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At least 415 records · Page 23Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Color vision and the four-color-map problem.

Four different colors are needed to make maps that avoid adjacent countries of the same color. Because the retinal image is two dimensional, like a map, four dimensions of chromatic experience would also be needed to optimally distinguish regions returning spectrally different light to the eye. We therefore suggest that the organization of human color vision according to four-color classes (reds, greens, blues, and yellows) has arisen as a solution to this logical requirement in topology.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Temporally asymmetric learning supports sequence processing in multi-winner self-organizing maps.

We examine the extent to which modified Kohonen self-organizing maps (SOMs) can learn unique representations of temporal sequences while still supporting map formation. Two biologically inspired extensions are made to traditional SOMs: selection of multiple simultaneous rather than single "winners" and the use of local intramap connections that are trained according to a temporally asymmetric Hebbian learning rule. The extended SOM is then trained with variable-length temporal sequences that are composed of phoneme feature vectors, with each sequence corresponding to the phonetic transcription of a noun. The model transforms each input sequence into a spatial representation (final activation pattern on the map). Training improves this transformation by, for example, increasing the uniqueness of the spatial representations of distinct sequences, while still retaining map formation based on input patterns. The closeness of the spatial representations of two sequences is found to correlate significantly with the sequences' similarity. The extended model presented here raises the possibility that SOMs may ultimately prove useful as visualization tools for temporal sequences and as preprocessors for sequence pattern recognition systems.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed2004

The role of highlighting in visual search through maps.

Two experiments were conducted in which participants performed a vehicle dispatching task. The intensity of one information source (vehicles in Experiment 1, destinations in Experiment 2) was varied to examine the effects of salience and discrimination on both searching for and processing the information in a cluttered display. Response times were recorded for questions either requiring focused attention on or divided attention between the different information domains in the map. The results of the present experiments indicate that it is possible to declutter a display without erasing any information. By 'lowlighting' one information domain and keeping the other domain at a fairly high intensity level, dividing attention between the information sources is optimal, as is focusing attention on either of the information domains exclusively. These results are discussed in conjunction with a computational model of confusion and salience which serves to predict search and integration performance in a cluttered display with separate domains of information displayed at different intensities.

Attention↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Geographical knowledge in patients with Alzheimer's disease.

Geographical knowledge, a measure of remote memory for visuospatial information, was studied in mildly and moderately demented patients who met NINCDS-Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's disease patients were moderately impaired on a test that emphasizes locating gross features of US geography and profoundly impaired in locating cities on a map of the region of the United States in which they resided. The possibility that performance on tests of geographical knowledge can be used to predict impending difficulties of demented patients in wayfinding is discussed.

Aged↗