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PubMed1962

Influence of guinea pig plasma factors on phagocytosis of Pasteurella pestis. I. Plasma from normal guinea pigs.

Stanziale, W. G. (Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.) and J. D. White. Influence of guinea pig plasma factors on phagocytosis of Pasteurella pestis. I. Plasma from normal guinea pigs. J. Bacteriol. 83:175-181. 1962.-The existence of an enhancing effect of normal guinea pig plasma on the phagocytosis of Pasteurella pestis has been reaffirmed, using a test system consisting of neutrophils from normal nonimmune guinea pigs as the phagocytes. This enhancing influence was found to be attributable to the interplay of a thermolabile and a thermostable plasma component. The data suggest a consideration of complement as the thermolabile component, since the enhancing activity of plasma is destroyed by heating to 56 C and restored by addition of fresh plasma. The possibility that the thermolabile plasma component is opsonin was discounted. Surface alterations which did occur resulted in preserving the integrity of the envelope substance of the plague bacillus. Treatment of neutrophils with plasma prior to phagocytosis did not increase their phagocytic capacity. The thermostable enhancing component was not demonstrated to be present in any of three purified serum protein fractions tested. In fact, all of these fractions inhibited phagocytosis of P. pestis. An enhancing effect of purified fibrinogen could not be demonstrated.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Increased circulating plasma catecholamines and plasma renin activity in dogs after chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine.

Circulating plasma catecholamines, plasma renin activity, and other variables were measured in unanesthetized dogs before and after chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA, 50 mg/kg). Chemical sympathectomy resulted in an immediate fall in mean arterial blood pressure and a delayed reduction in heart rate. Significant increases in plasma glucose and lactate concentrations, circulating plasma catecholamines, and plasma renin activity were found 24 h after 6-OHDA treatment. Circulating catecholamine levels decreased rapidly as time elapsed after sympathectomy and were half the initial values after 2 weeks. Plasma renin activity remained elevated during the 1st week after 6-OHDA treatment and returned to control levels during the 2nd week. Significant correlations were found between circulating catecholamines and heart rate mean arterial pressure, and plasma glucose and lactate concentrations. A significant correlation was also found between plasma renin activity and the mean arterial blood pressure. These results confirm that the adrenal medulla increases its catecholamine secretion rate into the circulation to compensate for the loss of adrenergic innervation after 6-OHDA treatment. They also indicate that the renin-angiotensin system represents another important compensatory mechanism for circulatory homeostasis in sympathectomized animals.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The restraint stress-induced elevation in plasma interleukin-6 negatively regulates the plasma TNF-alpha level.

Although a considerable amount of evidence has shown that physical and psychological stress elevates the plasma interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels, the physiological significance of such an elevation remains to be elucidated. In this study, in order to determine whether the restraint stress-induced elevation of plasma IL-6 contributes to the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and whether or not such elevation can affect the inflammatory processes, the plasma levels of ACTH, corticosterone, interleukin-1 (IL-1), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in mice pretreated with anti-IL-6 antibody (MP5-20F3 monoclonal antibody) were compared with those in mice pretreated with rat IgG (control antibody) both during and after stress. Both the anti-IL-6-antibody- and control-antibody-pretreated mice showed the same extent of plasma ACTH and corticosterone increases during stress, and no significant difference was found between the two groups of animals. On the other hand, the level of plasma TNF-alpha in the anti-IL-6-treated animals was also significantly higher than that in the control animals both immediately after cessation of stress and 60 min after the cessation of the 120-min period of restraint. Plasma IL-1 activity, however, did not reach a detectable level in either group of animals at any time point examined. These results thus indicate that the restraint-stress-induced elevation of plasma IL-6 negatively regulates the plasma TNF-alpha levels and may thus contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1986

Plasma proteinases, proteinase inhibitors and other selective plasma proteins following aortofemoral bypass operation.

Monitoring of plasma proteinases, proteinase inhibitors and other selective plasma proteins was evaluated in patients undergoing Y-graft aortofemoral bypass operation. Fast-reacting acute-phase proteins (C-reactive protein, antichymotrypsin, alpha 1-acid glycoprotein) and slow-reacting proteins (haptoglobin, alpha 1-antitrypsin) increased significantly 48-120 h after operation. By contrast, no significant increase was found between plasma ceruloplasmin levels before clamping and after declamping. Activity and concentration of alpha 2-macroglobulin decreased postoperatively and remained significantly lowered throughout the observation period. Plasma levels of granulocyte elastase were elevated significantly 1 h after declamping, whereas trypsin-binding capacity decreased immediately after the release of the clamp. Aprotinin pretreatment caused higher trypsin-binding capacity of the plasma, significantly lower 'unspecific' proteolytic (azocasein-hydrolyzing) activity and significantly lower non-TCA precipitable low molecular weight plasma protein concentration. Our results confirm the data of several authors that monitoring of plasma proteinases, proteinase inhibitors and other selective plasma proteins may be helpful in evaluating surgical patients postoperatively.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Plasma levels of activated protein C in healthy subjects and patients with previous venous thromboembolism: relationships with plasma homocysteine levels.

The proteolytic enzyme activated protein C (APC) is a normal plasma component, indicating that protein C (PC) is continuously activated in vivo. High concentrations of homocysteine (Hcy) inhibit the activation of PC in vitro; this effect may account for the high risk for thrombosis in patients with hyperhomocysteinemia (HyperHcy). We measured the plasma levels of APC in 128 patients with previous venous thromboembolism (VTE) and in 98 age- and sex-matched healthy controls and correlated them with the plasma levels of total Hcy (tHcy) measured before and after an oral methionine loading (PML). Forty-eight patients had HyperHcy and 80 had normal levels of tHcy. No subject was known to have any of the congenital or acquired thrombophilic states at the time of the study. Because the plasma levels of APC and PC were correlated in healthy controls, the APC/PC ratios were also analyzed. Plasma APC levels and APC/PC ratios were significantly higher in VTE patients than in controls (P=0.03 and 0.0004, respectively). Most of the increase in APC levels and APC/PC ratios were attributable to patients with HyperHcy. Patients with normal tHcy had intermediate values, which did not differ significantly from those of healthy controls. There was no correlation between the plasma levels of tHcy or its PML increments and APC or APC/PC ratios in controls. The fasting plasma levels of APC and APC/PC ratios of 10 controls did not increase 4 hours PML, despite a 2-fold increase in tHcy. This study indicates that APC plasma levels are sensitive markers of activation of the hemostatic system in vivo and that Hcy does not interfere with the activation of PC in vivo.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Plasma brain natriuretic peptide as an indicator of left ventricular systolic function and long-term survival after acute myocardial infarction. Comparison with plasma atrial natriuretic peptide and N-terminal proatrial natriuretic peptide.

BACKGROUND: Elevated plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and the N-terminal fragment of the ANP prohormone (N-ANP) are associated with decreased left ventricular function and decreased long-term survival after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Previous data suggest that plasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) may increase proportionally more than plasma ANP after AMI and in chronic heart failure. The diagnostic and prognostic value of plasma BNP as an indicator of left ventricular dysfunction and long-term survival after AMI, relative to that of ANP and N-ANP, remain to be established. METHODS AND RESULTS: Venous blood samples for analysis of ANP, N-ANP, and BNP were obtained on day 3 after symptom onset from 131 patients with documented AMI. Left ventricular ejection fraction was determined by echocardiography in a subsample of 79 patients. Twenty-eight cardiovascular and 3 noncardiovascular deaths occurred during the follow-up period (median, 1293 days). All three peptides proved to be powerful predictors of cardiovascular mortality by univariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses (ANP: P < .0001; N-ANP: P = .0002; BNP: P < .0001). In a multivariate model, plasma BNP (P = .021) but not ANP (P = .638) or N-ANP (P = .782) provided additional prognostic information beyond left ventricular ejection fraction. Logistic regression analysis showed that ANP (P = .003) and N-ANP (P = .027) but not BNP (P = .14) were significantly associated with a left ventricular ejection fraction < or = 45%. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that plasma BNP determination provides important, independent prognostic information after AMI. Although plasma ANP appears to be a better predictor of left ventricular dysfunction, plasma BNP may have greater potential to complement standard prognostic indicators used in risk stratification after AMI because of its strong, independent association with long-term survival, enhanced in vitro stability, and simplicity of analysis.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Neonatal blood plasma is less susceptible to oxidation than adult plasma owing to its higher content of bilirubin and lower content of oxidizable Fatty acids.

Newborn infants are susceptible to a range of problems attributed to excessive production of free radicals. Because of a higher content of antioxidants, above all bilirubin, and a lower content of oxidizable lipids, newborn plasma should be better protected against oxidation than adult plasma. To test this hypothesis, we measured the susceptibility of plasma to in vitro oxidation in microsamples (7 microL) from 57 healthy newborns and 18 adults. Heparin plasma was diluted 150-fold and oxidized by 50 microM Cu2+. Oxidation was monitored as an increase in sample absorbance at 234 nm. Plasma oxidizability was found to be significantly lower in newborns than in adults. Accordingly, the level of bilirubin, an important antioxidant, was significantly higher, and the level of polyunsaturated fatty acids, a major substrate of lipid peroxidation, was significantly lower in newborn plasma. In addition, plasma oxidizability correlated positively with the level of polyunsaturated fatty acids and negatively with that of bilirubin. These data indicate that plasma is better protected against oxidative stress in newborns than in adults, owing to its higher content of antioxidants like bilirubin and its lower content of oxidizable lipids.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Increased plasma protein binding and lower metabolic clearance rate of aldosterone in plasma of low cortisol concentration.

During ACTH or cortisol infusion in ten recumbent normal men taking dexamethasone, the metabolic clearance rate of aldosterone increased by 50% as plasma cortisol was raised from low (2 mug/dl) to high concentration (50 mug/dl). Since splanchnic blood flow did not change, a greater efficiency of removal of aldosterone must have occurred, by means of displacement of aldosterone from high-affinity sites on plasma protein. At 37 C, equilibrium dialysis of low-cortisol plasma showed one-third of plasma aldosterone bound to albumin, and 24 to 28% bound to higher-affinity sites on other protein. As plasma cortisol increased, a progressively smaller fraction was tightly bound, approaching zero as transcortin was saturated with cortisol. The addition of large amounts of aldosterone to low-cortisol plasma displaced 14C-cortisol from transcortin binding sites. The results support earlier evidence that a significant fraction of plasma aldosterone is bound to transcortin, from which it is readily displaced by cortisol, resulting in an increased metabolic clearance rate of aldosterone by making a larger fraction available for removal from plasma.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1987

Sequential changes in plasma luteinizing hormone and plasma prorenin during the menstrual cycle.

Prorenin, the enzymatically inactive biosynthetic precursor of renin, is secreted by the kidneys. However, the ovaries appear to be the source of the cyclical increase in plasma prorenin that occurs in the middle of the menstrual cycle. In this study we examined the temporal relationship between changes in plasma prorenin and LH in normal women to determine whether ovarian prorenin secretion might be stimulated by LH. Blood was collected from nine normal women daily for 7 days in the midcycle period and from six of them every 8 h on 6 of these days. Time zero was taken as the highest plasma LH value. The initial rise in LH (-24 h) preceded the initial rise in prorenin (-8 h) and the LH peak preceded the prorenin peak by 8-16 h. These sequential increases in plasma LH and prorenin occurred in the presence of high plasma estradiol levels. While LH fell in parallel with estradiol, the prorenin peak was more sustained and plasma prorenin remained above baseline at 40 and 48 h, at a time when both estradiol and LH had reached a new basal level. These results suggest that gonadotropins stimulate ovarian prorenin release. The timing of the changes in plasma prorenin and its presence in high concentrations in ovarian follicular fluid suggest that prorenin may be involved in the process of ovulation. The results also suggest that changes in plasma prorenin may determine the activity of an ovarian renin system that functions independently of circulating active renin.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Effect of plasma lipid on pharmacokinetics of ciclosporin and its relationship with plasma prednisolone level in renal transplant patients.

Ciclosporin (cyclosporine A, CyA) is a potent immunosuppressant used after organ transplantation. The pharmacokinetic properties of CyA vary widely and lipoproteins are the major complexing constituents for CyA in the plasma. Therefore, a change in lipoprotein level may influence the pharmacokinetic properties of CyA. Prednisolone (PSL) is concomitantly used with CyA as an immunosuppressant. After organ transplantation, hyperlipidaemia resulting from PSL therapy has been mostly observed and PSL increased the plasma lipoprotein level. Therefore, in this study, to obtain more useful information of the therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of CyA, the relationship between the plasma PSL level, plasma lipoprotein level and blood CyA level was investigated in detail. An open-label, non-randomized, retrospective study was performed. Data from 21 male and 11 female patients (age 11-65 years) who received a living-related renal transplantation from 2002 to 2004 were included. On postoperative days (PODs) 7, 14 and 28, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve until 9 h after 40 mg of PSL administration (AUCPSL40(0-9)) correlated well with total cholesterol (T-cho) (r=0.558, 0.768, 0.660, all P<0.05) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (r=0.688, P<0.05; 0.835, P<0.01; 0.508, p<0.05), and correlated negatively with very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) (r=-0.486, p<0.01; -0.776, p<0.01; -0.967, p<0.01). In addition, AUC until 9 h after CyA administration (AUCCyA0-9) also correlated with T-cho (r=0.797, p<0.01; 0.577, p<0.05; 0.901, p<0.01), HDL (r=0.514, p<0.05; 0.614, p<0.05; 0.893, p<0.01) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (r=0.906, p<0.01; 0.573, p<0.05; 0.537, p<0.05), and there was a negative correlation with VLDL (r=-0.480, -0.630, -0.632, all p<0.05). Moreover, AUCCyA0-9 correlated well with AUCPSL40(0-9) (r=0.728, p<0.01; 0.482, p<0.05; 0.688, p<0.05); namely, it was considered that the variety of plasma PSL concentrations influenced the pharmacokinetic properties of CyA through the change in lipoprotein levels. These results suggested that monitoring of the biochemical parameters of the plasma lipid and plasma PSL level might be useful for the TDM of CyA.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Effect of synthetic 1-34 fragment of human parathyroid hormone on plasma adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) concentrations and the diagnostic criteria based on the plasma cAMP response in Ellsworth-Howard test.

The effect of synthetic 1-34 fragment of human parathyroid hormone (hPTH(1-34] on plasma adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) in human subjects and the diagnostic criteria for the plasma cAMP response in an Ellsworth-Howard test were studied. 20 or 30 micrograms hPTH(1-34) and 200 USP Parathormone (Eli Lilly & Co.), infused intravenously over 5 min, produced very similar patterns of response in plasma cAMP, peak values being observed within 5 or 10 min after the end of the infusion. The maximum levels of plasma cAMP were over 111.5 pmol/ml in all of the normal subjects (n = 5) and patients with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism (n = 22), including those of children, but the plasma cAMP did not rise above 65.0 pmol/ml in pseudohypoparathyroidism (n = 7). There existed a significant correlation between the maximum plasma cAMP concentrations and increases in urinary cAMP excretion after infusions of both hPTH(1-34) and Parathormone. These results suggest that hPTH(1-34) has effects essentially identical to those of native PTH on plasma cAMP. We would like to propose a new diagnostic criterion in the Ellsworth-Howard test: a peak value of plasma cAMP over 100 pmol/ml after 30 micrograms hPTH(1-34) infusion is regarded as a normal response.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Vitamin supplementation normalizes total plasma homocysteine concentration but not plasma homocysteine redox status in patients with acute coronary syndromes and hyperhomocysteinemia.

Despite the growing evidence that elevated total homocysteine (tHcy) in plasma is a cardiovascular risk factor, the mechanism underlying the vascular injury is still unknown. Studies are difficult due to the fact that little is known about the formation of different homocysteine species in vivo. In the present study we have investigated the different fractions of tHcy in 21 patients with acute coronary syndromes and elevated concentration of plasma tHcy. A subgroup of the patients (n=16) was investigated before and after a 3 months study period with or without vitamin supplementation (folic acid 5 mg, pyridoxine 40 mg and cyanocobalamin 1 mg once daily). A major finding is that these patients had a lowered ratio (0.95%) between the concentration of reduced homocysteine (HcyH) and tHcy compared to controls (1.38%). A low ratio HcyH/tHcy in plasma in combination with elevated plasma tHcy concentrations might reflect increased oxidative activity or decreased reducing capacity in plasma from the patients. Another main finding in the present study is that, although vitamin supplementation of these patients normalized plasma tHcy, the ratio between HcyH and tHcy did not normalize. Since substantial evidence indicates that progression of arteriosclerosis is related to enhanced oxidant activity, the premature vascular disease associated with increased plasma tHcy concentration might be due to increased oxidative activity and the elevated plasma tHcy concentration may only reflect the increased oxidative stress.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2000

Plasma leptin determination in ruminants: effect of nutritional status and body fatness on plasma leptin concentration assessed by a specific RIA in sheep.

A specific leptin RIA was developed to assess concentrations of leptin in ovine plasma, and was shown to be efficient with bovine and caprine plasma. A specific, high-affinity antibody was generated against recombinant ovine leptin which, when used in a competitive leptin RIA, provided valid estimates of linearity (r=+0.989-0.998), recovery (102%), repeatability (13%) and limit of sensitivity (0.83 ng/ml for 100 microl sample size). Serial dilutions of five ovine, bovine or caprine plasma samples showed good linearity and parallelism with the recombinant ovine leptin standard curve. A comparison of this RIA was made with a commercial 'multi-species' RIA kit using 56 ovine plasma samples. Major differences were found in assay sensitivity. Non-lactating, non-pregnant, ovariectomized ewes were fed a ration for 65 days which provided 90+/-9% (control; n=12) or 39+/-2% of maintenance energy requirements (underfed; n=16) in order to analyse the respective effects of body fatness (estimated by either an in vivo dilution technique or body condition scoring) and of nutritional status on plasma leptin concentration. There was a significant positive correlation between body fatness or body condition score and plasma leptin levels (r=+0.68, P<0.001 or r=+0.72, P<0.001 respectively). When concentrations of leptin were assessed over time, underfed ewes exhibited a dramatic reduction in plasma leptin values (-56%, P<0.001). These data provide strong evidence that, in sheep, the variations in plasma concentrations of leptin are related to variations in body fatness (35%) and, to a lesser extent, in nutritional status (17%).

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Relation of fasting plasma glucose concentration to plasma insulin and glucagon concentrations. Studies in latent diabetics and women who have produced large-for-dates babies.

Mothers who have had gestations diabetes (latent diabetics-LD), as well as those who have produced a large-for-dates baby (LFD) but who were not known to have been diabetic, have raised fasting plasma glucose levels, and these may induce fetal overnutrition. The increased birthweight of babies of obese mothers may also be due to their raised fasting plasma glucose levels. LD and LFD have normal or raised fasting plasma insulin levels even though they have both decreased insulin secretion to small changes in plasma glucose and normal or increased insulin sensitivity. The high fasting plasma glucose probably results from the decreased insulin-secretory response to glucose. Normal subjects have little day-to-day variation of their fasting plasma glucose, whereas subjects with a high fasting plasma glucose have less precise control. Although LD and LFD had abnormal insulin responses, they have normal plasma glucagon concentrations that do not correlate with glucose tolerance or insulin sensitivity. The reported abnormalities of glucagon in diabetes are probably a secondary, not a primary event.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed2003

Calculation of the total plasma concentration of nonvolatile weak acids and the effective dissociation constant of nonvolatile buffers in plasma for use in the strong ion approach to acid-base balance in cats.

OBJECTIVE: To determine values for the total concentration of nonvolatile weak acids (Atot) and effective dissociation constant of nonvolatile weak acids (Ka) in plasma of cats. SAMPLE POPULATION: Convenience plasma samples of 5 male and 5 female healthy adult cats. PROCEDURE: Cats were sedated, and 20 mL of blood was obtained from the jugular vein. Plasma was tonometered at 37 degrees C to systematically vary PCO2 from 8 to 156 mm Hg, thereby altering plasma pH from 6.90 to 7.97. Plasma pH, PCO2, and concentrations of quantitatively important strong cations (Na+, K+, and Ca2+), strong anions (Cl-, lactate), and buffer ions (total protein, albumin, and phosphate) were determined. Strong ion difference was estimated from the measured strong ion concentrations and nonlinear regression used to calculate Atot and Ka from the measured pH and PCO2 and estimated strong ion difference. RESULTS: Mean (+/- SD) values were as follows: Atot = 24.3 +/- 4.6 mmol/L (equivalent to 0.35 mmol/g of protein or 0.76 mmol/g of albumin); Ka = 0.67 +/- 0.40 x 10(-7); and the negative logarithm (base 10) of Ka (pKa) = 7.17. At 37 degrees C, pH of 7.35, and a partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2) of 30 mm Hg, the calculated venous strong ion difference was 30 mEq/L. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These results indicate that at a plasma pH of 7.35, a 1 mEq/L decrease in strong ion difference will decrease pH by 0.020, a 1 mm Hg decrease in PCO2 will increase plasma pH by 0.011, and a 1 g/dL decrease in albumin concentration will increase plasma pH by 0.093.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1989

51Cr-EDTA plasma clearance in severe renal failure determined by one plasma sample.

Two hundred and thirty-four measurements of standard 51Cr-EDTA plasma clearance were made in 50 patients with severe chronic renal failure. Based on these data two calculation methods were attempted using one plasma sample drawn 24 h after injection of 51Cr-EDTA. One of the methods used the 'one sample clearance' formulas disregarding exact time of plasma sampling. This method might provide values 3.1 ml/min below or 2.9 ml/min above the established method of total 51Cr-EDTA plasma clearance, and would thus provide insufficient agreement. In the other method an estimate of plasma activity at zero-time was derived from injected dose and body surface area. This method might provide values 1.5 ml/min below or 0.8 ml/min above the established method of 51Cr-EDTA plasma clearance, which would be acceptable for clinical purposes. It is concluded that exact plasma clearance of 51Cr-EDTA in severe renal dysfunction (estimated clearance values below 21 ml/min) may be determined with adequate precision by one plasma sample drawn at 24 h after injection of the tracer without sampling at 5 h. This appears to be a very practical simplification.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Increases in plasma motilin follow each episode of gallbladder emptying during the interdigestive period, and changes in serum bile acid concentration correlate to plasma motilin.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between each single period of gallbladder emptying during the migrating motor complex (MMC) cycle and changes in concentration of plasma motilin and serum bile acids is unknown. METHODS: The variations in the concentration of plasma motilin and serum bile acids in relation to interdigestive gallbladder motility and the MMCs was studied in nine healthy male volunteers. A method combining biliary scintigraphy (99mTc-labelled dimethyl-iminodiacetic acid) and continuous pressure recording from the antroduodenal region was used. RESULTS: During 9 MMC cycles a total of 15 episodes of gallbladder emptying were observed with a median (range) duration of 25 min (15-45 min). Each episode of gallbladder emptying was followed by a steep increase in plasma motilin, reaching a median value of 30 pmol/l (13-43 pmol/l), corresponding to an increase of 18 pmol/l (4-33 pmol/l). The increase in plasma motilin started at the beginning of gallbladder emptying, but the peak value was not reached until a median of 20 min (10-45 min) later. Low plasma motilin concentrations were found between the emptying periods in cases with two or more emptying during the MMC cycle. The serum concentration of bile acids also showed a cyclic variation in relation to gallbladder motility. During periods of gallbladder emptying serum bile acid concentration had a median value of 1.78 mumol/l, as compared with a median value of 1.17 mumol/l during periods of gallbladder filling. This difference did not reach significance, however. In the pooled data from all subjects, a significant correlation (p < 0.01) between the serum concentration of bile acids and plasma concentration of motilin was found. CONCLUSION: Gallbladder emptying was followed by a steep increase in plasma motilin concentration, and in cases of two or more emptying periods during the MMC cycle the concentration decreased in between. The shape of the serum bile acid profile is dependent on the intestinal transport and absorption of bile acids, and the significance of the cyclic variation in serum concentration of bile acids in relation to plasma motilin, gallbladder motility, and MMC needs further investigation.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Effects of rice starch-isoflavone diet or potato starch-isoflavone diet on plasma isoflavone, plasma lipids, cecal enzyme activity, and composition of fecal microflora in adult mice.

The effects of rice starch-isoflavone diet or potato starch-isoflavone diet on plasma concentration of isoflavones, plasma lipids, cecal enzyme activity, and intestinal microflora were studied. Male 15-wk-old mice were fed a rice-starch-based or potato-starch-based diet supplemented with isoflavones for 4 wk, and plasma samples, cecal contents, and feces were collected individually. Plasma equol concentration was significantly higher in the potato-isoflavone diet group than in the rice-isoflavone diet group, but no significant difference was observed in plasma daidzein or genistein concentrations. Plasma total cholesterol concentration was higher in the potato-isoflavone diet group, but no significant difference was observed in plasma triglyceride concentration. Both cecal beta-glucuronidase and beta-glucosidase activities were significantly higher in the rice-isoflavone diet group. The number of bifidobacteria was significantly higher in the potato-isoflavone diet group. These results indicate that different types of starches have different influences on plasma isoflavone and suggest that the influences might be through the change of host physiology and/or the metabolism and composition of intestinal microflora.

Animals↗