Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “PATERNITY”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 415 records · Page 23Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Paternal age and congenital malformations.

BACKGROUND: Spontaneous mutations in germ cells increase with male age, but an association between paternal age and congenital malformations is not well established. We conducted a population-based cohort study to estimate this association. METHODS: A study population of couples and their firstborn children were identified in the Danish Fertility Database between 1980 and 1996 (n = 71937). Diagnoses of congenital malformations in children were obtained by linkage to the nationwide hospital register (1980-1999). RESULTS: Overall, there were no differences in the prevalence of malformations as a function of paternal age. However, the prevalence of malformations of extremities and syndromes of multiple systems, as well as Down's syndrome, increased with increasing paternal age. For example, in comparison with fathers age 20-29 years, adjusted hazard ratio of syndromes of multiple systems was 1.15 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.81-1.65] for age 35-39 years, 1.33 (95% CI 0.79-2.25) for age 40-44 years, 1.73 (95% CI 0.82-3.65) for age 45-49 years, and 3.20 (95% CI 1.37-7.48) for age > or = 50 years (test for trend P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that advanced paternal age may be associated with an excess occurrence of some specific malformations. The association could be caused by mutations of the gametes in men induced by biological or environmental factors.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed2001

Changing paternity and time since last pregnancy; the impact on pre-eclampsia risk. A study of 547 238 women with and without previous pre-eclampsia.

BACKGROUND: Long time interval between pregnancies has been found to increase the risk of pre-eclampsia in second pregnancy. Our aim was to investigate whether this effect is influenced by a history of pre-eclampsia or a change in paternity. METHODS: We studied 547 238 women with a first and second pregnancy registered in the Medical Birth Registry of Norway, 1967-1998. The relative risk of pre-eclampsia in the second delivery according to time interval between deliveries was estimated as odds ratios (OR) in logistic regression models, controlling for changing paternity, maternal age and calendar time period in women with and without previous pre-eclampsia. RESULTS: A change of paternity for the second pregnancy was associated with a reduced risk of pre-eclampsia after controlling for the time since first delivery (adjusted OR = 0.80, 95% CI : 0.72-0.90), but the interaction between change in paternity and time between deliveries was significant only for women with no previous pre-eclampsia. The interaction between history of pre-eclampsia and time interval between the two deliveries was highly significant, and for women with no previous pre-eclampsia the risk of pre-eclampsia in second pregnancy increased with increasing time interval (for intervals longer than 15 years the adjusted OR was 2.11, 95% CI : 1.75-2.53). For women with previous pre-eclampsia the risk tended to decrease with increasing time interval between deliveries. CONCLUSIONS: The protective impact of a new father for the second pregnancy challenges the hypothesis of primipaternity, and implies that the increase in pre-eclampsia risk ascribed to new father by others is due to insufficient control for interpregnancy interval.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Impact of paternal exposure to chemotherapy on offspring in the rat.

Paternal exposure to chemotherapeutics may have adverse effects on offspring. In the rat, chronic low-dose paternal exposure to the anticancer drug cyclophosphamide increased pre- and postimplantation loss and malformations. The effects of paternal drug treatment on progeny were influenced by the stage when germ cells were first exposed. Chronic cyclophosphamide treatment resulted in a dramatic decrease in the expression of stress response genes in pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids but not in elongated spermatids; reduced gene expression may allow damage to accumulate. Exposure for 9 weeks, but not for 6, increased the incidence of aneuploidy. DNA strand breaks were maximal 3 weeks after short-term or acute treatment, during spermiogenesis. Cyclophosphamide-exposed spermatozoa imparted DNA damage to the fertilized embryo. Total RNA synthesis was higher in one-cell embryos sired by drug-treated fathers than in controls, and the expression of specific genes was altered. Thus, in the rat, paternal exposure to an anticancer drug altered germ cell quality, disrupting embryo development and dysregulating zygotic gene activation.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Associations of paternal involvement in disease management with maternal and family outcomes in families with children with chronic illness.

OBJECTIVE: The role of fathers in pediatric disease management and its associations with family functioning have rarely been the focus of empirical study. In this study, we used the Dads Active Disease Support scale (DADS), a measure of the amount and helpfulness of paternal involvement in pediatric disease management, to explore the association between father involvement and other aspects of family functioning. METHOD: A sample of 190 heterosexual couples completed the DADS and measures of maternal, marital, and family functioning. RESULTS: Maternal report of higher ratings on DADS Helpfulness scale was associated with fewer self-reported maternal psychiatric symptoms and less perceived impact of the disease on family functioning. Both mothers' and fathers' reports indicated that more paternal involvement was related to more favorable outcomes in marital satisfaction and family functioning. CONCLUSIONS: More paternal involvement in disease management was associated with healthier maternal, marital, and family functioning. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether paternal involvement is likely to be a fruitful target for psychological intervention.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Paternal military service and risk for childhood leukemia in offspring.

To assess the association between paternal military service and risk for childhood leukemia, the authors analyzed data from three case-control studies conducted by the Children's Cancer Group from 1983 to 1993. A total of 605 acute myeloid leukemia (AML, age < or = 18 years) cases, 2,117 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL, age < or = 14 years) cases, and 3,155 individually matched controls were included in these studies. Paternal military history and other exposure data were obtained in 2,343 matched case-control sets, including 1,805 ALL and 528 AML cases. Paternal general military service was not associated with the leukemia risk. A small, but significant, increase in the risk for AML was seen, however, among offspring of veterans who had served in Vietnam or Cambodia (odds ratio (OR) = 1.7; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.0, 2.9), after adjustment for paternal education, race, income, smoking, X-ray exposure, and marijuana use. The risk was predominantly present in children diagnosed before the age of 2 (OR = 4.6; 95% CI: 1.3, 16.1), although there were inconsistencies in the risks associated with length of time served and interval between service and diagnosis of leukemia. Military service in Vietnam or Cambodia was unrelated to the risk for ALL. The etiologic importance, if any, of these observations has yet to be determined.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Validity of mother's report of father's occupation in a study of paternal occupation and congenital malformations.

Agreement between the mother's and father's report of the father's occupation was assessed in a case-control study of paternal occupation and birth defects. Cases were identified from births registered with the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program between 1968 and 1980; controls were selected from liveborn infants without defects. Both parents were sought for interview, and each parent was asked about the father's job history for 2 years prior to the infant's death. This concordance analysis is based on 3,739 case infants and 2,279 control infants for whom both parents were interviewed. The authors considered the father's report of his occupation as correct, and they assessed the ability of the mother to report the same occupation(s) during a 7-month period around conception. The exact agreement between mother's and father's report of the father's occupation was 59%. Agreement improved slightly with increasing family income and when fathers were college graduates. Female partners were not accurate proxy respondents in this study of paternal occupation and birth defects, which suggests that investigators should interview both parents in studies of paternal exposures and reproductive outcomes, i.e., mothers for pregnancy history and maternal confounders and fathers for occupational history and paternal confounders.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1989

Paternal age and mental functions of progeny in man.

The effects of maternal age on the quality of offspring are well known. Those due to the father's age are less obvious, apart from the role of increasing paternal age in the onset of many dominant autosomal disorders. But an experimental model has demonstrated that, in rats, increasing paternal age, without any other anomalies, might produce a decreased learning capacity in progeny. The object of the epidemiological investigation presented here was to verify whether this effect might also occur in man. The study involved the distribution of scores obtained in psychometric tests by 18-year-old male subjects, according to their father's age at the time of their birth. This distribution indicated not only that increasing paternal age is accompanied by effects similar to those observed in animals, but also that very young paternal age was also related to these effects. Thus, the curve of such scores produced an inverted U-shape, with maximum scores obtained when the father was about thirty years of age. Maternal age did not appear to play a part in this event. These results pose the problem of identifying genetic and/or psychosocial factors which might have an impact on the quality of the conceptus.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Paternal serum dioxin and reproductive outcomes among veterans of Operation Ranch Hand.

We studied whether paternal exposure to Agent Orange and its dioxin contaminant (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) during the Vietnam War is related to adverse reproductive outcomes after service in Southeast Asia. The index cohort comprises conceptions and children of veterans of Operation Ranch Hand, the unit responsible for aerial spraying of herbicides in Vietnam from 1962 to 1971. The comparison cohort comprises conceptions and children of Air Force veterans who served in Southeast Asia during the same period but who were not involved with spraying herbicides. We found no meaningful elevation in risk for spontaneous abortion or stillbirth. In analyses of birth defects, we found elevations in risk in some organ system categories, which, after review of the clinical descriptions, were found to be not biologically meaningful. There was an increase in nervous system defects in Ranch Hand children with increased paternal dioxin, but it was based on sparse data. We found no indication of increased birth defect severity, delays in development, or hyperkinetic syndrome with paternal dioxin. These data provide little or no support for the theory that paternal exposure to Agent Orange and its dioxin contaminant is associated with adverse reproductive outcomes.

2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗
PubMed2002

Paternal age and preeclampsia.

BACKGROUND: Paternal aging is associated with premeiotic damage to spermatogonia, a mechanism by which new point mutations are introduced into the gene pool. We hypothesized that paternal age might contribute to preeclampsia. METHODS: We studied the incidence of preeclampsia in 81,213 deliveries surveyed in 1964-1976 in the Jerusalem Perinatal Study. We controlled for maternal age, parity and other risk factors using logistic regression. RESULTS: Preeclampsia was reported in 1303 deliveries (1.6%). Compared with fathers age 25-34 years, the odds ratios (ORs) for preeclampsia were 1.24 (95% confidence interval = 1.05-1.46) for age 35-44 and 1.80 (1.40-2.31) for age 45+. For fathers age <25, the OR was 1.25 (1.04-1.51). Although weaker than maternal age effects, paternal effects were consistent within subgroups of other variables. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the hypothesis that a modest proportion of preeclampsia might be explained by new mutations acquired from fathers and add to a growing body of evidence for paternal age effects in birth defects, neuropsychiatric disease and neoplasia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Paternal age and preterm birth.

BACKGROUND: There is growing evidence that advanced paternal age can be a reproductive hazard. METHODS: We studied couples and their first children using nationwide registers in Denmark between 1980 and 1996. We restricted the analysis to mother's age 20-29 years. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) of preterm (< 37 weeks gestation) and very preterm birth (< 32 weeks) as a function of paternal age using logistic regression to adjust for potential confounding variables. RESULTS: The risk of preterm birth increased with paternal age, almost entirely resulting from an association for very preterm birth. Compared with fathers age 20-24 years, ORs for very preterm birth were 1.3 (age 25-29), 1.4 (age 35-39), 1.7 (age 40-44), 1.6 (age 45-49), and 2.1 (age 50+) (test for trend: P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Risk of very preterm birth increases among older fathers, perhaps as a result of a paternal placental effect.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The forensic and investigative significance of reverse paternity testing with absent maternal sample.

The authors are involved in the extraction of DNA material from calcified tissues, oftentimes teeth, and analysis of such material to assist the investigative process, frequently by confirming the identity of the victim. Biologic or molecular techniques for the purposes of human identification have evolved to allow increasingly discriminating tests for use in criminal and noncriminal death investigations, as well as paternity disputes. The goal of such tests is to either include 2 samples (ie, they are from the same person, or in the case of paternity, they are from related individuals) or exclude 2 samples (ie, they are from different people or from unrelated individuals). Regardless of the system used and when data error has been eliminated, an exclusionary conclusion is irrefutable. The probability of excluding the falsely accused has steadily increased over the years as new methods are developed. Conventional ABO blood typing, for example, has a probability of exclusion (PE) of only 17%. This value increases to 53% with the inclusion of the Rh and MN systems. Additional serological markers can provide a probability of exclusion of greater than 99%. Today, the current method of choice for human identification is the polymerase chain reaction for the amplification of short tandem repeat (STR) multiplexes. This paper discusses the implications of nonpaternity in reverse paternity testing when only paternal DNA is available.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed2006

Delayed parenthood and the risk of cesarean delivery--is paternal age an independent risk factor?

BACKGROUND: Between 1995 and 2001, the average cesarean section rates in Taiwan were as high as 33.34 percent. This study set out to determine the independent effects of paternal age on the likelihood of cesarean delivery among a sample of Taiwanese women. METHODS: Logistic regressions were used to analyze 310,574 singleton deliveries by nulliparous women in Taiwan between 1999 and 2001, linking data abstracted from birth certificates and from the National Health Insurance claims database. After controlling for socioeconomic, pregnancy, and obstetric complications, as well as institutional factors, we investigated both maternal and paternal ages simultaneously, using the single category variable "parental age" to determine the differential age effects on the risk of cesarean delivery. RESULTS: Taking 20- to 29-year-old couples as the reference group, we observed that the relative risks of cesarean delivery become progressively higher with advancing age of the mother. At the same time, within each maternal group, positive and significant variations in cesarean rates occurred for different paternal age groups. The respective increases in the relative risks of cesarean delivery for men aged 20-29, 30-34, 35-39, and 40 years or more, in conjunction with women aged 20-29, 30-34 and 35 or over, are 34 percent from 1.00 to 1.34, 18 percent from 1.51 to 1.69, and 16 percent from 2.03 to 2.19. Other confounding variables are also taken into account. CONCLUSIONS: Irrespective of maternal age, advancing paternal age also appears to be an additional independent factor that has a strong association with the increase in cesarean section rates.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Multiple paternity in the red-eyed treefrog Agalychnis callidryas (Cope).

DNA fingerprinting of tadpoles from two different 'one female-two male' matings of the red-eyed treefrog, Agalychnis callidryas, revealed multiple paternity of offspring. Offspring were assigned paternity based on bands shared with the putative father, but not shared between putative fathers or with the mother. Paternity was split approximately 44/56% and 36/64% in two matings. These results do not support a hypothesis of sperm priority in access to unfertilized eggs by primary males. Multiple paternity may be commonplace in species of anurans with matings by multiple males.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Multiple paternity in wild-caught Drosophila mojavensis.

Female remating frequency and sperm allocation patterns can strongly influence levels of sperm competition and reproductive success in natural populations. In the laboratory, Drosophila mojavensis males transfer very few sperm per copulation and females remate often, suggesting multiple paternity should be common in nature. Here, we examine female sperm loads, incidence of multiple paternity, and sperm utilization by genotyping progeny from 20 wild-caught females at four highly polymorphic microsatellite loci. Based on indirect paternity analyses of 814 flies, we found evidence for high levels of multiple paternity coupled with relatively low reproductive output, consistent with the high levels of female remating predicted in this sperm-limited species. Overall, we found little evidence for last -- male sperm precedence though some temporal variation in sperm utilization was observed, consistent with laboratory findings.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Incestuous paternity detected by STR-typing of chorionic villi isolated from archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded abortion material using laser microdissection.

Microscopic examination of a blood clot expelled by a physically and mentally disabled woman taken to the emergency room because of genital bleeding revealed the presence of chorionic villi encircled by decidua, hemorrhage, and necrosis. In order to identify the father of the product of conception, sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded abortion material were subjected to laser microdissection: DNA extraction from chorionic villi selectively isolated from the surrounding tissues allowed successful STR-typing of fetal cells, which was otherwise prevented by excess maternal DNA. The large number of homozygous genotypes in the fetal profile suggested incestuous paternity. Analysis of reference DNA samples from male relatives excluded the woman's father, paternal grandfather, and maternal grandfather, whereas the obligate paternal alleles of the fetus were constantly present in the genotypes of the woman's brother, clearly demonstrating brother-sister incest (probability of paternity > 99.99999%).

Aborted Fetus↗
PubMed2006

Probability of exclusion in paternity testing: time to reassess.

The average exclusion probability is a measure of efficiency in paternity testing; it refers to the a priori ability of a battery of tests to detect paternity inconsistencies. This parameter measures the capacity of the system to detect a false accusation of paternity. Traditionally, this average exclusion probability has been estimated as the probability of excluding a man who is not the father by an inconsistency in at least one of the studied loci. We suggest that this criterion should be corrected, as currently the presumed father is excluded when at least three genetic inconsistencies are found with the child being tested, not just one. This change of criterion has occurred because of the use of microsatellite loci, whose mutation rates are much greater than those of the coding genes used previously in paternity studies. We propose the use of the average probability of exclusion for at least three loci (not only one), as an honest measure of the combined probability of exclusion of several loci, and we propose an algebraic expression to calculate it.

False Positive Reactions↗
PubMed2001

Fertility after bilateral cryptorchidism. Evaluation by paternity, hormone, and semen data.

PURPOSE: Evaluation of the fertility of a cohort of formerly bilaterally cryptorchid men in comparison with a group of formerly unilaterally cryptorchid men, and a group of control men. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using a detailed questionnaire concerning paternity and factors related to paternity, a cohort of formerly bilateral cryptorchid men were studied and compared with men who had undergone orchiopexy for unilateral cryptorchidism, and a group of control men. All study subjects had had surgery at the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., between 1955 and 1975. A subset of the full cohort underwent clinical evaluation that included a physical examination, serum hormonal determination and semen analyses. RESULTS: Paternity rates are significantly lower among the formerly bilaterally cryptorchid men who have attempted to father a child (65.3%) as compared to the formerly unilaterally cryptorchid (89.7%; p < 0.001) and control men (93.2%; p < 0.001). Differences in the ability to father children are also apparent when semen and hormone levels are compared between the three groups. The bilateral group has significantly lower sperm density and inhibin B levels, and higher FSH and LH levels, than the unilateral and control groups. CONCLUSIONS: Men born with bilateral cryptorchidism have severely compromised fertility in adulthood. This reduction in fertility is clearly shown in comparisons of both paternity rates, and in semen and hormone analyses, between the formerly bilateral, formerly unilateral, and control groups.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Paternity analysis in cases of father-daughter incest using multiallelic loci.

The inclusion of DNA polymorphism into paternity analysis represents a major advance since it allows one to achieve a high probability of exclusion. This is of particular importance in paternity cases in which the mother and the alleged father are close relatives. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate an approach to calculate the probability of exclusion and to compute the paternity index in case of father-daughter incest using data from multiallelic loci that can be obtained with a single locus probe. The global probability of exclusion achieved at a multiallelic locus, in cases of father-daughter incest, is lower than the one obtained when both parents are not relatives. The probability of exclusion of each mother-offspring pair is different from that obtained when the parents are not close relatives. Among mother-offspring pairs having the same genotype, the probability of exclusion is zero, and in such a condition, the locus is not informative. To obtain a high exclusion capability, it is necessary to analyze several independent loci in which both the mother and the child have different genotypes. Expressions to obtain the paternity index for all the possible combinations of mother-offspring-alleged father in cases of father-daughter incest are derived and discussed.

Alleles↗