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PubMed2001

Final report on the safety assessment of Corylus Avellana (Hazel) Seed Oil, Corylus Americana (Hazel) Seed Oil, Corylus Avellana (Hazel) Seed Extract, Corylus Americana (Hazel) Seed Extract, Corylus Avellana (Hazel) Leaf Extract, Corylus Americana (Hazel) Leaf Extract, and Corylus Rostrata (Hazel) Leaf Extract.

These ingredients are all derived from hazelnut trees. The two seed oils are expressed from the nuts of the hazelnut tree of the particular species identified. Most current reported cosmetic uses are of the seed oils. The seed extracts are the extract of the nuts of the identified species tree. There is one current report of use of seed extract in cosmetics. The leaf extracts are the extract from the leaves of the particular species tree. There are no current reports of use of these extracts in cosmetics. Analysis of seed oil from one species identified Oleic Acid, Palmitoleic Acid, Linoleic Acid, Eicosaenoic Acid, Docosenoic Acid, Eicosanoic Acid, Palmitic Acid, Linolenic Acid, Stearic Acid, and Tetraeicosanoic Acid. Little information is available to characterize the extracts, however. The functions of most of these ingredients in cosmetics are not reported. In studies of hazelnuts from Spain and Egypt, aflatoxin was reported as a possible contaminant. Aflatoxins are considered carcinogenic in humans. Virtually no safety test data are available on these ingredients. Negative results in one comedogenicity study using a seed oil are reported. Cross-sensitivity to proteins in peanuts and those in hazelnuts are reported, but the presence or absence of protein in nut extract and plant extract from hazelnut trees is not known. Additional data were provided regarding concentration of use, method of extraction and contaminants, comedogenicity, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation absorption, but these data related to nut oil from only one species, and were not overall sufficient to resolve questions about irritation, sensitization, and photosensitization. Because of the absence of data, it is concluded that the available data are insufficient to support the safety of these ingredients in cosmetic products. Because of the limited information that characterizes any of these oils or extracts, data are needed on each (except that items 1, 2, and 3 below are not needed for Hazel [Corylus Avellana] Nut Oil). The additonal data needs include: (1) current concentration of use; (2) method of extraction/manufacture and quality control (i.e., chemical analyses); (3) contaminants and methods of extraction (especially pesticides and heavy metals); (4) dermal irritation and sensitization; (5) UV absorption; if there is significant absorption, then a photosensitization study will be needed; (6) 28-day dermal toxicity; (7) reproductive and developmental toxicity; and (8) two genotoxicity assays, one in a mammalian system; if positive, then a 2-year dermal carcinogenesis study using National Toxicology Program (NTP) methods may be needed.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1979

Effect of oil mists on the irritancy of sulfur dioxide. II. Motor oil.

This study examines the effect of sub-micrometer aerosols of motor oil on the irritant potency of sulfur dioxide. The increase in pulmonary flow resistance in guinea pigs was used as the bioassay of irritant response. When administered simultaneously, both unused and used motor oil protected against the irritant response to sulfur dioxide. This protective effect was lost when the oils had been previously reacted with sulfur dioxide. The additives used in the motor oil provided an equivalent protection when dissolved in a mineral oil which alone did not protect. Pre-exposure to motor oil did not provide protection. Sulfur dioxide and motor oil given together as a pre-exposure provided protection against further exposure to sulfur dioxide.

Aerosols↗
PubMed2000

Randomised clinical trials of fish oil supplementation in high risk pregnancies. Fish Oil Trials In Pregnancy (FOTIP) Team.

OBJECTIVE: To test the postulated preventive effects of dietary n-3 fatty acids on pre-term delivery, intrauterine growth retardation, and pregnancy induced hypertension. DESIGN: In six multicentre trials, women with high risk pregnancies were randomly assigned to receive fish oil (Pikasol) or olive oil in identically-looking capsules from around 20 weeks (prophylactic trials) or 33 weeks (therapeutic trials) until delivery. SETTING: Nineteen hospitals in Europe. SAMPLES: Four prophylactic trials enrolled 232, 280, and 386 women who had experienced previous pre-term delivery, intrauterine growth retardation, or pregnancy induced hypertension respectively, and 579 with twin pregnancies. Two therapeutic trials enrolled 79 women with threatening pre-eclampsia and 63 with suspected intrauterine growth retardation. INTERVENTIONS: The fish oil provided 2.7 g and 6.1 g n-3 fatty acids/day in the prophylactic and therapeutic trials, respectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Preterm delivery, intrauterine growth retardation, pregnancy induced hypertension. RESULTS: Fish oil reduced recurrence risk of pre-term delivery from 33% to 21% (odds ratio 0.54 (95% CI 0.30 to 0.98)) but did not affect recurrence risks for the other outcomes (OR 1.26; 0.74 to 2.12 and 0.98; 0.63 to 1.53, respectively). In twin pregnancies, the risks for all three outcomes were similar in the two intervention arms (95% CI for the three odds ratios were 0.73 to 1.40, 0.90 to 1.52, and 0.83 to 2.32, respectively). The therapeutic trials detected no significant effects on pre-defined outcomes. In the combined trials, fish oil delayed spontaneous delivery (proportional hazards ratio 1.22; 1.07 to 1.39, P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Fish oil supplementation reduced the recurrence risk of pre-term delivery, but had no effect on pre-term delivery in twin pregnancies. Fish oil had no effect on intrauterine growth retardation and pregnancy induced hypertension, affecting neither recurrence risk nor risk in twin pregnancies.

Delivery, Obstetric↗
PubMed1991

Cutting oil dermatitis on guinea pig skin. (II). Emollient creams and cutting oil dermatitis.

The effect of repeated exposure of cutting oil on 8 guinea pigs' skin was evaluated by visual scoring for erythema and skin water vapour loss (SVL) measurement over a 6-week period. The visual scores (measuring severity of erythema) and SVL values were significantly higher on skin treated with cutting oils (positive control) compared to untreated skin (negative control) throughout the study period. The scores and SVL values returned to near-baseline values when cutting oil application was stopped. In addition, the effect of 2 "after-work" emollient creams on 8 guinea pigs' skin repeatedly treated with a cutting oil was assessed by similar methods. The visual scores and SVL values of guinea pig skin that was repeatedly treated with the cutting oil and moisturized with "after-work" emollient creams, were significantly higher than negative and positive control guinea pig skin. It appeared that the 2 "after-work" emollient creams do not alleviate the irritant effect of the cutting oil on guinea pig skin. They appeared to aggravate the irritant effect of the cutting oil.

Animals↗
PubMed1974

Effect of environmental parameters on bacterial degradation of Bunker C oil, Crude oils, and hydrocarbons.

Mixed microbial cultures, previously enriched on Bunker C fuel oil, grew on and degraded Bunker C fuel oil at temperatures ranging from 5 to 28 C. At 15 C, 41 to 85% of the benzene-soluble components of Bunker C disappeared after incubation for 7 days; at 5 C the values ranged from 21 to 52% after 14 days of incubation. A Nocardia sp. isolated from a culture enriched on Bunker C oil grew on Venezuelan crude oil, Bunker C, hexadecane, and a hydrocarbon mixture at temperatures of 5 and 15 C. The 10-C decrease in temperature resulted in an average 2.2-fold decrease in generation time of the bacteria. Gas-liquid chromatographic measurements of Venezuelan and Arabian crude oils which had been incubated with the Nocardia sp. showed significant degradation of the n-alkane portion and the chromatographically unresolved components of the oils. The concentration of elemental nitrogen required to bring about the disappearance of 1 mg of hexadecane by the Nocardia sp. was 0.5 mg. The results confirm suggestions that the rate of natural biodegradation of oil in marine temperate-to-polar zones is probably limited by low temperatures and phosphorus concentrations, but suggest that the concentrations of nitrogen occurring naturally are probably not rate-limiting factors.

Alkanes↗
PubMed2004

Silicone oil concentrates fibrogenic growth factors in the retro-oil fluid.

AIM: To determine whether silicone oil concentrates protein and growth factors in the retro-oil fluid. METHODS: A laboratory analysis of intraocular fluid and vitreous specimens obtained from patients undergoing removal of silicone oil, revision vitrectomy, or primary vitrectomy for macular hole, proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), or retinal detachment. Patients were prospectively recruited from routine vitreoretinal operating lists. Vitreous cavity fluid and vitreous samples were analysed for the presence of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta2), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and total protein using either commercially available enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) or protein assay kits. RESULTS: The median levels of bFGF, IL-6, and protein in the retro-oil fluid were raised (p<0.05) compared to all the other vitreous and vitreous cavity fluid samples. bFGF, IL-6, and protein levels were raised in PVR vitreous compared to non-PVR vitreous. TGF-beta2 levels were not significantly raised in retro-oil fluid or in PVR vitreous. CONCLUSIONS: The concentration of fibrogenic (bFGF) and inflammatory (IL-6) growth factors and protein is raised in retro-silicone oil fluid. This may contribute to the process of retro-oil perisilicone proliferation and subsequent fibrocellular membrane formation.

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dithranol in an emulsifying oil base (bio-wash-oil) for the treatment of psoriasis of the scalp.

On the scalp, dithranol has been studied in only a few trials. The dithranol molecule that contains both hydrophilic and lipophilic centers can be incorporated into detergents and allows easy removal from hair. This property has led to the incorporation of dithranol in an emulsifying oil base (bio-wash-oil). The formulation has been used routinely for more than two decades in East Germany. We reexamined the efficacy and safety of dithranol in bio-wash-oil and compared it to dithranol embedded in crystalline monoglycerides (Micanol) in patients with psoriasis of the scalp. In a prospective, parallel group study, 64 patients attending a day-care clinic were randomly allocated to 3 treatment groups: (1) dithranol in bio-wash-oil; (2) Micanol cream, and (3) Micanol cream in bio-wash-oil. Treatment was carried out for 3 weeks and results assessed using a modified Psoriasis Area and Severity Index score. Dithranol in bio-wash-oil resulted in a reduction in the score of 34% on day 7 and 57% on day 14. This was significantly better than in groups 2 and 3, as were the overall response and patients' assessment at the end of treatment (p < 0.05). Dithranol in a bio-wash-oil is an effective, well-tolerated and low-priced treatment in psoriasis of the scalp.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Microencapsulation of ovalbumin in poly(lactide-co-glycolide) by an oil-in-oil (o/o) solvent evaporation method.

The objective of this study was to produce biodegradable poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA; 50/50) microspheres by an oil-in-oil (o/o) solvent evaporation method to prolong the in vitro release of ovalbumin (OVA) as a model protein. The effects, on loading efficiency, microsphere yield, morphology and drug release, of two dispersing agents, aluminium tristearate and Span 80, in mineral oil were examined. PLGA 50/50 microspheres containing OVA powder (sieved through a 53 microns mesh) were prepared using an o/o solvent evaporation method. When aluminum tristearate was employed as a dispersing agent, the loading efficiency and yield of OVA had maximum values of 89 and 72% at 0.15% (w/v) aluminum tristearate, respectively. Morphology studies suggested that the obtained microspheres were spherical, and had a smooth surface. The diameters of the microspheres ranged between 100 and 200 microns. The loading efficiency, or yield, for microspheres decreased significantly above or below 0.15% (w/v) aluminum tristearate, and microspheres with irregular shapes were observed. The minimum sedimentation volume ratio (F) was obtained at a dispersity of carbon black particles in ethanol containing 0.15% (w/v) aluminum tristearate by a sedimentation study, and the cloudy supernatant suggested a deflocculated suspension. However, on the contrary, when Span 80 was added into the mineral oil as a dispersing agent, the concentration of Span 80 had little or no effect on the characteristics of the prepared microspheres. Drug loadings (60-70%) were obtained within the Span 80 concentrations employed in the present study (0.05-1.0% (w/v)). The yields were also in the same levels. The microspheres prepared in mineral oil containing Span 80 had an average diameter less than 50 microns in all cases. Sustained-release characteristics were demonstrated for PLGA microspheres prepared in mineral oil containing aluminum tristearate as a dispersing agent, even though a burst release at the initial phase was observed. This initial burst release from PLGA microspheres was reduced to some extent by micronization of the OVA powder using a planetary-type ball mill. However, PLGA microspheres prepared in mineral oil containing Span 80 as a dispersing agent, exhibited a large initial burst release. This burst release seems to be due to the smaller size of microspheres and the OVA powder adhering to the surface of PLGA microspheres (confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) study).

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed2006

Subjective improvement in patients with psoriatic arthritis after short-term oral treatment with seal oil. A pilot study with double blind comparison to soy oil.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate effects of short-term oral treatment with seal oil in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA). METHODS: Forty-three patients with polyarticular PsA were randomized to receive oral treatment for 2 weeks with either seal oil or soy oil in a double blind controlled trial. Clinical and biochemical variables were assessed at baseline, after treatment, and 4 weeks post-treatment. Patients were allowed to continue nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID) and disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD) during the study. RESULTS: Forty patients completed the study, 20 in each treatment group. Patients in the seal oil group reported a significant improvement in global assessment of the disease 4 weeks post- treatment (p < 0.01), and both groups showed a trend toward improvement in tender joint count, but the differences between the groups were not significant. There was a fall in the ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids and in arachidonic acid (AA) to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in serum after treatment with seal oil (p < 0.01). Twenty-one percent of all patients had elevated values of calprotectin in feces suggestive of asymptomatic colitis. CONCLUSION: Treatment with seal oil was followed by a modest improvement in patient's global assessment of the disease and a trend towards a decrease in number of tender joints. There was a shift in fatty acid composition in serum toward a putative antiinflammatory profile. Oral treatment with seal oil may have NSAID-like effects in PsA.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1993

Palm oil and soybean oil as fry fats: sensory acceptability of a deep-fat fried Nigerian snack food.

The objective of the project was to compare the acceptability of a African snack product, chin-chin, when fried in soybean, palm, palm olein and palm stearin oils. Forty complete responses were obtained from volunteer judges who were attending an agricultural exposition sponsored by the University of Nebraska. After tasting all products, the judges gave slightly better rating scores to the palm stearin fried chin-chin than to the soybean oil fried products (p < 0.10) with the palm olein and palm oil fried products being given intermediate scores. The forced ranking evaluation gave directionally similar results but, because of smaller variation among scores, these differences were significantly different at the p < 0.05 levels. Since differences in acceptability scores were very small, these results suggest that improvement in nutritional value achieved by feeding a less saturated oil (soybean oil) may be worth the slight decline in taste/odor acceptability in comparison to a more highly saturated fry fat (palm olein oil).

Cooking↗
PubMed1995

[Thermogenesis in overfeeding with administration of olive oil and fish oil in a swine model study].

A trial on total metabolism was conducted in eight nonpregnant, nonlactating sows over eight periods, each of 16 days duration, to measure potential fatty acid induced thermogenesis. During the first and last experimental periods, the animals received a basal ration which just covered the energy maintenance requirement. In the second to seventh periods supplements of olive oil, fish oil, or puffed wheat starch as reference nutrient were added to the diet in random sequence at two levels up to 50% above the maintenance requirement. All rations were calculated with reference to the sows' initial weight and remained quantitatively unchanged throughout the experiment. The animals were fed twice daily. During each metabolism period a complete energy balance was assessed for all sows by means of collection technique (feed, feces, urine), and 48-h measurements of the gas exchange in a respiration chamber. The sows' body mass increased linearly during the course of the experiment by 5.8 kg per period. The three supplement types had no influence on the animals' final body weight, wich averaged 205.5 kg with the starch supplement, 204.8 kg with olive oil, and 205.8 kg with fish oil. Energy digestibility (DE/GE) was 100% for all three supplements, and metabolizability of energy (ME/GE) one percentage point less. Carbon and energy depositions showed a pronounced linear relationship to the level of supplementation and were also influenced by the type of supplement. Heat production was 20.9 MJ/d after feeding the basal ration alone and, taking the average of the two supplementation levels, 21.6 MJ for the starch supplement, 21.0 MJ for olive oil, and 20.6 MJ for fish oil.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1998

Replacement of partially hydrogenated soybean oil by palm oil in margarine without unfavorable effects on serum lipoproteins.

We have compared the effects of three different margarines, one based on palm oil (PALM-margarine), one based on partially hydrogenated soybean oil (TRANS-margarine) and one with a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA-margarine), on serum lipids in 27 young women. The main purpose of the study was to test if replacement of trans fatty acids in margarine by palmitic acid results in unfavorable effects on serum lipids. The sum of saturated fatty acids (12:0, 14:0, 16:0) was 36.3% of total fatty acids in the PALM-diet, the same as the sum of saturated (12:0, 14:0, 16:0) (12.5%) and trans (23.1%) fatty acids in the TRANS-diet. This sum was 20.7% in the PUFA-diet. The content of oleic acid was 37.9, 35.2, and 38.6%, respectively, in the three diets, whereas linoleic acid amounted to 16, 13.5, and 27.3%, respectively. Total fat provided 30-31% and the test margarines 26% of total energy in all three diets. The subjects consumed each of the diets for 17 d in a Latin-square crossover design. There were no significant differences in total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B (apoB) between the TRANS- and the PALM-diets. High density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and apoA-1 were significantly higher on the PALM-diet compared to the TRANS-diet whereas the ratio of LDL-cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol was lower, although not significantly (P = 0.077) on the PALM-diet. Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and apoB were significantly lower on the PUFA-diet compared to the two other diets. HDL-cholesterol was not different on the PALM- and the PUFA-diets but it was significantly lower on the TRANS-diet compared to the PUFA diet. Compared to the PUFA-diet the ratio of LDL- to HDL-cholesterol was higher on both the PALM- and the TRANS-diets whereas apoA-1 was not different. Triglycerides and lipoprotein (a) were not significantly different among the three diets. We concluded that nutritionally, palmitic acid from palm oil may be a reasonable alternative to trans fatty acids from partially hydrogenated soybean oil in margarine if the aim is to avoid trans fatty acids. A palm oil-based margarine is, however, less favorable than one based on a more polyunsaturated vegetable oil.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Effects of dietary crude palm oil, fish oil and their association on cholesterol and lipoprotein constants in rats which could be beneficial in humans.

The aim was first to examine the differential effects of crude and refined palm oil (CPO and RPO) on the lipid and lipoprotein constants of plasma in rats and to compare the effect of crude palm oil to that of fish oil. Secondarily, it was to know whether one can take advantage from the association of CPO with FO. Twenty-four-day-old weaning rats were divided into five experimental groups, each receiving a purified diet containing 10% oil as either a single oil or an equal amount of two oils. After a feeding period of 36 days, the main results were as follows. As compared to the rats fed the RPO diet, those fed the CPO diet had lower total cholesterol, LDL-C, VLDL-C and apoB and higher HDL-C/LDL-C and apoA1/apoB ratios. Those fed the FO diet had only lower VLDL-C and triglycerides and higher HDL-C and HDL-C/LDL-C ratio. Whereas FO associated with RPO in the same diet had the same effect as FO alone, FO associated with CPO tends to reinforce the effect of CPO. This is particularly true for the effects on apoB and apoA1 which were found to be synergistically depressed and enhanced, respectively. Given the role played by these biological constants as predictors of CVD in humans, and in spite of the fact that these predictors are not relevant in rats, these results would suggest the potential interest of CPO or the association of CPO with FO in human nutrition.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Incorporation of dietary triacylglycerols from olive oil and high-oleic sunflower oil into VLDL triacylglycerols of hypertensive patients.

OBJECTIVES: To establish whether the ingestion of diets enriched with olive oil or high-oleic sunflower oil may produce changes in the composition of VLDL triacylglycerols from hypertensive patients. It could be relevant for the uptake and metabolism of triacylglycerol-derived metabolites by extrahepatic tissues. DESIGN: Patients were assigned to the diets in a random-order sequence. SUBJECTS: The participants were 24 hypertensive patients recruited from a religious community. INTERVENTIONS: The study was conducted over two four week periods with a four week washout period between both MUFA diets. RESULTS: Dietary olive oil kept in balance the content of saturated fatty acids and decreased the content of arachidonic acid in VLDL triacylglycerols. HOSO diet reduced the content of palmitic acid and increased the content of linoleic acid. There was also a decrease in trioleate-glycerol and an increase in tripalmitate-glycerol of VLDL after the MUFA diets, but these effects were more pronounced in the HOSO group. Intake of olive oil decreased the content of disaturated triacylglycerols and increased the content of dioleate-containing triacylglycerols. A decrease in palmitate-dioleate-glycerol after dietary HOSO was observed. Olive oil (but not HOSO) promoted the presence of long-chain PUFA of n-3 family at the sn-2 position of VLDL triacylglycerols. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that olive oil and HOSO, providing a similar concentration of MUFA (oleic acid), differ in the formation of VLDL triacylglycerols in hypertensive patients.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1990

Tumour necrosis factor-alpha and endotoxin induce less prostaglandin E2 production from hypothalami of rats fed coconut oil than from hypothalami of rats fed maize oil.

1. The primary aim of the study was to determine whether the stimulatory effect of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and endotoxin on hypothalamic prostaglandin E2 production was influenced by dietary fats containing different amounts of linoleic acid. Rats received diets containing 20% (w/w) maize oil or 19% (w/w) coconut oil plus 1% (w/w) maize oil for 8 weeks. 2. A subsidiary part of the study examined the effect of tumour necrosis factor-alpha on the ability of the calcium ionophore A23187 to stimulate prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene C4 production by hypothalami from chow-fed rats. 3. While tumour necrosis factor-alpha enhanced prostaglandin E2 production in response to A23187, neither agent had an effect on leukotriene C4 production. 4. Hypothalami from rats fed maize oil exhibited increased prostaglandin E2 production in response to both pyrogens. This did not occur with hypothalami from rats fed coconut oil. 5. Coconut oil might exert its modulatory effect by bringing about a reduction in membrane phospholipid arachidonic acid content.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of dietary supplementation with fish oil, lard, or coconut oil on oxytocinase activity in the testis of mice.

Oxytocin (OT), locally synthesized in the testis, is involved in androgen biosynthesis. The use of polyunsaturated fatty acids (e.g., fish oil) in the diet may improve the fertilizing ability in mammals. Cystinyl aminopeptidase (oxytocinase) activity plays a major role regulating the functional status of OT. Sex steroids and the type of the fatty acid used in the diet modify aminopeptidase activities in serum. In the present study, the authors compared the effect of a fish oil supplemented diet with two other diets supplemented with saturated oils (lard and coconut) on oxytocinase activity in the testis of mice. The enzymatic activity was determined fluorometrically using cystinyl-beta-naphthylamide as substrate. The results demonstrated higher levels of oxytocinase activity in mice fed the diet supplemented with fish oil than in those that were fed diets containing lard or coconut oils. The testicular functions in which OT is involved may be attenuated by the use of fish oil in the diet.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

The effect on human tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1 beta production of diets enriched in n-3 fatty acids from vegetable oil or fish oil.

The effect of a flaxseed oil-based diet on tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) synthesis was examined in healthy volunteers. Use of flaxseed oil in domestic food preparation for 4 wk inhibited TNF alpha and IL-1 beta production by approximately 30%. Fish-oil supplementation (9 g/d) continued for a further 4 wk; TNF alpha and IL-1 beta synthesis were inhibited by 74% and 80%, respectively. There was a significant inverse exponential relation between TNF alpha or IL-1 beta synthesis and mononuclear cell content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an n--3 fatty acid derived from ingested EPA (fish oil) or metabolism of ingested alpha-linolenic acid (flaxseed oil). Cytokine production decreased as cellular EPA increased to approximately 1% of total fatty acids. Further increases in EPA content did not result in further decreases in cytokine production. The results indicate that vegetable oils rich in n--3 fatty acids inhibit TNF alpha and IL-1 beta synthesis.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Coconut oil and sesame oil affect lymphatic absorption of cholesterol and fatty acids in rats.

Five groups of male Wistar rats weighing approximately 200 g consumed 12 or 24% sesame oil or coconut oil diets or a control diet (14% corn oil) ad libitum for 4 wk. The thoracic ducts of these rats were cannulated, and a lipid emulsion containing [3H]cholesterol and [14C]oleic acid was given through a duodenal catheter. Lymph was collected for 24 h and the isotopic tracers for cholesterol and fatty acid were measured. Rats fed the 24% sesame oil diet had significantly lower lymphatic cholesterol and fatty acid compared with the control group. Absorption of oleic acid in rats fed 24% coconut oil was significantly greater than in controls during 0-8 h but was not significantly different during 0-24 h. There were no differences among groups in the distribution of cholesterol and oleic acid either in the lymph lipoproteins or in the lipid classes. The significant reduction in lymph cholesterol and fatty acids due to sesame oil feeding may be an important factor in reducing hypercholesterolemia.

Absorption↗