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PubMed2000

[The development of modern psychopharmacology. Historical aspects of therapeutic claims and capabilities].

Even though psychopharmacology is an integral part of modern psychiatric treatment, it remains a controversial topic in public discourse. Historical analysis is an important tool, which gives us a more realistic view of the theoretical underpinnings and therapeutic potential of psychopharmacological treatments. Not surprisingly, a historical survey of claims and treatments shows that psychopharmacological developments are closely connected to the intellectual framework of the period. While drugs have been used to treat psychopathological disorders since ancient times, post-19th century modern psychopharmacology has been characterized by its reliance on science. This study examines this reliance on scientific disciplines, such as chemistry and anesthesiology, by examining case studies such as the introduction of new psychopharmacological techniques. For instance, the introduction in 1869 of the first synthetic sedative, chloral hydrate, clearly illustrates several trends in modern psychopharmacology. The successful introductions of antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs in the late 1950s have also been important milestones, which were instrumental in breaking down the skepticism of clinical psychiatrists.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Modern cleanroom clothing systems: people as a contamination source.

Today, clothing and clothing systems for cleanrooms are mainly tested with regard to material properties such as particle generation, particle filtration, and resistance to wear. The dispersal chamber or "body-box" has been used for studying the protective efficacy of clothing systems in use, for example by Hoborn in 1981 (1) and Whyte and Bailey in 1985. A modified dispersal chamber has recently been installed at KTH. Tests and comparative studies have been performed in the dispersal chamber on selected clothing systems. The latest tests have been performed in two parts. In Part 1, each person performed 12 sequences dressed in new, modern cleanroom clothing systems with small variations, such as with and without goggles, different face masks, and different sizes of hoods. In Part 2, each person performed six test sequences with new, modern cleanroom clothing systems with variations in fabrics, and as a comparison, two sequences with pharmaceutical clothing system and surgical clothing system, respectively. The results are given in total number of airborne particles (> or = 0.5 microm per cubic meter) and airborne aerobic CFU per cubic meter. Statistical evaluations of the results have been performed. The source strengths of the contamination source people wearing modern cleanroom clothing systems have been estimated.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed2004

[Counselling with modern expressions of mystic pictures].

The picture-worlds of children in the 21th century are not only evoked anymore by fairytales of the Brothers Grimm, but also by modern audio-visual stories (in books, comics, mangas, swap cards, films, videos and computer games). In psychological counselling and psychotherapy of children and adolescents we like to use such picture-worlds, modern myths and metaphors, to tie up with the experiences of the children and to kick start corresponding processes of maturation. Consultants can not only use their own treasures of myths remembering their own childhood (reading), but should also be familiar with the modern picture-worlds common to children in order to develop images which are shared by both counsellor and child, and should be capable of understanding the meaning of the characters and their actions. Some narratives and forms will be presented here in relation to developmental psychology.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[The miraculous effects of taking laxatives. Success and failure of pre-modern medical treatment from the patients' perspective].

The massive use of laxatives, emetics and blood-letting in pre-modern medicine has often intrigued historians. Why did generations of prominent and often quite empirically minded physicians resort to methods which, in hindsight, were usually much more likely to do harm than good? And why did the patients not rebel?Based on patients' personal documents and, in particular, on the letter consultations many of them wrote ot renowned early modern physicians, this essay traces, how the sick and their relatives experienced and responded to this kind of treatment. These sources provide ample evidence, first of al, that early modern lay-men not only accepted evacuative treatment with laxatives and the like but often explicitly demanded it. To them these methods seemed plausible and indispensable in the light of their notions of disease causation. For diseases were generally though to result no so much from an imbalance of humours or qualities (as is often believed) but from a specific, impure, morbific matter which had to be expelled. And patients frequently felt better or even totally cured immediately after taking a drastic laxative. In hindsight, we may attribute this to a placebo effect or the self-limiting nature of most disease episodes. But in the patients' experience the efficacy of evacuative treatment was thus constantly reconfirmed. Indeed, the very physical perception of curative effects was already shaped by their deeply embodied belief in the predominantly humoural nature of human physiology and pathology, increasing the likelihood of placebo effects from treatment that occasioned a marked, clearing visible evacuation. Therapeutic failure, on the other hand, was a common experience, too, but it could easily be explained on a case to the case basis, as a result of divine will or, more commonly, of the physician's incompetence. Presumably he had not chose the right evacuative treatment or drug, which was adequate in the specific case and another physician with a slightly different approach might well have more luck. The beneficial effects of evacuative treatment as such, however, were not called into question. Treatment with laxatives, emetics and blood-letting thus became obsolete very gradually only, in the nineteenth century, when new, more solidistic body concepts started to prevail also among the population.

Bloodletting↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[William Harvey and the beginnings of modern medical science].

Modern medical science was born in the post-Renaissance age and began to consolidate towards the middle of the XVII century thanks to physicists, physiologists, and biologists, most of whom were direct or indirect pupils, of Galilei. The discovery of blood circulation by Harvey is now considered the only progress in physiology at the beginning of the XVII century, comparable to the current advances seen in physical sciences. The history of this achievement could be written from the view point of the progressive advance in knowledge. In his experiments, Harvey referred to the authentic, not the imaginary experiments, and put forward irrefutable quantitative arguments. We can therefore claim that his discovery of blood circulation was the first proper explanation of an organic process and the starting point leading to experimental physiology. Nevertheless, the second monograph of the English researcher, dealing with the generation of animals, published in 1651, has some passages that correspond to modern scientific reasoning yet in others he includes confused, vague and capricious assertions compatible with the prescientific era that the author was not able to escape completely. In conclusion, it seems justified to assert that modern medical science did not all rise suddenly, but was gradually structured starting from the middle of the XVII century following the path traced by William Harvey in light of Galilei's thought.

Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed2005

Short term experience with "modern" trabeculectomy augmented with intraoperative antimetabolites.

PURPOSE: Owing to its technical refinements, "modern" trabeculectomy aims to reduce the incidence and severity of early postoperative complications while increasing postop IOP success. The purpose of our study was to evaluate namely the safety of "modern" trabeculectomy, the quality of the filtration blebs, the influence on the quality of life and secondarily IOP reduction according to the surgical procedure whether augmented with peroperative application of antimetabolites or not. MATERIAL-METHODS: Retrospective study including our 45 first consecutive procedures in 38 patients (mean age: 61.1 years) with medically uncontrolled various glaucomas. All procedures were performed according to a modified P. Khaw's protocol. Antimetabolites were applied peroperatively in 28/45 eyes (62.2%) with a history of previous filtering surgery (12/28 eyes) and/or advanced glaucomatous damage (22/28 eyes). Antimetabolites were not used in the 17/45 other eyes with lower surgical risk factors and higher target IOP, surgical procedure was not augmented with antimetabolites. Postoperative management included laser suture lysis, withdrawal of adjustable sutures and 5-FU injections when needed. Complete ocular examination was carried out preoperatively and postoperatively at day 1, 7, at 1, 2 and 3 months and every 3 months thereafter. All patients were questioned for symptoms associated with filtration bleb dysesthesia at the last visit. RESULTS: The mean follow-up was 7.9 +/- 3.3 in the group without antimetbolites and 5.3 +/- 2.2 months in the group with antimetabolites (p < 0.05). Final mean IOP (+/-SD) was significantly lower in the group augmented with antimetabolites (11.2 +/- 4.5 mmHg) compared with the group without antimetabolites (14.9 +/- 3.7 mm Hg) (p < 0.05). Complete and qualified success were respectively 64.3% and 89.3% in the group with antimetabolites and 70.6% and 82.4% in the subgroup without antimetabolites (p > 0.05). 1st month postoperative complications were transient and minor. They occurred in 59% in the group without antimetabolites and in 68% in the subgroup augmented with antimetabolites. Complications had comparable frequency of distribution between the 2 subgroups (p > 0.05). 84% of the filtration blebs (30/45) were diffuse and mildly vascularized. Avascular blebs were noticed in 7 eyes (15.5%) and were not related with the intraoperative application of mitomycin C (p > 0.05). Subjective comfort was good to excellent in 42/45 eyes (93.3%). Mean final visual acuity was not altered compared with preop level (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our short term results suggest that the safety of "modern" trabeculectomy augmented with antimetabolites is comparable to those without intraoperative antimetabolites. Filtration blebs were very well tolerated in most patients. The peroperative use of antimetabolites precludes to appreciate if the success rates are due to the use of antimetabolites and/or the technique per se.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Escherichia coli removal in waste stabilization ponds: a comparison of modern and classical designs.

Two PC-based waste stabilization pond design procedures, based on parameter uncertainty and 10,000-trial Monte Carlo simulations, were developed for a series of anaerobic, facultative and maturation ponds to produce < or = 1000 E. coli per 100 ml for both 50% and 95% compliance. One procedure was based on the classical Marais equations and the other on the modern von Sperling equations. For the range of parameter variations selected the classical design procedure required less land area and had a shorter hydraulic retention time than the modern design procedure. For both procedures the design for 90% compliance required substantially more land and a longer retention time than the design for 50% compliance. Regulators and designers should seek a balance between system reliability (as set by the percentage compliance specified or adopted) and system costs, especially (but not only) in developing countries. It is recommended that new waste stabilization pond (WSP) systems be designed for compliance with a given E. coli effluent requirement by the classical procedure and that existing overloaded WSP systems be upgraded using the modern procedure.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed2006

[Development of modern tissue banks and quality control].

OBJECTIVE: To review the development and quality control of modern tissue banks. METHODS: The rules, regulations and the management literatures about tissue banks were extensively and comprehensively reviewed. RESULTS: Tissue banks have a significant progress and are developing to concentration, industrialization and standardization gradually. Quality control is being paid more attention in modern tissue banks. CONCLUSION: Modern tissue banks will have a good future and the quality control must be intensified.

Blood Banks↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Family planning in rural Uganda: knowledge and use of modern and traditional methods in Ankole.

Ankole has recorded the highest fertility in Uganda over the past several decades. One of the main proximate determinants of fertility in the area is the low level of contraception. A study of knowledge and use of modern and traditional contraceptive methods is reported in this paper. It is shown that higher proportions of women known and practice traditional methods compared with modern ones. Several factors contributing to past low use of modern contraceptives in the area are examined and current contraceptive use is also examined.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Significance of modern therapeutic procedures in long-term treatment of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias].

To get a quantitative statement concerning the significance of modern therapy in supraventricular tachyarrhythmias 200 consecutive patients who were admitted to a coronary unit were analysed retrospectively. Finally accepted treatment were empirical drug therapy in 85 per cent, electrophysiologically controlled medical treatment in 12.5 per cent, pacemaker therapy in 1 per cent, and ablative procedures (catheter ablation and surgical Kent bundle dissection) in 2.5 per cent. As strictly atrial tachyarrhythmias are prevailing and advantages of electrophysiologically controlled drug therapy are not proven, in the majority of cases of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias empirical medical treatment is sufficient. Only in very few cases it is surpassed by the modern procedures. But, nevertheless these modern methods should be known to find the best treatment in problematical cases.

Anti-Arrhythmia Agents↗
PubMed1990

Modern European cranial variables and blood polymorphisms show comparable spatial patterns.

Spatial patterns in cranial traits for modern European populations are compared with patterns described by Sokal et al. (1989) for blood polymorphisms. Spatial patterns in these variables are described from both one-dimensional and directional autocorrelation correlograms. Manhattan distances computed among one-dimensional correlograms are used (1) to cluster variables with similar patterns and (2) to test the hypothesis that these clusters are to some extent accounted for by the type of variable. The one-dimensional correlograms for cranial traits do not show a significant contrast with either red cell antigens or the set of blood polymorphisms that excludes HLA. The only contrast that accounts for any of the cluster structure among one-dimensional correlograms is that between HLA and non-HLA variables. A cluster analysis of the directional correlograms demonstrates that cranial traits reflect patterns comparable to those for blood polymorphisms. This finding implies that patterns in cranial variables can be accounted for by the same, or similar, population processes as those inferred from patterns in blood polymorphisms. The implications of this finding for the likely origin of the northwest-southeast cline seen in some modern blood polymorphisms and modern cranial variables, but not in Neolithic cranial variables, are discussed.

Antigens↗
PubMed1990

Attitudes of modern and traditional medical practitioners toward cooperation.

Between 1985 and 1987 a total of 103 modern and 91 traditional medical practitioners were interviewed in seven towns in northwestern and central Ethiopia. The main aim was to assess their attitudes toward the legitimacy of each other's medical system and, especially, toward the question of cooperation or integration between modern and traditional medicine. It was found that the majority of the two groups of health workers believed that cooperation between the two systems of medicine would be useful and that they themselves would be willing to participate in such cooperative efforts. Those willing to cooperate suggested that traditional healers be (1) brought into the existing, official health-care settings, (2) given regular government wages for their services, and (3) guided and supervised by their modern counterparts.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1989

Modern health services and health care behavior: a survey in Kathmandu, Nepal.

The most important problem regarding health service utilization in Third World countries is that established indigenous forms of health care are readily available and compete with modern health care. Thus, in addition to understanding the components of the decision to seek medical help, we must understand the conditions that affect the choice of a specific health care system. This study examines the impact of medical pluralism on the use of modern forms of health care in Nepal. The findings show that the presence of medical pluralism is a significant factor which delays use of modern health services. Policy implications are discussed, and the need for more research in this area is stressed.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1989

A modernity score for individuals in Melanesian society.

Assessment of individual modernity has considerable implications for the prevention of non-communicable disease in high-risk populations experiencing rapid modernization. A scoring system for the classification of the relative modernity of individuals in Melanesian society is described. The score consisted of eight components relating to area of origin, employment, length of employment, father's employment, education, years spent in an urban centre, housing and an increment determined by the score of the spouse of the individual. The score was used in surveys of non-communicable disease in Papua New Guinea in 1985 and was validated, in one of the three communities studied, by the independent assessment of two local informants. With the use of analysis of variance and linear regression, the score was shown to be associated with obesity in both sexes. An association was also shown with age by both techniques in females. In males, age and glucose tolerance were associated with the score when using analysis of variance, but not when applying linear regression. Only three components, father's employment, education and the spouse increment proved useful when the score was used as the dependent variable in the linear regression equation. The utility of the other components may have been constrained by the narrow distribution of their scores in the populations studied.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Knowledge of reproductive physiology and modern contraceptives in rural Peru.

This report is based on fieldwork conducted in a Peruvian community in 1986, which investigated Quechua-speaking Indians' knowledge of the female reproductive organs, perceptions of the way contraceptives work in the body, folk beliefs about conception and menstruation, and opinions about modern contraceptives. The findings reveal that the men have a more accurate knowledge of the female reproductive organs than the women do. However, the women are more knowledgeable about the action of modern contraceptives in the body. Most respondents perceived modern contraceptive methods as the best methods available, but the majority reported using the calendar rhythm method. This preference for rhythm is based on its economic advantage and on its adaptability to folk beliefs about physiology. The men's dominant role in reproductive behavior is related to cultural norms that emphasize traditional gender roles and that prohibit communication about sexual matters between men and women. Educational material, based on the respondents' knowledge of reproduction and taking into account their folk beliefs, might help to decrease the fear of contraceptive side effects and increase understanding of the function of contraceptives.

Contraceptive Agents, Female↗
PubMed1978

[Introduction to the modern classifications of the non-Hodgkin malignant lymphomas (author's transl)].

The authors present the historical evolution of the concepts of non-Hodgkin malignant lymphomas which lead to the new functional classifications of Lukes and of Kiel. These classifications are based on the discoveries of modern immunology and are relying on the marking techniques for the identification of the T, B and U lymphocytes. Arguments are presented why these modern nomenclatures should progressively replace the Rappaport classification which preceded the major developments of modern immunology. The Kiel nomenclature is briefly described.

B-Lymphocytes↗
PubMed1988

The eighth-month fetus: classical sources for a modern superstition.

Among obstetric patients from diverse backgrounds, we found a superstition that the prognosis for preterm infants born at eight months' gestation is poorer than for those born at seven months. After several women on a high-risk inpatient unit spontaneously expressed fears caused by this belief, we investigated its origin. A treatise attributed to Hippocrates is devoted to the idea, which appears to have been current in the Greek world by the fifth century BC. The doctrine was elaborately developed by subsequent Greek physicians and philosophers. It appears in the Talmud and in medieval texts, as well as in early modern medical writings. The unquestioning citation of a dogma of the Ancients until modern times is a common phenomenon in medical history. The persistence of this ancient scientific doctrine as an "old wives' tale" causing inappropriate patient anxiety makes it interesting to the modern obstetrician.

Gestational Age↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Factors influencing the use of traditional versus modern family planning methods in Bas Zaire.

Findings from a baseline survey conducted prior to the initiation of organized family planning efforts in one urban and one rural area of Bas Zaire reveal the widespread use of traditional methods and a surprisingly high level of knowledge of modern contraceptives. However, in the absence of a delivery system, use of the latter was extremely limited (4-5 percent of currently married women). The data reflect a deep-seated motivation for birth spacing, which is achieved primarily through withdrawal and abstinence. Of the variables tested as possible correlates, only economic status was related to use of both traditional and modern methods in the same direction. Use of a traditional method was largely determined by age of the youngest child and breastfeeding status. By contrast, use of a modern method was highest among women over 30 with higher levels of education and parity, who were not currently breastfeeding.

Adolescent↗