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PubMed2006

A Drosophila male pheromone affects female sexual receptivity.

Sex pheromones are chemical signals frequently required for mate choice, but their reciprocal role on mate preference has rarely been shown in both sexes. In Drosophila melanogaster flies, the predominant cuticular hydrocarbons (CHs) are sexually dimorphic: only females produce 7,11-dienes, whereas 7-tricosene (7-T) is the principal male CH. Males generally prefer females with 7,11-dienes, but the role of 7-T on female behaviour remains unclear. With perfumed males, control females mated faster and more often with males carrying increased levels of 7-T showing that this CH acts as a chemical stimulant for D. melanogaster females. Control females-but not antenna-less females-could detect small variation of 7-T. Finally, our finding that desat1 mutant female showed altered response towards 7-T provides an additional role for this gene which affects the production and the perception of pheromones involved in mate choice, in both sexes.

Alkenes↗
PubMed2004

Gain and loss of fruit flavor compounds produced by wild and cultivated strawberry species.

The blends of flavor compounds produced by fruits serve as biological perfumes used to attract living creatures, including humans. They include hundreds of metabolites and vary in their characteristic fruit flavor composition. The molecular mechanisms by which fruit flavor and aroma compounds are gained and lost during evolution and domestication are largely unknown. Here, we report on processes that may have been responsible for the evolution of diversity in strawberry (Fragaria spp) fruit flavor components. Whereas the terpenoid profile of cultivated strawberry species is dominated by the monoterpene linalool and the sesquiterpene nerolidol, fruit of wild strawberry species emit mainly olefinic monoterpenes and myrtenyl acetate, which are not found in the cultivated species. We used cDNA microarray analysis to identify the F. ananassa Nerolidol Synthase1 (FaNES1) gene in cultivated strawberry and showed that the recombinant FaNES1 enzyme produced in Escherichia coli cells is capable of generating both linalool and nerolidol when supplied with geranyl diphosphate (GPP) or farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), respectively. Characterization of additional genes that are very similar to FaNES1 from both the wild and cultivated strawberry species (FaNES2 and F. vesca NES1) showed that only FaNES1 is exclusively present and highly expressed in the fruit of cultivated (octaploid) varieties. It encodes a protein truncated at its N terminus. Green fluorescent protein localization experiments suggest that a change in subcellular localization led to the FaNES1 enzyme encountering both GPP and FPP, allowing it to produce linalool and nerolidol. Conversely, an insertional mutation affected the expression of a terpene synthase gene that differs from that in the cultivated species (termed F. ananassa Pinene Synthase). It encodes an enzyme capable of catalyzing the biosynthesis of the typical wild species monoterpenes, such as alpha-pinene and beta-myrcene, and caused the loss of these compounds in the cultivated strawberries. The loss of alpha-pinene also further influenced the fruit flavor profile because it was no longer available as a substrate for the production of the downstream compounds myrtenol and myrtenyl acetate. This phenomenon was demonstrated by cloning and characterizing a cytochrome P450 gene (Pinene Hydroxylase) that encodes the enzyme catalyzing the C10 hydroxylation of alpha-pinene to myrtenol. The findings shed light on the molecular evolutionary mechanisms resulting in different flavor profiles that are eventually selected for in domesticated species.

Acyclic Monoterpenes↗
PubMed2004

Isopropyl myristate recommended for aimed rather than routine patch testing.

Isopropyl myristate (IPM) is considered a very weak sensitizer. Patch test results with 20% IPM in petrolatum (pet.) in 8117 patients and 10% IPM in pet. in 4554 patients between January 1992 and December 2001 by the IVDK are presented. While irritant and questionable reactions were frequently observed, especially with 20% test concentration and 2-day patch test exposure, respectively, and a decrescendo pattern was common, morphologically positive reactions at day 3 were seen in only 16 patients, i.e. altogether 0.13%. In line with previous clinical and experimental evidence, our results indicate that IPM is an extremely weak sensitizer or possibly, in our material, not a sensitizer at all. IPM should thus not be tested routinely, but only in the case of suspected exposure as a possible source of allergic contact dermatitis, e.g. to cosmetics and perfumes, to avoid an unacceptable reduction of the positive predictive value of the test.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Sensitivity to Myroxylon pereirae resin (balsam of Peru). A study of 50 cases.

The Myroxylon pereirae resin (MP; balsam of Peru) is a natural resin used in the local treatment of burns and wounds. M. pereirae extracts and distillates are very often contained in a wide range of cosmetic products and causes frequently allergic contact dermatitis - to the extent of being considered an allergy marker to perfumes. We have carried out a retrospective study of 863 patients who have been submitted to patch tests from January 2002 to June 2004. A total of 50 patients were positive to MP. Thus, the prevalence was 5.79%, slightly higher in men (7.32%) than in women (4.91%). The positive patch tests were relevant in 64%. Over the last years, it appears that there is a clear increase of the prevalence of the sensitization to MP in all the studies published. We observe an increase of the prevalence especially in aged patients, where the sensitization is linked with the use of topical medications secondary to stasis dermatitis. The high frequency of allergy to MP in our area might be associated with manipulation of citrus fruits. The increasing use of cosmetic products by the male population can also be held responsible for the higher sensitization rate in this group of patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Cutaneous phototoxicity reactions.

This paper reviews some potential mechanisms of cutaneous phototoxicity and discusses selected methods of predicting and ranking phototoxic reactions. Phototoxicity is a non-immunological reaction that is induced by the action of light on a photoactive chemical. The phototoxic chemical may be either exogenous or endogenous, and if exogenous may include topical or systemic agents. Examples of phototoxic agents include psoralens (e.g. 5-methoxypsoralen, 8-methoxypsoralen, as well as the isopsoralens). Psoralens are used therapeutically for the treatment of different skin diseases and psoralen-like chemicals may be present in perfumes and cosmetics. Phototoxic reactions can be evaluated visually in animals. The hairless mouse has also proved useful with skin thickening as a marker of dermal oedema and the induction of polyamine biosynthetic enzymes, as well as other biochemical changes being indicative of cutaneous phototoxicity. In vitro tests of phototoxicity include the Candida albicans assay as well as bacterial mutagenicity. For example, in the latter category different psoralens vary in their ability to induce mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium strains, an assay which can provide rapid screening of potential phototoxicity of chemicals. For human testing, phototoxic chemicals can be delivered topically or orally, and in conjunction with appropriate ultraviolet radiation will produce phototoxic reactions which can be evaluated for intensity of response.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Photosensitivity in the elderly.

Photosensitivity to drugs and chemicals in the elderly is more prevalent due to more frequent use of medications. Phototoxic reactions to common, orally administered drugs such as diuretics, cardiac agents and antidiabetics may occur and the reactions may be remedied by discontinuing drug therapy. Photocontact dermatitis due to the ingredients in sunscreens or other agents, such as perfumes, may also arise. Diagnosis is often confirmed by photopatch testing and subsequent avoidance of these agents leads to gradual resolution. Idiopathic photodermatoses, such as sunlight-induced polymorphic light eruption or solar urticaria, may occur and persist from an early age and, in elderly subjects, they can cause mild to marked disability. The most disturbing disorder of this type is the severe, widespread eczematous chronic actinic dermatitis, which can be difficult to diagnose. Porphyrias, such as variegate porphyria or erythropoietic protoporphyria, may persist from an early age, whereas porphyria cutanea tarda generally begins in later life. Porphyrias all have specific clinical and biochemical features and, apart from variegate porphyria, usually respond well to treatment following diagnosis. Exposure of elderly skin to sunlight may also cause deterioration of many ordinary dermatoses, particularly seborrhoeic eczema, which generally respond to protection from UV exposure and to treatment of the underlying abnormality. Progress in identifying the underlying causes, the availability of increasingly sophisticated diagnostic techniques, and improvements in sunscreen preparations and therapeutic medications will probably significantly reduce abnormal photosensitivity in the elderly in the near future.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Immunological study of Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome. Lack of response to food additive challenge.

A study was made of six patients with Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome (MRS) to establish the aetiological role of foodstuffs and/or additives and the possible associated immunological alterations. In all cases Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome (MRS) was diagnosed both clinically and histologically, excluding other causes of orofacial granulomatosis (OFG). A detailed study of possible triggering factors was performed in all patients. Blood analysis, x-rays and cultures, were always within normal limits, with the exception of the finding of circulating immune complexes (CICs) in three patients with facial palsy associated, and C-reactive protein positivity in two patients who presented persistent labial oedema. All patients were subjected to skin-prick tests with common inhalant allergens and with foods when sensitization to foods were suspected, and patch tests with European Standard Series and pastry components, organic dyes, perfumes and fragrances series. The results were negative in all cases. When asymptomatic, the patients were subjected to a double-blind oral challenge, under placebo control, with additives (monosodium glutamate, tartrazine, sulfites, erythrosine, paraoxybenzoate, sodium benzoate, lactose, aspirin, and annate), which was again negative. In no case did the patients refer the appearance of outbreaks with exposure to foods or contactants, and the course of the disease was unaffected by exclusion diets and the elimination of contactants. To conclude, we observed no sensitization to foods, additives or contactants in our patients. Likewise, there were no antecedents of atopy or hereditary predisposition related to the aetiopathogeny of MRS. The significance of the CIC encountered only in patients with facial paralysis remains to be established, due to the limited number of patients studied.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Sarcoidosis presenting as erythema annulare centrifugum.

Erythema annulare centrifugum (EAC), a disease belonging to the poorly characterized category of 'figurate erythemas', has been associated with a variety of conditions, such as connective tissue diseases, infections, neoplasms and drug reactions. Here we report a case of EAC associated with sarcoidosis, the first case in the literature to our knowledge. EAC was the sole sign of the granulomatous disease process, which was diagnosed by means of appropriate investigations only after the patient reported the sudden resolution of a long-standing sensitization to perfumes and parabens. Steroid treatment for sarcoidosis improved the patient's condition, and restored the allergic response to these substances.

Erythema↗
PubMed1996

Allergic contact dermatitis: clinical features and profile of sensitizing allergens in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

BACKGROUND: No reports are available on allergic contact dermatitis in Saudi Arabia, although it seems to be a common skin problem. We attempted to explore certain clinical aspects in addition to the profile of sensitizing allergens in our area. As no standard panel for patch testing is available in our geographic region, we examined the suitability of the European Standard Series. METHODS: Patch testing was performed on 271 consecutive patients with various forms of dermititis, referred for evaluation of possible allergic contact dermatitis. The study included 147 women and 124 men. The patients were between 12 and 75 years of age. RESULTS: Out of 271 subjects, 152 (56.1%) showed one or more positive reactions. Of these, 80 (52.6%) were women and 72 (47.4%) were men. Almost one quarter of the patients (25.7%) presented with hand dermatitis. Positive reactions to 21 out of the 22 allergens were found. Sensitization was most common to nickel sulfate (39.5%), potassium dichromate (32.9%), and cobalt chloride (30.9%). Reactions to the other allergens ranged between 14.5% and 1.3%). Less than one percent of the patients (0.66%) reacted to benzocaine and showed no reaction to primin. CONCLUSIONS: Allergic contact dermatitis is a common skin problem in Saudi Arabia. Further studies that address the prevalence and incidence of the disease are indicated. The European Standard Series is suitable for patch testing patients in our community; however, we suggest exclusion of benzocaine and primin. The addition of three allergens of local relevance, black seed oil, local perfume mix, and henna, are presented and discussed. The formulation of a regional standard series for patch testing dermatitis patients in our geographic area requires further collaborative studies.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Comparison of allergic rhinitis and vasomotor rhinitis patients on the basis of a computer questionnaire.

From 1 July 1990 to 31 December 1991, all patients referred to the Allergy Section of the ENT Department, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden, (n = 678) answered a 134-item questionnaire presented on the screen of a personal computer by pressing Y (for yes) or N (for no) on the keyboard. The objective of this study was to compare the questionnaire responses from patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) with those of patients with perennial nonallergic rhinitis or vasomotor rhinitis (VMR). Nasal blockage was the predominant symptom in the VMR group, whereas the AR patients mainly suffered from eye irritation, sneezing, and, to some extent, rhinorrhea. Concomitant asthma was more prevalent in the AR group than in the VMR group, whose histories were characterized by symptoms associated with airway infections. About 60% of both groups reported problems with such nonspecific airway irritants as cigarette smoke and perfumes. With respect to the diagnostic reliability of the history, in the AR group the order of accuracy (according to the skin prick test results) of reported hypersensitivity to allergens was as follows: cat > timothy > birch > dust mite > mugwort. A history of hypersensitivity to molds as a cause of symptoms was of no diagnostic value. The findings suggest that there are several differences in the medical histories of AR and VMR patients that merit further investigation.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Relationship between odor perception and depression in the Japanese elderly.

Odor perception has been studied in patients with various mental disorders; however, no consensus has been reached as to its detection, identification, or pleasantness/unpleasantness of odors especially in patients with depression. One hundred and nineteen normal elderly individuals living at home were exposed to odors of rose, perfume, white ginger, Indian ink, cigarette smoke, milk, feces and orange scent using the scratch and sniff method. They were asked to rate the strength of each odor, its pleasantness or unpleasantness, their liking for it, and their familiarity with it. They were also asked to complete a self-rating depression scale (SDS). The relationship of the score of each psychological olfactory scale with the SDS score and the difference in the score of each psychological scale between high-SDS and low-SDS groups are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Fifty years of migraine research.

The prevalence of ice-pick pains and ice-cream headache in migrainous patients and their localisation to the habitual site of migraine headache, suggest that segments of the central pain pathways remain hyperexcitable between spontaneous attacks. Excessive afferent stimulation (flashing lights, noise, strong perfumes) or hypothalamic changes resulting from emotion, stress or the operation of some internal clock may set in motion brainstem mechanisms, including spontaneous unilateral or bilateral discharge of pain pathways. Studies in the experimental animal have shown that certain monoaminergic brainstem nuclei can influence the cerebral circulation unilaterally and that they and the trigeminal system can induce a reflex dilatation of the external carotid circulation. Descending pathways from the same brainstem nuclei cause the adrenal gland to secrete noradrenaline, which in turn can release serotonin from blood platelets. Free serotonin may become adsorbed to the arterial wall, thus increasing sensitivity to pain, augmenting afferent input and adding a pulsating quality to migrainous pain. Both neural and vascular components of migraine implicate monoamines, specifically noradrenaline and serotonin, as neurotransmitters and humoral agents. The recent pharmacological classification of serotonin (5HT) receptors indicates that agonists of a subset of the 5HT1 receptor and antagonists of 5HT2 receptors are most likely to be helpful in the treatment of migraine.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Precipitating factors in migraine: a retrospective review of 494 patients.

The predominance of certain triggers for migraine was assessed in 494 migraine patients. Stress (62%) was the most frequently cited precipitant. Weather changes (43%), missing a meal (40%), and bright sunlight (38%) were also prominent factors. Sexual activity (5%) was the precipitant cited by the least number of patients. Significant differences were found between men and women in their responses to weather changes, perfumes, cigarette smoke, missing a meal, and sexual activity. Spring was cited by 14% of patients as a time for increased migraine attacks, followed by fall (13%), summer (11%), and winter (7%).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The premonitory symptoms (prodrome): a tertiary care study of 893 migraineurs.

OBJECTIVES: This study of premonitory symptoms in migraine was performed to document the frequency, duration, and types of symptoms in a large group of migraine patients. BACKGROUND: Prodrome importance continues to be debated. Intervention early in the migraine attack is assuming more importance and necessitates better knowledge of the prodrome. METHODS: A total of 893 migraine patients (IHS 1.1-1.7) were evaluated at first visit. Prodrome frequency, duration, and characteristics were analyzed in the total migraine population IHS 1.1-1.7 and IHS 1.1-1.6 migraine. RESULTS: A total of 32.9% of IHS migraine 1.1-1.6 patients reported prodrome symptoms with an average of 9.42 hours. IHS 1.1-1.7 migraine reported 29.7% and 6.8 hours, respectively. The most commonest symptoms were tiredness, mood change, and gastrointestinal symptoms; all three of these symptoms were present together in 17% of the patients with prodrome. The duration of prodrome was less than 1 hour in 45.1%, 1-2 hours in 13.6%, 2-4 hours in 15.0%, 4-12 hours in 13.1%, and greater than 12 hours in 13.2%. IHS 1.1-1.7 patients showed similar findings. IHS 1.1-1.6 patients with prodrome differed from patients without prodrome in having more triggers as a whole (P <.01), more individual triggers including alcohol (P <.01), hormones (P <.01), light (P <.001), not eating (P <.05), perfume (P <.01), stress (P <.01), and weather changes (P <.05), a longer duration of aura (P <.05), longer time between aura and headache (P <.05), more aura with no headache (P <.05), longer time to peak of headache (P <.05), longer time to respond to triptan (P <.05), longer maximum duration of headache (P <.05), and more headache associated nausea (P <.05), more headache associated running of the nose or tearing of the eyes (P <.05), more postdrome syndrome (P <.05), and longer duration of postdrome syndrome (P <.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a portrait of prodrome in a large cohort of patients. It highlights differences between patients with prodrome and patients not having prodrome, and it draws attention to the potential of preventing the headache phase of the acute migraine attack.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Migraine changes with age: IMPACT on migraine classification.

OBJECTIVE: To establish if criteria for the diagnosis of migraine change with age and to document the influence of age on the full spectrum of migraine features. Also to define the clinical spectrum and provide a prognostic profile of migraine stratified by age. BACKGROUND: Few studies have formally analyzed migraine characteristics stratified by age in a large cohort of patients. METHODS: One thousand nine consecutive patients meeting ICHD-2, 1.1, 1.2, and 1.5.1 at their initial office visit were studied. Patients were stratified by age into 3 groups: group I, 16 to 29, group II, 30 to 49, and group III, 50 years or older. Variables studied included gender, headache duration in years, prodrome, aura, postdrome, headache triggers, headache characteristics, associated symptoms, headache location, headache frequency, headache days, and disability. Ordinal variables were graded from 0 to 3 but only grades greater than grade 1 (more than occasional) were used in the study. RESULTS: A total of 86.3% patients were female and mean age was 37.7 years +/- 11.7 years (range 16 to 80), headache duration 15.0 years, and headache frequency 10 headaches per month. STUDY RESULTS: No significant age differences were seen in gender, or frequency of prodrome, aura, or postdrome. In patients with aura the percentage of headaches with aura significantly decreased with age. Headache triggers, in general, showed no age differences; specific triggers showed statistical differences: stress as a trigger decreased with age; alcohol, smoke, and neck pain triggers increased with age, while in women hormones as a trigger peaked markedly in the 30- to 49-year-old age group compared with the other ages. Exercise, food, not eating, heat, lights, perfume, sex, sleep disturbance, sleeping late, and weather triggers showed no significant differences in age. Headache location showed no differences except for neck location, which significantly increased with age. Associated symptoms of photophobia, phonophobia, dizziness decreased with age and running of the nose/tearing of the eyes increased with age. Nausea, vomiting, osmophobia, taste abnormalities, and diarrhea showed no significant differences. Headache quality showed decreasing throbbing, pressure, and stabbing with age, but aching showed no statistical difference. Being forced to sleep or rest with headache showed a significant decrease with age, but no significant differences were seen in other acute migraine characteristics, including choose to sleep or rest with headache, function during headache, average intensity and duration of headache, recurrence rate of headache, headache aggravation by activity, response to acute medication, and acute medication satisfaction. The 50+ age group tended to have less dizziness, photophobia, phonophobia, nausea, vomiting, temporal location, throbbing, pressure, stabbing, headache days, moderate days, severe days, aggravation of headache by activity, and recurrence but tended to have more mild days, greater ability to function during headache, and greatest response to acute medication. Despite no difference from other groups in headache intensity and duration of headache, these findings taken together seem to reflect a "lesser migraine" in the 50+ age group. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights specific age differences in migraineurs, in most instances showing an age decline in frequency of variables, such as stress as a trigger, photophobia, phonophobia, dizziness, throbbing, pressure, stabbing, and being forced to sleep or rest with headache. Hormones as a trigger peaked in women in the 30- to 49-year-old age group. Increases with age were seen with alcohol, smoke, and neck pain triggers, neck location, and running of the nose/tearing of the eyes. The 50+ age group showed trends suggesting a "lesser acute migraine attack." These findings support the concept of lessening features of migraine over time resulting in a lower prevalence of migraine in older patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Cinnamic aldehyde allergy.

Positive patch test reactions to 2% cinnamic aldehyde were obtained from 2.8% of 34 males and 9.1% of 55 females. The 9.1% female reactivity may be traceable to perfumed cosmetics. Simultaneous Jasmin allergy is documented as is the occurrence of alpha-amyl cinnamic aldehyde in synthetic Jasmin. The relevance of these reactions is discussed. In two of the patients a proper diagnosis was not made from the original contact history. Only after a screening tray demonstration of cinnamic aldehyde allergy could a relevant history be taken from these patients.

Acrolein↗
PubMed1977

Pigmented cosmetic dermatitis and coal tar dyes.

Patch tests and photopatch tests with various cosmetics, coal tar dyes, perfumes, lanolin preparations and parabens-mix were performed in 53 patients with pigmented cosmetic dermatitis similar in clinical appearance to Riehl's melanosis. The results showed that coal tar dyes, particularly brilliant lake red R, were closely related to the cause of the disease. In patch testing and photopatch testing with coal tar dyes, the incidence of positive responses to the brilliant lake red R was found to be significantly higher than that to the other coal tar colors (22/38 = 57.9%). The relevance of ultraviolet light to the disease was found to be much less than the ratio expected (14/47 = 29.8%). A high incidence of positive responses to fragrances was also found, but it is considered to play a secondary role in the etiology of the disease.

Coal Tar↗