapine and haloperidol given orally in maintenance therapy for schizophrenia and related psychoses. METHOD: Data were from double-blind extensions of acute studies. The subjects met criteria for schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder or schizoaffective disorder. Subjects had responded to acute therapy (Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale total score decreased > or = 40% from baseline (Studies 1, 2, and 3) or was < or = 18 (Studies 1 and 2)) and were out-patients at their last acute phase visit. Relapse was defined as hospitalisation for psychopathology. Subjects treated with olanzapine in the three studies were pooled to form the olanzapine group and subjects treated with haloperidol were pooled to form the haloperidol group. RESULTS: Olanzapine-treated subjects experienced less relapse (P = 0.034). The Kaplan-Meier estimated one-year risk of relapse was 19.7% with olanzapine and 28% with haloperidol. CONCLUSION: Olanzapine was superior to haloperidol in the maintenance therapy of schizophrenia and related psychoses. DECLARATION OF INTEREST: This work was sponsored by Eli Lilly and Company.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2005

Social fragmentation, deprivation and urbanicity: relation to first-admission rates for psychoses.

BACKGROUND: Social disorganisation, fragmentation and isolation have long been posited as influencing the rate of psychoses at area level. Measuring such societal constructs is difficult. A census-based index measuring social fragmentation has been proposed. AIMS: To investigate the association between first-admission rates for psychosis and area-based measures of social fragmentation, deprivation and urban/rural index. METHOD: We used indirect standardisation methods and logistic regression models to examine associations of social fragmentation, deprivation and urban/rural categories with first admissions for psychoses in Scotland for the 5-year period 1989-1993. RESULTS: Areas characterised by high social fragmentation had higher first-ever admission rates for psychosis independent of deprivation and urban/rural status. There was a dose-response relationship between social fragmentation category and first-ever admission rates for psychosis. There was no statistically significant interaction between social fragmentation, deprivation and urban/rural index. CONCLUSIONS: First-admission rates are strongly associated with measures of social fragmentation, independent of material deprivation and urban/rural category.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMed1997

Molecular biology and the major psychoses.

OBJECTIVE: To highlight the potential role of molecular biological studies in examining the expression of genes of interest in brain tissue to elucidate the pathophysiological basis of the major psychoses. METHOD: To review the principles underlying the available techniques for expression studies. RESULTS: Detection of messenger RNA by in situ hybridisation and quantitation by Northern analysis are powerful tools to detect abnormalities in gene expression in brain tissue. CONCLUSION: The availability of simple techniques to examine the expression of RNA and protein products of individual genes, including examination at the level of individual cells, offers a clear opportunity to define the molecular basis of the major psychoses.

Brain↗
PubMed1999

[The role of endogenous and exogenous factors in the development of psychoses in organic dementias in later life].

Influence of different exogenic and endogenic factors (including the very organic process) as analyzed in 231 patients of psychiatric hospital with organic dementia: vascular (VD)--57 cases, senile dementia of Alzheimer's type (SDAT)--29 individuals, dementia conditioned by a combination of vascular and senile-atrophic processes (VD/SDAT)--37 patients, Alzheimer's disease (70 patients) and Pick's disease (38 cases). 160 patients (the study group) had psychotic disorders, 71 patients (the control group) hadn't such disorders. The most frequent (98.2%) and the most various psychotic syndromes (especially delirium and hallucination syndromes) were observed in VD, SDAT and VD/SDAT. A rate of organic process progression was less in patients of the study group as compared with a control one. Prevalence in the study group of cases with endogenic-constitutional predisposition to psychoses development was significant. The role of the other exocerebral factors in origin of psychoses was not so pronounced; among them psychogenias were rather significant, their frequency was 4 times higher in the study group than in the control one. The relationship of psychotic syndromes with origin, stage and progression rate of dementia might indicate a leading role of the organic process in their genesis.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Dopamine D3 receptor gene not associated with symptomatology of major psychoses.

Dopamine D3 receptor gene (DRD3) variants have been implicated in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders. Many studies, however, have failed to replicate the association of DRD3 with schizophrenia. A possible reason for this may lie in the definition of phenotype, which is traditionally based on psychiatric diagnosis. In this study we investigated the possibility that variants of the DRD3 gene might be associated with symptomatology in a sample of subjects affected by major psychoses. Two hundred and eleven inpatients affected by major psychoses were assessed by the Operational Criteria Checklist for Psychotic Illness (OPCRIT) and were also typed for the DRD3 variants using polymerase chain reaction techniques. Mania, depression, delusion, and disorganization were the four symptomatologic factors used as phenotype definitions. DRD3 variants were not associated with these symptomatologic factors, and consideration of possible stratification effects, such as sex and psychiatric diagnosis, did not reveal any association either.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

[Psychodynamic theory of childhood psychoses].

A review of the different concepts of childhood psychoses is made. Margaret Mahler's observations of normal and psychotic children concerning their relationship with their mothers during their first years of life are reviewed. Through the discussion of the concepts that Mahler has reached, understanding the dynamics of growth and their alterations, we obtain a clear understanding of the defects in psychological functions observed in the psychoses, including early infantile autism (Kanner) and symbiotic psychosis (Mahler). A correlation of events occurring at different levels of growth: object relations, cognitive growth, psychosexual development, growth of anxiety, etc., is attempted.

Child↗
PubMed2000

An investigation into puerperal psychoses in black women admitted to Baragwanath Hospital.

OBJECTIVES: Puerperal psychosis was studied in black African women at Baragwanath Hospital in Johannesburg. DESIGN: A retrospective study analysed the clinical notes of 314 cases of puerperal psychosis seen over previous years. A prospective study researched 67 cases of puerperal psychosis referred during a full calendar year. A control group of 98 patients was matched with the prospective study patients for age, marital status, parity and month of delivery. RESULTS: The incidence (2-3 cases per 1,000 births), onset and pattern of illness are all remarkably similar to that described in the international literature. Confirmed risk factors were a primiparous patient; a family history of psychiatric illness; and a personal psychiatric history, particularly a history of mania. Additional risk factors found in this study were substance dependence; a medical illness; the season of the year; a male child; and psychosocial stress including need for intensive medical care for the baby or death of the baby. CONCLUSION: The conclusion reached is that the puerperal psychoses are undifferentiated psychoses, usually mood disorders, showing some special symptomatology, and are precipitated in constitutionally predisposed patients by the physiological factors of the involutionary period.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Polymorphism in the human serotonin transporter gene in endogenous psychoses].

Associations of the VNTR-17 and 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter gene with affective disorders, including depression, have been found. These polymorphisms were analyzed in two groups of Russian probands: patients with endogenous psychoses and control individuals without mental disorders (423 and 277 persons, respectively). No associations were found between VNTR-17 genotypes or alleles and the diseases. However, the frequency of 10/10 (VNTR-17) homozygotes increased with age in both patients and healthy persons. The results of the analysis of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism suggest an association of the short (s) allele of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism with schizophrenia and schizoaffective psychoses, but not with affective disorders.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2001

[Morphometric study of ultrastructural changes in oligodendroglial cells in the postmortem brain in endogenous psychoses].

A qualitative and quantitative electron microscopic study of oligodendroglial cells was performed in autoptic (4-6.5 hours after death) prefrontal area 10 in 16 cases of schizophrenia, 6 cases of bipolar affective disorder and 16 normal controls, as well as in the caudate nucleus in same schizophrenic and control cases. The signs of reactive, regressive, and progressive changes of oligodendroglia were described in endogenous psychoses. ANOVA demonstrated a significant decrease in the area of the nucleus, in the volume density of euchromatin, in the volume density and count of mitochondria in oligodendroglial cells in the caudate nucleus and prefrontal area. In affective psychosis, there was a significant reduction in the area of the nucleus and in the volume density of euchromatin and slight changes in cellular organelles. No correlation between the changes and the postmortem interval, age, and neuroleptic therapy, as well as the most pronounced changes in oligodendroglial cells in subgroups of continuous schizophrenia and those with predominantly negative symptoms suggest the involvement of abnormal oligodendroglial cells in the pathogenesis of endogenous psychoses.

Aged↗
PubMed1975

[Possibilities and limits of the psychopathological delimitation of psychoses].

On the basis of the analysis of delusional psychoses the author assumes that diagnosis of schizophrenia is justified only if there is a dissociative process which is the most typical for dementia praecox in the Kraepelinian sense and is revealed in delusional or autistic types of existence. Psychoses where a disssociative process is not established (for example, hysterical psychosis) do not belong to schizophrenia. The determination of a dissociative process is important not only for psychopathological research, but biological and psychogenetical one as well.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1975

[Serum creatinphosphokinase (CPK) in endogenic psychoses].

Creatinphosphokinase (CPK) was determined in 141 patients with manic-depressive and schizophrenic psychoses. In general endogenic psychoses of the manic and depressive type as well as chronic schizophrenias show normal CPK values. In acute cases of paranoid-halluzinatory schizophrenias normal values are predominant. In catatonic schizophrenias, as a rule, clearly increased enzyme activities are found. Thise increased values suggest a postulated somatic disease as a cause of the psychosis. Thus, the determination of CPK provides a useful aid in the diagnosis and control of the course of catatonic schizophrenic.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The use of carbamazepine in the treatment of schizophrenic and schizoaffective psychoses: a review.

This article reviews current literature on the clinical efficacy of carbamazepine (CBZ) administration in schizophrenic and schizoaffective psychoses. With respect to the use of CBZ in cases of aggression, overactivity and other behavioral dyscontrol syndromes, only a few, mainly open, studies have been conducted. Attention to the efficacy of CBZ in schizophrenia and related psychoses was rather late in developing, with most of the studies done since 1981. Although the results of the different controlled and uncontrolled experiments are very difficult to compare, the results generally indicate beneficial effects--particularly if CBZ is used as an adjunct to neuroleptic medication. Suggestions for future research strategies to maximize the usefulness of CBZ in schizophrenia and related disorders are given.

Antipsychotic Agents↗
PubMed1992

[Amino acid metabolism in endogenous psychoses: significance of amino acids as neurotransmitter, precursor of monoamines and allosteric regulator of neuro-receptors].

Amino acid metabolism in endogenous psychoses has been discussed in relation to monoamine synthesis. There are no consistent findings which prove altered monoamine syntheses to be the primary change. Our finding, which suggests decreased amino acid transport across the blood-brain barrier in schizophrenia, does not necessarily mean an insufficient amino acid supply to the brain. Several lines of investigation have shown the possibility of the involvement of glutamatergic dysfunction in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Our recent finding of decreased CSF asparagine concentration in schizophrenia and its positive correlation with the response to neuroleptics may support this hypothesis. Recently, free D-serine, an allosteric agonist on NMDA-receptor, has been reported to exist in the rat brain, suggesting that D-serine is an intrinsic ligand. The pathogeneses of endogenous psychoses might be studied in terms of disturbed metabolism of amino acid, as allosteric regulater of neuro-receptor, as well as neurotransmitter and precursor of monoamines.

Amino Acids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Nosographic problems and clinico-phenomenal characteristics of psychoses in epilepsy].

A critical analysis is made of the published reports on the epidemiologico-clinical and etiopathogenetic aspects of psychoses in epilepsy. Having underlined the principal characteristics of this pathology together with the main methodological and descriptive problems which emerge from the studies examined, the paper concludes by stressing the need for an approach based on a multifactorial understanding of the causes of these psychoses. In operative terms it is also necessary to evaluate the role of the predominant risk factors in each individual case.

Affective Disorders, Psychotic↗