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PubMed2004

Applying data mining techniques to library design, lead generation and lead optimization.

Many data mining techniques have been applied to activity and ADMET datasets and the resulting models are being used to understand quantitative structure-activity relationships and design new libraries. This review summarizes data mining concepts and discuss their application to library design, lead generation (particularly for sequential screening) and lead optimization (specifically for generating and interpreting QSAR models). Also, this review discusses recent comparative studies between data mining techniques and draws some conclusions about the patterns emerging in the drug discovery data mining field.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2003

A meta-data-based learning resource server for medicine.

The World Wide Web (WWW) promises many advantages in the distribution and presentation of electronic learning modules for medical education. However, there is a well-known obstacle: finding the right offers on demand. We developed a solution based on international standards called Learning Resource Server Medicine (LRSMed), which provides a meta-data collection of electronic learning modules. Based on the meta-data, LRSMed offers a service for the learners to retrieve WWW resources at the time of learning. We used the IMS Learning Resource Meta-data Information Model as suitable meta-data specification, the eXtensible Markup Language (XML) as syntax for interfaces and the Oracle suite for implementation. LRSMed is available at http://mmedia.medizin.uni-essen.de/portal/. More than 260 learning resources are currently registered and described. So far a user-interface has been implemented which allows searching, commenting and editing. In the next future we will add an application programming interface (API) for the integration of LRSMed in portals, learning platforms and information systems of hospitals, medical practices or healthcare networks.

Internet↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An Internet primer for emergency physicians: Part I.

The growth of the popularity of the Internet is nothing short of phenomenal. Increasingly, valuable medical information is becoming available on line for physicians and health consumers alike. Physicians can clearly benefit personally and professionally by obtaining access to the Internet. The purpose of this article is to introduce the Internet to physicians who have limited experience with this new medium. It discusses the concept of the Internet, the necessary computer components and modem for on line connection, and the various types of Internet Service Providers. A glossary is also provided to explain some of the most common terminology used in the Internet culture.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMedDate not supplied

On the use and usefulness of fuzzy sets in medical AI.

Since its inception fuzzy set theory has been regarded as a formalism suitable to deal with the imprecision intrinsic to many medical problems. Based on a literature survey on the first 30 years, we investigate the impact fuzzy set theory has had on the work in medical AI and point out what it is most appreciated for.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Renoir, Pneumon-IA and Terap-IA: three medical applications based on fuzzy logic.

The research at the IIIA has produced over more than a decade two versions of a tool for developing knowledge-based systems: Milord and Milord II. This tool has been mainly used for the development of medical applications. In this paper we summarize the Milord II approximate reasoning approach based on fuzzy sets, and three medical applications: rheumatology diagnosis (Renoir), pneumonia diagnosis (Pneumon-IA) and pneumonia treatment (Terap-IA).

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Learning from biomedical time series through the integration of qualitative models and fuzzy systems.

Our work deals with a method for the identification of the dynamics of nonlinear (patho-)physiological systems by learning from data. The key idea which underlies our approach consists in the integration of qualitative modeling methods with fuzzy logic systems. The major advantage which derives from such an integrated framework lies in its capability both to represent the structural knowledge of the system at study and to determine, by exploiting the available experimental data, a functional approximation of the system dynamics that can be used as a reasonable predictor of the patient's future state. We have successfully applied our method in the identification of the intracellular kinetics of thiamine from data collected in the intestine cells.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2002

Verification of temporal scheduling constraints in clinical practice guidelines.

The computerization of clinical practice guidelines is a significant scientific challenge for the medical informatics community. One frequently reported factor hindering this objective is the existence of deficiencies within guideline knowledge. In this paper, we focus on the detection of flaws within temporal scheduling constraints. Temporal scheduling constraints are important elements of therapy management, and are frequently incorporated in clinical practice guidelines. We present a suitable verification method that is based on calculating the minimal network of temporal constraints on the execution of guideline activities. Our method serves three purposes: (1) it checks whether temporal scheduling constraints are consistent with scheduling constraints implied by control flow operators and the hierarchical structuring of a guideline; (2) it yields suggestions for an equivalent, yet more explicit representation of non-minimal constraints; (3) it can be used by the guideline interpreter to assemble feasible time intervals for the execution of each guideline activity. We evaluate our approach by applying it to a guideline specified in the Asbru language. For this purpose, we implemented a prototype verifier. Although we concentrate on the guideline representation language Asbru as the demonstration medium of our method within this paper, our approach can be reused to verify several alternative guideline representation formats.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

Formal description of disease courses.

Patient case analysis is an elementary and crucial process clinicians are confronted with daily. The importance and complexity is reflected in the need to discuss individual patient cases in clinicopathological conferences and the documentation of more than 70,000 patient cases in MEDLINE. This paper introduces DCGL, a technique to model disease course descriptions as present in medical literature. DCGL enables advanced computerised matching of generic disease course descriptions with individual patient case descriptions, a basic function in computerised patient case analysis.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1999

The Emerging Importance of Genetics in Epidemiologic Research III. Bioinformatics and statistical genetic methods.

PURPOSE: To outline potential benefits of integrating recent developments in bioinformatics and statistical genetics with traditional epidemiologic studies to localize genes influencing complex phenotypes and examine genetic effects on disease susceptibility. METHODS: An overview of bioinformatic and statistical approaches for localizing disease-susceptibility genes as well as challenges associated with identifying functional DNA variants and context-dependent genetic effects concludes this three-part series on the importance of genetics in epidemiologic research. RESULTS: Rapidly evolving bioinformatic and statistical methods are providing invaluable information on newly-discovered genes and molecular variation influencing human diseases that is readily available to epidemiologic researchers. CONCLUSIONS: Integrating bioinformatics and molecular biotechnology with epidemiologic methods of assessing disease risk is rapidly expanding our ability to identify genetic influences on complex human diseases. These technological advances are likely to have a profound impact on current knowledge of complex disease etiology, and may reveal novel approaches to disease treatment and prevention.

Data Interpretation, Statistical↗
PubMed2000

The Internet: past, present and future.

Although the Worldwide Web has just blossomed this past decade, the origins of the Internet date to the late 1950s and Cold War concerns. The technological underpinning of the Internet rests with the concept of packet switching of data over dispersed routes of electronic intercommunication. Grounded in applications for the national defense, and nurtured in the domains of science within academia, the Internet of the masses has exploded with the addition of strong commercial interest and potential. Electronic mail is still the predominant application of the Internet, and the ease of widespread and near simultaneous dissemination of such communication has led to the genesis of listservers, especially appropriate as well as predominant in Medicine. One such list for pediatric surgeons is Pedsurg-L. There is an impressive evolving etiquette for those contributing to such lists. Initiatives are already well developed with public and private partnerships for the future of the Internet.

Child↗
PubMed2000

Morpheme-based, cross-lingual indexing for medical document retrieval.

The increasing availability of machine-readable medical documents is not really matched with the sophistication of currently used retrieval facilities to deal with a variety of critical natural language phenomena. Still most popular are string-matching methods which encounter problems for the medical sublanguage, in particular, concerning the wide-spread use of complex word forms such as noun compounds. We introduce a methodology for the segmentation of complex compounds into medically motivated morphemes. Given the sublanguage patterns in our data these morphemes derive from German, Greek and Latin roots. For indexing and retrieval purposes, such a morpheme dictionary may be further structured by defining the semantic relations among morpheme sets in order to build up a multilingual morpheme thesaurus. We present a tool for thesaurus compilation and management, and outline a methodology for the proper construction and maintenance of a multilingual morpheme thesaurus.

Germany↗
PubMed2003

Decision support in medicine: lessons from the HELP system.

PURPOSE: This report describes an ongoing transition from the HELP Hospital Information System to HELP II, a replacement Health Information System built to manage clinical information captured in a variety of medical settings. The focus of the article is on the medical decision support provided by this system and studied by researchers at the University of Utah and Intermountain Health Care (IHC), a large health care organization in Utah, for many years. METHODS: Select success features of the original HELP system's decision support environment are identified and lessons learned are related. Plans for transferring these features to HELP II are discussed. RESULTS: The article focuses on four features: (1) the importance of easy access to patient data essential for decision support, (2) the commitment to continued measurement and revision of both the logic and the interventional strategy in a decision support application, (3) experience with data mining as a tool for developing decision support tools, and (4) the role of clinical reports in supporting the decision making process.

Decision Support Systems, Clinical↗
PubMed1997

Mathematical formulation for computing the performance of self expanding helical stents.

Stents are cylindrical devices implanted inside pathologic tubular passages within the body. The stents, which are made of metal or plastic, keep the passage open for flow (of blood, urine, air etc.) by applying radial pressure on the passage walls. In most cases the stents are selected empirically for each application. We introduce here a mathematical formula for computing the radial pressure induced by self expanding helical stents. The formula was verified experimentally for an urological stent using a special device. The results correlate well with the theoretical predictions (R = 0.997; y = 1.017 x -0.06 kg; SEE = 0.034, for forces and R = 0.9988; y = 1.04 x +8.7 mmHg; SEE = 25.3 for pressures). This formula can potentially serve as an analytical tool for selecting the most suitable stent for a given application.

Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary↗
PubMed1998

A study on home health care support information system for health evaluation.

The need for home health care has been increasing in Japan and the application of various techniques such as medical informatics are desired to support home health care services. Therefore, we developed an information system for health evaluation of the elderly including patients at home by applying multifunctional telephone set and an IC memory card, by which complaints, symptoms, and conditions by them can be collected, recorded, and transmitted to medical facilities. We also conducted an experiment for trial use of the system with the cooperation of elderly female volunteers. It was recognized that the elderly volunteers could operate the system with the help of public health nurses and their health information could be collected by the system. Although the developed system has some problems, it was suggested that the system would be useful for the support of health evaluation of elderly at home.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

[The path from science to the practicing surgeon. Engagement of documentation of the Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences for providing evidence-based medicine].

The flood of information that comes along with the rise of electronic media has changed the expectations towards the Documentation Service of the Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences (DOKDI): Evidence Based Medicine (EMB) in particular not only demands procurement of information, but also a selection regarding quality and relevance: The question arising out of the clinical situation requires an answer correct in its content and helpful in the specific situation. Getting an idea of what evidence exists about the correctness of a certain procedure through critical lecture is an ideal often obstructed by lack of time and methodical problems in the practice; therefore, one often has to rely on evidence acquired through others and consult e.g. the Cochrane Library. DOKDI commits itself to the development of systematic reviews as well as to the dissemination of evidence found by using its experience in the documentation with electronic media and by providing the corresponding infrastructure. In addition to these activities, the Academy has spoken a grant for the training of EBM-Tutors. During a weekly workshop held in Oxford, clinicians will be trained as EBM-Tutors. This will allow an increasing number of EBM-Workshops held in Switzerland in the future.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed2003

Bioinformatics goes back to the future.

The need to turn raw data into knowledge has led the bioinformatics field to focus increasingly on the manipulation of information. By drawing parallels with both cryptography and artificial intelligence, we can develop an understanding of the changes that are occurring in bioinformatics, and how these changes are likely to influence the bioinformatics job market.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2000

Strategic planning in medical education: enhancing the learning environment for students in clinical settings.

BACKGROUND: The 1999 Cambridge Conference was held in Northern Queensland, Australia, on the theme of clinical teaching and learning. It provided an opportunity for groups of academic medical educators to consider some of the challenges posed by recent changes to health care delivery and medical education across a number of countries. PURPOSE: This paper describes the issues raised by the practical challenges posed by the current environment and how they might be addressed in ways that could promote more effective learning in clinical settings. METHOD: A SWOT analysis is a tool that can help in forward planning by identifying the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats presented by any situation. Our SWOT analysis was used to generate a list of items, from which we chose those most feasible and most likely to promote positive change. RESULTS: Twenty different issues were identified, with four of them chosen by consensus for further elaboration. The discussion gave rise to four main recommended strategies: ensuring that clinical teachers thoroughly understand the purpose and process of learning in clinical settings; equipping learners with 'survival skills'; making the best use of learning resources within different clinical environments and making judicious use of information technology to enhance learning efficiency. CONCLUSIONS: The four strategies were selected not only because of their inherent importance, but also because of their feasibility. Modest changes can motivate students to feel part of a clinical team and a 'community of practice' and enhance their capacity for self-regulated practice.

Clinical Clerkship↗