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PubMed2005

[Multidimensional separations used in pharmaceutical and biological fields].

A review of multidimensional separations such as comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC), comprehensive two-dimensional high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC x HPLC) and their applications in pharmaceutical and biological fields is presented with 71 references. A single CO2 cryo-jet loop modulator was developed for GC x GC and it can be used to modulate compounds higher than C6 effectively. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC x GC/TOF-MS) analyses of traditional Chinese medicine volatile oils such as Pogostemon cablin Benth (Cablin Patchouli), Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl and Zedoary were reported also. As an emerging technology, multidimensional separations hold the promise and play an important role in the future pharmaceutical and biological fields.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Study on the Chinese herbal formula for treatment of vaginitis and the antimicrobial activity in murine models].

OBJECTIVE: To study on the various proportions of Radix Sophorae Flavescentis, Cortex Phellodendri, Fructus Cnidii and pericarp of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim in the formulas, whose antimicrobial effects on E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and C. albicans under different pH values were compared in vitro. METHODS: According to Chinese ancient proved recipe, the K-B method and plate diluting method were adopted to measure antimicrobial activity, and orthogonal design to ascertain the herbal formula in vitro. Finally, murine models were established to test the antimicrobial activity in vivo through vaginal membrane irritancy experiment, negative rate of pathogeny and pathological grade of vaginal membrane. RESULTS: The results suggested that formulas with different proportions of the herbs had diverse antimicrobial activities, and the effect was shown to be most obvious when one milliliter drug contains 100 microl Fructus Cnidii-pericarp of Zanthoxylum bungeanum (2:1) co-extracted volatile oil and 50 microl Radix Sophorae Flavescentis and Cortex Phenodendri ethanol extraction respectively under pH6. The antimicrobial effect of the formula, which hardly had any membrane irritancy, was better than Jie Eryin in vitro and vivo. CONCLUSION: The fromula has few components and better effect, and adaptation to the pH value of vaginitis. It is a promising alternative for gynecological diseases.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed1991

[Studies on the quality standards of huaijiao wan].

TLC and PC have been used in the qualitative study of huaijiao wan. The contents of the total flavones and volatile oils in huaijiao wan have been determined. The proposed method can be used to control the quality of huaijiao wan.

Chromatography, Paper↗
PubMed1985

Relaxant effects on tracheal and ileal smooth muscles of the guinea pig.

The effects of volatile oils of 22 plants from 11 different families and of some of their constituents on tracheal and ileal smooth muscles were investigated. The results were compared with the relaxant effects of catecholamines and phosphodiesterase inhibitors. All of the oils had relaxant effects on the tracheal smooth muscle, the most potent were angelica root, clove, elecampane root, basil and balm leaves oil. 16 oils inhibited the phasic contractions of the ileal myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle preparation, the most potent were elecampane root, clove, thyme, balm leaves and angelica root oil. 2 oils (anise and fennel) increased the phasic contractions, and 4 oils (bitter orange, caraway, mace, pepper) produced a marked increase in resting force (i.e. contracture). In regard to the relaxant effects, most of the 16 oils were more potent on the ileal than on the tracheal muscle. However, a small group of 4 oils (angelica root, clove, basil, black caraway) had a higher relaxant effect on the tracheal than on the ileal muscle. This was also found to be the case with eugenol, eugenol acetate and cinnamic aldehyde as well as with isoprenaline and phosphodiesterase inhibitors.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Application of cluster analysis to chemical identification of the drugs from fruits of Zingiberaceae].

The present paper deals with an application of cluster analysis to the chemical identification of the drugs from fruits of Zingiberaceae. Thirty numerical characters were obtained from thin layer chromatograms of volatile oils and flavonoids. The coefficient of Seuclid was used to show quantitative index of similarities among the samples. By methods of systematic cluster, 4 dendrograms from each method were created respectively. The results show that the fruit drugs from Amomum are similar to each other, but different from those from Alpinia; the results from median method are in accordance with the classification of fruit drugs from Zingiberaceae by their traditional effects. This paper may be helpful in seeking new resources as well as in identifying the fruit drugs from Zingiberaceae.

Chromatography, Thin Layer↗
PubMed1997

[A study on the quality of various species of Dalbergia].

The content and main components of volatile oil and the content of totalflavone in various species of Dalbergia (DA) are studied by steam-distillation, gas chromatography-mas spectroscopy and spectrophotometry. The results show that the content of volatile oil in Dalbergia odorifera (DO) is 3.61-3.79%, and the content of total flavone is 2.51-5.82%. The content of volatile oil of other species of DA is less than 1.50%, their content of total flavone is markedly different from that of DO.

Chromatography, Thin Layer↗
PubMed1997

[Comparative study on nutmeg, mace and their processed products].

The contents of volatile oil, myristicin, safrol and methyleugenol, as well as the composition and content of fatty oil in nutmeg, mace and their processed products were comparatively studied. The composition of volatile oil and the detection of trimyristin were compared by TLC. A scientific basis for the development and application of mace has thus been provided.

Allylbenzene Derivatives↗
PubMed2005

[Comparative study on internal quality of various Chrysanthemum morifolium].

OBJECTIVE: To study the quality and genetic diversity of Chrysanthemun morifolium, the chemical constituents of 20 medicinal chrysanthemum cultivars in China were compared. METHOD: Chemical constituents of the 20 cultivars were compared in three types of index: chlorogenic acid, flavonoid and volatile oil. RESULT: There are visible differences on the contents of chlorogenic acid, flavonoid and volatile oil between the cultivars. CONCLUSION: Each cultivar has its own internal quality, and it is affected by many factors. The chemical constituents of the cultivars showed the genetic diversity in medicinal chrysanthemums of China.

China↗
PubMed2004

Comparative analysis of the oil and supercritical CO2 extract of Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton.

The volatile oil of Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton seeds was obtained by supercritical CO(2) extraction (SC-CO(2)). The effect of the extraction conditions on the yield and composition of the resulting cardamom volatile oil was examined by testing two pressure values, 9.0 and 11.0 MPa; two temperatures, 40 and 50 degrees C; two flow rate values, 0.6 and 1.2 kg/h; and two particles size values, 250-425 and >850 microm. The extraction conditions that gave the highest yield, Y (grams of extract per gram of seeds), of 5.5%, were as follows: pressure, 9.0 MPa; temperature, 40 degrees C; carbon dioxide flow, phi = 1.2 kg/h; and particles sizes in the range of 250-425 microm. Waxes, recovered as traces, were entrapped in the first separator set at 9.0 MPa and -10 degrees C. The oil was recovered in the second separator working at 1.5 MPa and 10 degrees C. The main components were as follows: alpha-terpinyl acetate, 42.3%; 1,8-cineole, 21.4%; linalyl acetate, 8.2%; limonene, 5.6%; and linalool, 5.4%. A comparison with the hydrodistilled oil, obtained at a yield of 5.0%, did not reveal any consistent difference. In contrast, the extract obtained using hexane, Y = 7.6%, showed strong composition differences. Indeed, the volatile fraction of the extract was made up mainly of the following: limonene, 36.4%; 1,8-cineole, 23.5%; terpinolene, 8.6%; and myrcene, 6.6%.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMed2007

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of volatile compounds of Tamarix boveana (Tamaricaceae).

The chemical composition of the Tamarix boveana volatile oils obtained from the whole aerial part, flowers, leaves and stems by steam distillation was analysed using gas chromatograph (GC)-flame ionization detectors (FID) and GC-MS. Sixty-two components were identified. Hexadecanoic acid (18.14%), docosane (13.34%), germacrene D (7.68%), fenchyl acetate (7.34%), Benzyl benzoate (4.11%) were found to be the major components in the whole aerial parts. This composition differed according to the tested part: 2.4 Nonadienal was the main compound in the flowers (12.13%) while germacrene D was the major component in leaves (31.43%) and hexadecanoic acid in the stems (13.94%). To evaluate in vitro antimicrobial activity, all volatile oils were tested against six Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and four fungi. The T. boveana volatile oils exhibited an interesting antibacterial activity against all strains tested except Pseudomonas aeruginosa but no antifungal activity was detected.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed1997

[Chemical constituents of fructus Amomi].

Seven compounds have been isolated from Fructus Amomi. They were identified as bornyl acetate, camphor, borneol, beta-sitosterol, vanillic acid, stearic acid and palmitic acid. The vanillic acid was found in this medicine for the first time. Fifty-seven components were identified from the volatile oil of Fructus Amomi on the basis of GC-MS analysis. Eight components in the volatile oil over 1% in content are bornyl acetate, camphor, borneol, limonene, camphene, myrecene, carene-3 and alpha-terpeneol.

Drugs, Chinese Herbal↗
PubMed1986

The intensely sweet herb, Lippia dulcis Trev.: historical uses, field inquiries, and constituents.

Lippia dulcis Trev. (Verbenaceae) is the source of hernandulcin, the first known intensely sweet sesquiterpenoid, a compound which is a volatile oil constituent. The literature on the uses of this species, dating back to early colonial times in Mexico, has been examined. This plant began to be used as an official drug in the late 19th century for the treatment of coughs and bronchitis, and at that time preliminary phytochemical investigations were undertaken. Field work carried out in Mexico in 1981 and 1982 has indicated that there is still an active trade involving L. dulcis, which is sold primarily in market places for its alleged abortifacient activity. We have obtained no evidence, either from the literature or from field inquiries, that L. dulcis has ever been used for sweetening foods or beverages. Fourteen L. dulcis volatile oil constituents, mainly mono- and sesquiterpenoids, were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The toxic compound, camphor, was found to constitute 53% w/w of the volatile oil of this species. The potential use of L. dulcis for the extraction of hernandulcin is discussed.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry↗
PubMed2002

[Comparative study on internal quality of four cultivars of Chrysanthemum morifolium].

OBJECTIVE: To study the genetic diversity of C. morifolium on the chemical constituents. METHOD: Chemical constituents of four cultivars cultivated with the same conditions were compared in three types of index: chlorogenic acid, flavonoid and volatile oil. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: With different cultivars and processing methods, the contents of chlorogenic acid, flavonoid and volatile oil extracted from C. morifolium vary great extent.

Chlorogenic Acid↗
PubMed2005

[Analysis of volatile constituents from Anemarrhena asphodeloides by GC-MS].

OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents of the volatile oil from the rhizome of Anemarrhena asphodeloides. METHOD: The volatile oil was steam distillation. Chemical constituents were separated and analyzed by GC-MS. The relative content of each component was determined by area nomalization. RESULT: 24 volatile compounds were isolated and identified for the first time, representing 70.83% of the total oil. CONCLUSION: The main constituents of this oil were aldehydes (31.15%), terpene and their oxide (20.66%), alkyls (8.35%), Furan heterocyclic compounds (6.41%), non terpene alcohol (4.26%). There are 12 compounds with contents over 3%. Among them, borneol has the highest content (9.35%).

Aldehydes↗
PubMed2002

Composition of the essential oils of Hypericum perforatum L. from southeastern France.

The composition of the volatile oils from the aerial parts of Hypericum perforatum L. collected in six localities from southeastern France was analysed by GC-MS. Twenty-nine to 41 compounds have been identified in these volatile oils. The main constituents were sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, and minor variations were pointed out in the oil composition among the six populations. However, the composition of all the analysed oils greatly varied from that of the previous studies, carried out on H. perforatum essential oils from other localities, in which monoterpenoids were the major constituents, particularly, the alpha-pinene.

France↗
PubMed2006

[Determination of three chemical components in Fructus aurantii immaturus].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the contents of 3 kinds of components in Fructus aurantii immaturus. METHOD: HPLC analysis was performed to detect the contents of hesperidin, naringin and synephrine. The content of volatile oil was detected determined following the method of Chinese pharmacopoeia. RESULT: The contents of hesperidin, naringin, synephrine and volatile oil in ten samples are from 1.25% to 16.6%, 0% to 13.9%, 0.058 5% to 0.676% and 0.1% to 2.2%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The contentre are significant differences of among chemical components in from different samples of Fructus aurantii immaturus are greats.

China↗
PubMed2006

Optimization of GC-MS conditions based on resolution and stability of analytes for simultaneous determination of nine sesquiterpenoids in three species of Curcuma rhizomes.

GC-MS is a powerful tool for analysis of volatile oil, and resolutions of analytes were exclusively used as marker for optimization of the conditions. However, volatile oil usually contains heat labile components which may degrade and result in wrong results during GC analysis. In present study, based on both resolutions and stabilities of 11 sesquiterpenoids, GC-MS conditions were optimized for simultaneously quantitative determination of nine compounds including beta-elemene, curzerene, curcumol, isocurcumenol, germacrone, curdione, curcumenol, neocurdione and curcumenone in Ezhu. However, the other two compounds, i.e. furanodienone and furanodiene, were still thermal sensitive and not available for GC analysis. The results showed that both resolutions and stabilities of analytes should be considered for optimization of GC conditions because the properties of most components in volatile oil are unknown. Under optimum conditions, a capillary column (30 m x 0.25 mm i.d.) coated with 0.25 microm film 5% phenyl methyl siloxane was used for separation. Pulsed splitless inlet with temperature of 190 degrees C was selected for sample injection (0.2 microl). The calibration curves of nine sesquiterpenoids showed good linearity (r2>0.9989) within test ranges. The optimized method showed good repeatability for quantification of these nine components in Ezhu with intra- and inter-day variations of less than 1.42% and 2.79%, respectively. The validated method was successfully applied to quantify 9 sesquiterpenoids in 18 samples of 3 species of Curcuma used as Ezhu.

Calibration↗