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PubMed2006

Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic status differences in overweight and health-related behaviors among American students: national trends 1986-2003.

PURPOSE: This article reports long-term trends by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES) in the percent of American students who are overweight and who engage in three health-related behaviors hypothesized to be associated with overweight. METHODS: Data are from the Monitoring the Future annual surveys, using nationally representative samples of eighth, 10th, and 12th grade students. Participants include 62,156 eighth and 64,899 10th graders who completed the 1993-2003 surveys and 35,107 12th graders who completed the questionnaire form containing the measures pertaining to this study in the 1986-2003 surveys. Trends are presented separately by gender and grade level for different racial/ethnic and SES subgroups, in: (a) percent overweight (body mass index > or = 85th percentile), (b) percent who always or almost always eat breakfast, (c) percent who regularly exercise vigorously, and (d) average hours of weekday television viewing. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight and of engaging in less healthy behaviors is considerably greater among youth from racial/ethnic minority backgrounds, of lower socioeconomic status, and in higher grades. Trends in overweight and these behaviors are found to vary substantially by gender, racial/ethnic group, socioeconomic status, and grade level. CONCLUSIONS: The study findings show well-established and persistent differences in the percent of racial/ethnic minority and low SES youth who are overweight and whose dietary and exercise habits are less healthy. Documentation of these problems may lead to research and policy agendas that will contribute both to our understanding and to the reduction of these important health disparities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Family food insufficiency is related to overweight among preschoolers.

This paper studies the relationship between family food insufficiency and being overweight in a population-based cohort of preschool children (n=2103) using data from the Longitudinal Study of Child Development in Québec (1998-2002) (LSCDQ). Family food insufficiency status was derived when children were 1.5 years of age (from birth to 1.5 years) and at 4.5 years of age (from 3.5 to 4.5 years). Children's height and weight were measured at home at 4.5 years. Overweight was defined according to the US CDC sex- and age-specific growth charts and Cole's criteria. Statistical analyses were done with SAS (version 8.2). In multivariate analyses, mean body mass index (BMI) was higher for children from food insufficient families compared to children from food sufficient families, even when important factors associated with BMI, such as child's birth weight, parental BMI, maternal education, and family income sufficiency were considered. We did not report any gender effects in the multivariate analyses. The presence of family food insufficiency at some point during preschool years more than tripled (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.5-7.6) the odds for obesity using the Cole criteria, and doubled (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.1-3.6) the odds for overweight at 4.5 years using the CDC growth curves indicator. We observed an interaction between birth weight and family food insufficiency in relation to being overweight at 4.5 years. Low-birth-weight children living in a household that experienced food insufficiency during preschool years are at higher risk of overweight at 4.5 years. Given this important finding, supportive interventions targeting low-income and food insufficient families, including pregnant women, are recommended for preventing overweight and obesity among their children.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed2006

Breastfeeding and overweight in childhood: evidence from the Pelotas 1993 birth cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: The effect of breastfeeding duration on the prevalence of overweight and on mean weight for height z-score (WHZ) was evaluated in Brazilian children. DESIGN: Prospective population-based birth cohort study. SUBJECTS: In total, 1,273 children aged 4 years, corresponding to a follow-up rate of 87.2%. MEASUREMENTS: Three explanatory variables were studied: duration of any breastfeeding, duration of exclusive or predominant breastfeeding, and ever breastfeeding. Weight and height were measured using a digital electronic scale and a portable stadiometer. Overweight was defined as WHZ >2 using the National Center for Health Statistics reference curve. RESULTS: Overweight prevalence at the age of 4 years was 10.2% (95% CI 8.4; 11.8). The lowest prevalence (6.5%) was observed among children breastfed for >11 months. Among those breastfed for less than 3 months, the prevalence of overweight was approximately 9.5%. Mean WHZ ranged from 0.38 among children breastfed for less than 1 month to 0.62 among those breastfed for 9-11.9 months. No linear trends were detected in the association between breastfeeding and anthropometric indicators. None of the three breastfeeding variables was significantly associated with the prevalence of overweight or mean WHZ in multivariable analyses. No interactions were detected between breastfeeding and the variables sex, birth weight, socioeconomic status, skin color and pregestational in body mass index. CONCLUSION: Our results do not support the hypothesis that breastfeeding promotion would reduce overweight or obesity in this population. Existing evidence on many other benefits of breastfeeding for the mother and the child supports its continued promotion, protection and support.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Four-week pedometer-determined activity patterns in normal weight and overweight UK adults.

OBJECTIVE: To assess pedometer-determined physical activity levels and activity patterns in a sample of free-living normal weight and overweight UK adults. DESIGN: Pedometer-based 4-week observational study. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred and twenty-two healthy participants, recruited from two regions in the UK, classified as normal weight (33 females and 26 males) or overweight (31 females and 32 males), in the age range of 18 to 65 years, completed the study. MEASUREMENTS: Daily step counts were measured using a Yamax SW-200 pedometer, and were then recorded in an activity log. Comparisons were made between activity patterns occurring over different days of the week for the normal weight and overweight groups. Measurements of height, weight and percentage body fat, by bioelectrical impedance, were taken pre- and post-study. RESULTS: A consistent reduction in activity was observed on a Sunday in the overweight group, and mean daily step counts accumulated on Sundays were significantly lower, by an average of 2221 steps/day, when compared with all other days of the week (all P<0.001). In comparison, no day-of-the-week effect was observed in the normal weight group. Mean step counts reported on each day of the week did not differ significantly between the two groups, with the exception of Sunday when the overweight group reported significantly fewer steps than the normal weight participants (8093 versus 10 538, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Activity levels dropped dramatically in the sample of overweight adults on a Sunday. Simple instructions to at-risk individuals, to increase their general activity levels on a Sunday, via general practitioners and public health messages could prove to be a subtle, but effective, strategy to tackle obesity.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2007

Effect of oral glucose loading on endothelial function in normal-weight and overweight children.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of acute hyperglycaemia on endothelial function in both normal-weight and overweight children. A total of 16 overweight [BMI (body mass index) > or =85th percentile] and 15 normal-weight (BMI <85th percentile) children were evaluated for FMD (flow-mediated dilation) at baseline and 30, 60 and 120 min after glucose ingestion. At 15 min following the measurement of the final FMD, 0.3 mg of sublingual nitroglycerine was administered and the brachial artery was imaged in order to assess endothelium-independent dilation. By design, the overweight children were significantly heavier (63.2+/-4.6 compared with 41.3+/-2.5 kg; P=0.0003) and had a greater percentage body fat (43.9+/-1.8 compared with 23.8+/-2.05%; P<0.0001) than the normal-weight children. The area under the curve in response to glucose administration was significantly (P<0.0001) greater in the overweight group for both glucose and insulin. The FMD area under the curve was not significantly different at baseline or between time points after glucose ingestion, nor was there a difference in response between the two groups. Endothelium-independent dilation in the normal-weight group was significantly greater compared with the overweight group (26.7+/-1.6 compared with 20.2+/-2.0% respectively; P=0.019). In conclusion, these results suggest that acute elevation of glucose and insulin in overweight and normal-weight children are not associated with impairment in endothelial function.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed2006

The significance of overweight and obesity for individual health behaviour: an economic analysis based on the Swedish surveys of living conditions 1980-81, 1988-89, and 1996-97.

AIMS: The aim of the study was to examine whether being overweight (25 or=30) affect subsequent individual health behaviour, applying the framework of the individual-as-producer-of-health model. METHODS: A set of panel data for 3,693 individuals interviewed repeatedly in 1980-81, 1988-89, and 1996-97 was created from the Swedish population-based biannual survey of living conditions. Self-assessed health was chosen as indicator of individual health capital and physical exercise as indicator of individual health investment. RESULTS: (a) Men and women who suffered from obesity invested significantly less in their health in terms of physical exercise and reported significantly lower self-assessed health than the general male and female population, respectively. (b) Men who suffered from overweight invested less in their health and reported significantly lower self-assessed health than the general population, whereas women who were overweight--but not obese--did not differ from the general population. (c) Men and women who went from being obese to being overweight reported self-assessed health levels that did not differ from the general male and female population, respectively, but exercised less than men and women in general. CONCLUSIONS: The results imply (a) that the individual weight history must be taken into account in studies of the effect of obesity and overweight on health and health-related behaviour and (b) that men and women differ concerning the impact of obesity and overweight on health and health investments.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Smoking combined with overweight or obesity markedly elevates cardiovascular risk factors.

AIMS: Overweight, obesity and smoking are well-established risk independent factors for cardiovascular diseases. The combination of overweight or obesity with smoking may modify other cardiovascular disease risk factors. We examined the impacts of smoking, overweight and obesity on cardiovascular risk factors: total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, non-HDL-cholesterol, C-reactive protein and fibrinogen. METHODS AND RESULTS: Data from 5460 adults who participated in the cross-sectional Scottish Health Survey 1998 were analysed. In multivariable analysis body mass index and smoking were the most important risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Smoking was independently associated with higher C-reactive protein and fibrinogen concentrations in both sexes, and lower HDL cholesterol and higher non-HDL cholesterol in females (P<0.001). Overweight or obesity (body mass index 25-30 or > or = 30 kg/m) were independently associated with higher C-reactive protein, total cholesterol, non-HDL-cholesterol and lower HDL-cholesterol in both sexes, and higher fibrinogen in females (P<0.001). Overweight or obese current smokers had higher C-reactive protein and fibrinogen and lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations than the reference group of never-smokers with body mass index below 25 kg/m (P<0.001). Obese current smokers had the highest mean value and odds ratio (OR) for the risk factors across the categories, particularly for lower HDL cholesterol (OR=11) and elevated C-reactive protein (OR=9) (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: The combination of smoking and overweight or obesity aggravates cardiovascular disease risk factors, particularly HDL-cholesterol and C-reactive protein. These results justify early intervention for overweight/obese current smokers.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

Prevalence of overweight and obesity among children in the United Arab Emirates.

The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Secondary analysis was undertaken of data on 4381 children aged 5-17 years from the 1999 UAE-National Iodine Deficiency Surveillance Study. Data on weight and height from that study were used to calculate body mass index. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was estimated using International Obesity Task Force criteria. Overall, 944 (21.5%) of children were overweight and 601 (13.7%) of these were obese. More girls than boys were overweight (22.9% vs. 20.2%; P < or = 0.001). Non-citizen girls were more likely to be obese (odds ratios [OR] 1.767, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.48-2.102) than UAE girls. Boys in the rural areas had the lowest prevalence (23.6%) and were the least likely of all the children to be either overweight (OR 0.785, 95% CI 0.629-0.974) or obese 0.732 (95% CI 0.591-0.912). This study demonstrates a high prevalence of overweight in children in the UAE. Prompt actions are needed to initiate preventative and interventionist strategies to reverse the trend of this emerging epidemic.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Screening and interventions for overweight in children and adolescents: recommendation statement.

The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) is an independent panel of non-federal experts in prevention and primary care that systematically reviews the evidence of effectiveness and develops recommendations for clinical preventive services. This recommendation addresses the evidence for the accuracy of screening children and adolescents using BMI, the effectiveness of behavioral and pharmacologic interventions in improving health outcomes in these children, and the potential harms of routine screening and intervention. Using USPSTF methodology, an analytic framework with key questions was developed to guide the systematic review, which serves as the basis for this recommendation. The number of children and adolescents who are overweight has more than doubled in the last 25 years. Childhood and adolescent overweight is associated with increased health risks. The USPSTF found insufficient evidence for the effectiveness of behavioral counseling or other preventive interventions with overweight children and adolescents that can be conducted in primary care settings. Currently, available studies are limited by factors such as small sample sizes, poor generalizability, and variable follow-up. Based upon this critical gap in the evidence for effectiveness, the USPSTF concludes that the evidence is insufficient to recommend for or against routine screening for overweight in children and adolescents as a means to prevent adverse health outcomes ("I" recommendation). There are several gaps in the research evidence on screening and interventions for overweight children and adolescents in the primary care setting. Research is needed to provide well-defined and effective approaches to medical and psychological screening in children, as well as effective clinical approaches for the prevention and treatment of overweight in children that can be implemented by primary care clinicians.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Prevalence and factors associated to overweight and obesity in adolescents].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence and factors associated to overweight and obesity in urban area adolescents. METHODS: A cross-sectional population-based study was carried out in the municipality of Pelotas, Southern Brazil, between 2001 and 2002. Adolescents between 15 and 18 years old were weighed, measured and asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire. Of 90 areas drawn, 86 dwellings were visited in each area, comprising a total of 960 adolescents interviewed. Overweight and obesity prevalences were defined based on the body mass index, according to cutoff values and adjusted to age and sex. Multivariate analysis with Poisson regression was performed using a hierarchical model of variables associated to overweight and obesity. RESULTS: Overweight and obesity prevalences were 20.94% and 5% respectively. There was found an inverse relationship between obesity and age and schooling. An association of overweight and obesity with reporting parents' obesity (p=0.03) and adolescents' sexual maturation (p=0.01) was seen. Dieting and skipping meals were associated to obesity with a risk of 3.98 (95% CI: 1.83-8.67) and 2.54 (95% CI: 1.22-5.29) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Overweight and obesity prevalences in the area studied are of concern despite adolescents' behaviors to prevent to obesity. There is a need to implement more effective campaigns to provide better guidance to adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Prevalence of overweight in adolescents: a population-based study in a southern Brazilian city].

The prevalence of overweight and its association with demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral, and biological variables were evaluated. The sample included 810 adolescents (10-19 years of age) living in the urban area of Pelotas, a southern Brazilian city. Overweight was defined as a body mass index > or = the 85th percentile, according to sex and age, and compared to the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, following the WHO recommendation for adolescents. A clustering sampling strategy was used, and both the crude and adjusted analyses (Poisson Regression) took this strategy into account. The prevalence of overweight was 19.3% (95%CI: 16.6-22.0) and there was no difference between the sexes. The following groups presented a greater probability of being overweight: those classified in the wealthiest socioeconomic groups, those who had dieted to lose weight within the previous 3 months, those who watch 4 or more hours of television per day, and those who have less than 3 regular meals per day. After stratification by gender, high socioeconomic level was associated with greatest risk of overweight among boys. Dieting to lose weight during the previous 3 months, 4 or more hours of television viewing per day, and less than 3 formal meals per day were risk factors for overweight among girls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Noninvasive evaluation of endothelial function and arterial mechanics in overweight adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate endothelial function and arterial mechanics in apparently healthy overweight adolescents. DESIGN: Analytical observational study. SETTING: Tertiary hospital. METHODS: 40 asymptomatic, normotensive and non-smoking adolescents (11 to 18 years old) were evaluated. Of these 20 were overweight or obese as per International Obesity Task Force criteria while 20 were controls. High resolution ultrasonography was performed to measure flow mediated and Glyceryltrinitrate induced dilation in brachial artery, and arterial mechanics in common carotid artery. RESULTS: Overweight adolescents had significantly lower ratio of flow mediated dilation to Glyceryltrinitrate mediated dilation (0.40 plusminus 0.41 versus 0.61 plusminus 0.17; P = 0.039). On age and sex adjusted multiple regression analysis, the ratio of flow mediated to Glyceryltrinitrate mediated dilation had a significant negative association with body mass index (P = 0.012) and mean skin fold thickness (P = 0.011). However, for mean skin fold thickness, flow mediated dilation also had a significant negative association (P = 0.027). None of the measures of arterial mechanics were significantly different amongst overweights and controls, or significantly associated with either body mass index or mean skin fold thickness. CONCLUSION: Endothelial function can be mildly impaired in apparently healthy adolescents who are overweight (assessed by body mass index) or adipose (assessed by skin fold thickness). The use of overweight for screening adolescents likely to develop coronary artery disease is therefore justified. Skin fold thickness is a better indicator than Body Mass Index for predicting endothelial function.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence of obesity and overweight among Saudi adolescents in Eastern Saudi Arabia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of obesity and overweight among Saudi adolescents, using the 2 most widely used international references. METHODS: A cross-sectional study conducted towards the end of 2001 on a random sample of third grade intermediate and all 3 grades of secondary school Saudi students of both genders in Al-Khobar area, Eastern Saudi Arabia. The body mass index (BMI) was calculated. The American National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) growth charts, which have been adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO), were used. Student with a BMI of <85th and >95th percentile for age and genders, were defined as overweight and <95th percentile defined as obese. The International Obesity Taskforce (IOTF) age-sex-specific BMI cut-offs reference for defining overweight and obesity was used for comparison. RESULTS: The sample was 1766 students, comprising 675 males and 1091 females. The mean age was 16.4 +/- 1.7 years. The prevalence of obesity was higher in male than female students (19.3% versus 11.8%) while a higher proportion of female students than males were overweight (17.2% versus 10.2%). No significant difference was found between the 2 references used to determine the prevalence of obesity and overweight. CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of overweight and obesity recorded in this study call for prevention programs based on dietary and physical education in schools.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Trends in overweight and obesity in 45-64 year old men and women in Reykjavík 1975-1994. 2001].

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess possible changes in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Iceland during the last decades. Furthermore, the possible effect of dietary changes on the observed trend in obesity prevalence was evaluated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Participants came from stages III-V in the Reykjavik Health Study and the Reykjavik part of the MONICA studies from the period 1975-1994. The age groups 45-54 years and 55-64 years were examined. Only the information from the first visit of each person was included. The body mass index (BMI) for the participants was calculated and the percentage of those subjects considered overweight and obese according to WHO standards evaluated, using 25= or >BMI<30 kg/m2 as the cut-off point for overweight and BMI= or >30 kg/m2 as the cut-off point for obesity. Also, the observed trend in obesity prevalence is compared to changes in diet that have occurred in the same period. RESULTS: The results show that the mean weight and height of both men and women have been increasing during the study period. However, weight has increased more than can be accounted for by increased height, resulting in increased BMI. At the same time, the prevalence of overweight and obesity have increased, the relative increase in obesity far exceeding the relative increase in overweight. The prevalence of obesity more than doubled in both age groups of women during the study period, according to trend analyses. At the end of the period, almost 15% (95% confidence interval (CI), 9-22%) in the younger group of women and 25% (95% CI, 17-34%) in the older group were classified as obese. In the younger group of men, the prevalence of obesity almost doubled, while the observed increase in the older group was not statistically significant, according to trend analyses. The prevalence of obesity in the final period was about 19% (95% CI, 13-27%) and 17% (95% CI, 11-25%) in the younger and older groups of men, respectively. According to the food supply statistics there have been insignificant changes in the consumption of energy nutrients during the period. CONCLUSIONS: Overweight and obesity are becoming more common among middle-aged men and women in Reykjavik, during the period 1975-1994 and the rate of increase being comparable to that observed in many Western countries. It is urgent to respond to this problem by promoting a healthier lifestyle, both with respect to diet and physical activity.

Body Mass Index↗
PubMed2005

[Overweight among eight and twelve-year-old children in Oslo in 2004].

BACKGROUND: Overweight among children is an increasing problem internationally. The body mass index of the parents and their children influences body mass index during adulthood and the probability of overweight and obesity. The aim of this survey was to obtain reliable data on weight and height for eight and twelve-year-olds in Oslo. MATERIAL AND METHODS: School health nurses in Oslo took measurements of the children's weight and height. The survey includes 3453 eight-year-olds and 3597 twelve-year-olds. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight among eight-to-twelve-year-olds is 21%. There is a significant difference in the prevalence of overweight children between the local districts of Oslo. One in four of eight-year-old and one in five of twelve-year old girls are overweight. There is no significant difference between boys in different age groups. INTERPRETATION: The prevalence of overweight among eight to twelve-year-old children in Oslo is alarming. There are big differences between districts.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Prevalence of obesity, overweight and hypertension in children and adolescents from Abruzzo, Italy].

The present survey was aimed at determining the prevalence of overweight, obesity, hypertension, their correlation and the association with gender, age and provenience, in the pediatric population of Pescara province, Italy. During the academic year 2001-2002, the body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure of 15.612 scholars aged 6-14 years (mean age 9.9), coming from all province schools, have been measured. Two scales have been used to define obesity and overweight status (one developed by the National Center for Health Statistics--NCHS--the other by Cacciari et al.); while hypertension has been attributed using National Institute of Health curves. Several multiple logistic regression models have been fitted to analyze data. According to NCHS standards, the prevalence of childhood and adolescence overweight and obesity was, respectively, 40.6% and 19.5%. Using curves by Cacciari, the prevalence were 33.3% and 7.7%. Hypertensive subjects were 11.1%. With both scales, the prevalence of weight problems widely decreased after 12 years of age, and either obesity or overweight were significantly related with male sex, hypertension and rural area residence. A strong independent association was found between living inside the city and hypertension. Although the differences in the dimension of the problem "overweight" according to the used scale, and a potential overestimation of hypertension must be taken into account, the overall data suggest an urgent need, especially for primary school children, of preventive interventions aimed at reducing both overweight and blood pressure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Report on childhood obesity in China (1)--body mass index reference for screening overweight and obesity in Chinese school-age children.

PURPOSE: To establish and propose a national body mass index (BMI) reference for screening overweight and obesity in Chinese school-age children and adolescents. METHODS: 2000 CNSSCH (Chinese National Survey on Students Constitution and Health) data, including 216 620 primary and secondary school students aged 7 to 18 years old, were used as a reference population. Compared with those of the NCHS international reference, three temporary sets of cut-off BMI were proposed by testing different combinations of P85, P90, and P95. When physiological and biochemical measures between and among "obesity", "overweight", and "normal weight" groups were taken into consideration, set II was selected to be the most appropriate one. The sex-age-specific curves were then plotted and smoothed by using B-spline method. RESULTS: Based on the samples from costal developed metropolis, the BMI curves successfully overcame the shortcomings of lower and level-off tendency of the Chinese total population. Temporary set II, composed by cut-offs of P85 for overweight and P95 for obesity, was finally selected by its sensitivity and peculiarity. BMI 24 and 28 were used as cut-offs for overweight and obesity for both males and females aged 18 years old. These cut-offs, consistent with Chinese Adult's Reference, was proposed as the Body mass index reference for screening overweight and obesity in Chinese school-age children and adolescents. CONCLUSION: The new reference clearly showed its superiorty in both prospectivity and actuality. The proposed reference minimized the gaps of the BMI curve between Chinese adolescents and the international reference. Most importantly was that it was consistent with the Eastern Asia ethnic characteristics of body fatness growth. It was therefore proposed by the Working Group on Obesity in China (WGOC) to use it as an nationwide reference for screening overweight and obesity of school-age children and adolescents in China.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The relationship between maternal child-feeding practices and overweight in Hmong preschool children.

OBJECTIVE: Maternal child-feeding practices have been linked to overweight in several studies. Overweight is a prevalent condition in Hmong preschool children in the United States, therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether maternal child-feeding attitudes and practices were associated with overweight in Hmong preschool children. DESIGN: The Child-Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ) was revised and administered to Hmong mothers with normal-weight and overweight children. SETTING: Women, Infant, and Children Supplemental Food Program (WIC) clinics and community centers in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area. PARTICIPANTS: Hmong mothers of normal-weight (n=45) and overweight (n=35) children. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Relationships between maternal perceptions of child's weight, practices in child feeding, including monitoring, restriction, and pressure to eat, and overweight status in children. RESULTS: No association was found between maternal attitudes and practices in child feeding and body mass index (BMI) of the child except for mother's perception of her child's weight. Mother's perception of her child's weight was also associated with maternal restriction of certain foods. Mother's education and children's weight status were weakly positively associated. Mothers with more education tended to be younger and to work outside the home. CONCLUSION: The lack of a relationship between maternal child-feeding practices and children's weight status may be due to factors such as mother's education, role of other caregivers, and cultural factors.

Adolescent↗