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At least 415 records · Page 23Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

[Mushroom poisoning by Cortinarius orellanus].

The authors present the case-records of three patients who became intoxicated with the mushroom Cortinarius orellanus. This mushroom is very rare in this country and is not well known. The toxin orellanin is solely nephrotoxic and renal affection can lead to acute renal failure. A specific feature of this intoxication is the symptom-free period from 2 to 21 days, gastrointestinal complaints associated with back pain. The diagnosis can be established from a mycological analysis or by estimation of toxin in serum or tissue obtained by renal biopsy. The basis of treatment is disposal of the toxin by extracorporeal elimination methods: haemodialysis and haemoperfusion. As with the length of the interval between intoxication and onset of treatment the probability of irreversible renal affection increases, the medical community should take into consideration possible intoxication with this mushroom in the differential diagnosis of acute renal failure.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed2003

Fast synaptic currents in Drosophila mushroom body Kenyon cells are mediated by alpha-bungarotoxin-sensitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and picrotoxin-sensitive GABA receptors.

The mushroom bodies, bilaterally symmetric regions in the insect brain, play a critical role in olfactory associative learning. Genetic studies in Drosophila suggest that plasticity underlying acquisition and storage of memory occurs at synapses on the dendrites of mushroom body Kenyon cells (Dubnau et al., 2001). Additional exploration of the mechanisms governing synaptic plasticity contributing to these aspects of olfactory associative learning requires identification of the receptors that mediate fast synaptic transmission in Kenyon cells. To this end, we developed a culture system that supports the formation of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic connections between neurons harvested from the central brain region of late-stage Drosophila pupae. Mushroom body Kenyon cells are identified as small-diameter, green fluorescent protein-positive (GFP+) neurons in cultures from OK107-GAL4;UAS-GFP pupae. In GFP+ Kenyon cells, fast EPSCs are mediated by alpha-bungarotoxin-sensitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). The miniature EPSCs have rapid rise and decay kinetics and a broad, positively skewed amplitude distribution. Fast IPSCs are mediated by picrotoxin-sensitive chloride conducting GABA receptors. The miniature IPSCs also have a rapid rate of rise and decay and a broad amplitude distribution. The vast majority of spontaneous synaptic currents in the cultured Kenyon cells are mediated byalpha-bungarotoxin-sensitive nAChRs or picrotoxin-sensitive GABA receptors. Therefore, these receptors are also likely to mediate synaptic transmission in Kenyon cells in vivo and to contribute to plasticity during olfactory associative learning.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Acute higher funghi mushroom poisoning and its treatment].

PRINCIPLE: The various mushroom poisoning syndromes are summarised together with elements underlining uncertainty and lack of knowledge. For each of the classical syndromes concerned, classified in delays inferior or superior to 6 hours, the toxins and their mechanisms of action, the main mushrooms responsible, the symptoms and their treatment are all presented. EARLY SYNDROMES: Characterised by early onset within 6 hours, these represent the majority of intoxications. There are 6 syndromes: gastro-intestinal (resinoid), muscarine (sudorien, cholinergic), pantherine (myco-atropine, anticholinergic), coprine (similar to the antabuse syndrome), narcotine (psilocybin, hallucinatory) and paxillus syndrome (exceptional). LATE SYNDROMES: Characterised by an onset after six hours, they regroup the phalloid syndrome that is responsible for 90 to 95% of deaths due to higher funghi mushrooms, the orellanine and gyromitrin syndrome and new syndromes identified over the past decade concerning acute renal failure with shorter onset than during the orellanine syndrome (Amanita proxima), erythermalgia (Clitocybe amoenolens), rhabdomyolysis (Tricholoma equestre) and central nervous system failure (Hapalopilus rutilans).

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2004

Mushroom poisonings in children in Central Anatolia.

The aim of this study was the analysis of mushroom poisonings (MP) in children in Central Anatolia. Cases younger than 18 y-of-age, who presented and were diagnosed as MP between January 1991 and December 2002 were evaluated for gender, age, presenting month, city of residence, first noticed symptoms, vital signs, laboratory studies, hospitalization period and outcome. Sixty-four cases were enrolled; 36 were female (56.3%). The mean age was 8.6 y. May and June were the most common presenting months, with 46 cases (71.8%); 61 cases (95.3%) were poisoned by wild mushrooms (WM). The most common first noticed symptoms were from the gastroinal system (GIS) (70.6%); 67.2% of cases presented to second level health centers when the first symptoms started; 92.2% were admitted to the hospital. Mean hospitalization period was 2.8 d. Five cases (7.8%) had a fatal outcome. All the fatal cases were from WM poisoning and from the same city. Their first noticed symptoms were GIS symptoms. All fatal cases had delayed presentations. Cultivated MP did not result in bad outcomes in the pediatric age group. WM were the main source of MP in children in our region in Turkey. Education of the public about consuming mushrooms, and health personnel working in health centers for early treatment and transfer to the appropriate facility are important to decrease mortality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Acute encephalopathy after ingestion of "sugihiratake" mushroom].

An outbreak of acute encephalopathy has occurred among patients with renal dysfunction after ingestion of "sugihiratake" mushroom (angel's wings mushroom) in the northern area of Japan between the end of September and the middle of October in 2004. Most of the patients had varying degree of renal dysfunction. Patients initially presented with asthenia in legs, shaking limbs, and difficulty in ambulation. Several days later, tremor-like involuntary movements or myoclonus developed, which were frequently followed by intractable status epilepticus. Eleven patients were dead. CSF examination showed elevated protein levels without pleocytosis. Brain CT and MRI studies revealed abnormal signal intensities in bilateral external capsule and claustrum, and in the cortical white matter. All of the patients had a history to have ingested sugihiratake in varying quantities and frequencies prior to the onset of the illness. Although no similar patients have been reported in the past, this edible mushroom must have induced acute toxic encephalopathy. The characteristic features of clinical signs and symptoms, and laboratory findings of this encephalopathy were briefly summarized.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The epidemiology, toxidromic classification, general management, and prevention of mushroom poisoning in the United States.

Since the 1950s, reports of severe and fatal mushroom poisonings have increased worldwide. Clinicians must consider mushroom poisoning in the evaluation of all patients who may be intoxicated by natural substances. Because information on natural exposures is often incorrect or insufficient, a new syndromic classification of mushroom poisoning is proposed to guide clinicians in making earlier diagnoses, especially in cases where only advanced critical care, including kidney or liver transplantation, may be life saving.

Acetaldehyde↗
PubMed1987

[Terminal renal failure caused by interstitial nephritis following mushroom poisoning by Cortinarius speciocissimus].

A 14 year old boy was admitted for vomiting, anorexia, flank pain and leukocyturia/hematuria. Shortly after admission, he developed anuria and acute renal failure so that hemodialysis had to be started. Pre- and post-renal causes were excluded. There were no signs of acute glomerulonephritis; liver enzymes were normal. The 123Iodine-Hippuran scan showed a shock kidney pattern lacking tubular clearance. Renal biopsy revealed an interstitial nephritis with edema and a mixed cellular infiltration. History was empty for nephrotoxic agents except for mushroom ingestion: Five days before admission the boy ate Cortinarius speciocissimus mushrooms, the toxine of which is known to be nephrotoxic, causing irreversible renal failure in severe cases (Orellanus Syndrome). Renal function did not improve much and renal transplantation was performed after 14 months on hemodialysis. In interstitial nephritis of unknown etiology the possibility of mushroom poisoning should be considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

[Hemolysis in mushroom poisoning: facts and hypotheses].

Primary hemolysis induced by antigens and toxins of mushrooms must be distinguished from hemolysis secondary to shock and disseminated intravascular coagulation with disruption of erythrocytes caused by severe poisoning with many mushroom species. Primary hemolysis is well documented as immunohemolysis after repeated ingestion of involute paxillus (Paxillus involutus). Direct hemolysis is reported after eating raw mushrooms with a high content of hemolysins. Hemolysis is only speculative in monomethylhydrazine poisoning by false morels (Gyromitra esculenta). Secondary hemolysis due to shock is not uncommon. Hemolysis in connection with enzymopenia of erythrocytes has not been documented as yet. In the present study the various hemolytic syndromes are described and discussed.

Agglutinins↗
PubMed1994

[Mushroom poisoning in the IX region. Role of Amanita gemmata].

We report four episodes of mushroom poisoning that occurred between 1986 and 1990 in the province of Malleco. Twenty five of 36 individuals who ingested the mushroom became ill; they had an acute gastroenteritis that was followed in 7 by an acute hepatitis and in one by a massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Three subjects with fulminant hepatic failure and the subject with the massive bleeding died. Amanita gemmate (strain described as toxic in Chile since 1967) was found in two episodes and Amanita sp in one. The clinical picture is similar to that described for Amanita phaloides. The treatment is symptomatic but penicillin and silymarin may have an antitoxic action. The importance of warning the population about the existence of toxic mushrooms in Chile is emphasized.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

The effect of furosemide on the renal damage induced by toxic mushroom Cortinarius speciosissimus in the rat.

The effect of furosemide on the renal damage induced by the toxic mushroom Cortinarius speciosissimus was studied in female rats. Furosemide (50 mg/kg s.c.) was given 15 min before the mushroom administration (250 mg dried mushroom/kg body weight p.o.). It was observed that furosemide clearly increased the tubular damage induced by C. speciosissimus. In contrast, furosemide had no effect on the inflammation induced by this toxic mushroom.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Mushroom poisoning in Turkey].

Mushroom poisoning constitutes the main part of plant intoxications in Turkey. Not only in rural areas, but also in Istanbul, gathering mushrooms is a habit among villagers who have moved to the city and settled in the vicinity of a forest. Phalloides syndrome, Pantherina syndrome and gastro-intestinal syndrome are the most frequently encountered types of mushroom poisonings. Amanita phalloides which is growing widely in Istanbul forests is responsible for many serious cases every year. Haemoperfusion and penicillin are used for the treatment, because Legalon-SIL is not imported in Turkey.

Agaricales↗
PubMed1999

Multimodal efferent and recurrent neurons in the medial lobes of cockroach mushroom bodies.

Previous electrophysiological studies of cockroach mushroom bodies demonstrated the sensitivity of efferent neurons to multimodal stimuli. The present account describes the morphology and physiology of several types of efferent neurons with dendrites in the medial lobes. In general, efferent neurons respond to a variety of modalities in a context-specific manner, responding to specific combinations or specific sequences of multimodal stimuli. Efferent neurons that show endogenous activity have dendritic specializations that extend to laminae of Kenyon cell axons equipped with many synaptic vesicles, termed "dark" laminae. Efferent neurons that are active only during stimulation have dendritic specializations that branch mainly among Kenyon cell axons having few vesicles and forming the "pale" laminae. A new category of "recurrent" efferent neuron has been identified that provides feedback or feedforward connections between different parts of the mushroom body. Some of these neurons are immunopositive to antibodies raised against the inhibitory transmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid. Feedback pathways to the calyces arise from satellite neuropils adjacent to the medial lobes, which receive axon collaterals of efferent neurons. Efferent neurons are uniquely identifiable. Each morphological type occurs at the same location in the mushroom bodies of different individuals. Medial lobe efferent neurons terminate in the lateral protocerebrum among the endings of antennal lobe projection neurons. It is suggested that information about the sensory context of olfactory (or other) stimuli is relayed by efferent neurons to the lateral protocerebrum where it is integrated with information about odors relayed by antennal lobe projection neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Histochemistry of classical neurotransmitters in antennal lobes and mushroom bodies of the honeybee.

This paper summarizes histochemical and immunocytochemical investigations of cholinergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic pathways in the central brain and suboesophageal ganglion of the honeybee. Acetylcholinesterase histochemistry, immunocytochemical staining for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and mapping for alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites indicate cholinergic synaptic interactions in the antennal lobe and a cholinergic pathway via a subset of olfactory projection neurons into the mushroom bodies. Calcium imaging experiments in cell cultures prepared from mushroom bodies demonstrate the expression of nicotinic cholinergic receptors on Kenyon cells. Neurons synthesizing GABA and glutamate are stained with well-defined polyclonal antisera against the amino acids. GABA-immunoreactivity is mainly localized in local interneurons of the antennal lobe and in extrinsic neurons innervating the mushroom bodies. High levels of glutamate-immunoreactivity are found in motoneurons of the suboesophageal ganglion, the dorsal lobe, and also in interneurons. A subgroup of the Kenyon cells shows distinct but weaker levels of glutamate-immunoreactivity. The detailed knowledge about the chemical neuroanatomy of the bee provides a framework for behavioral pharmacological approaches, which implicate the involvement of cholinergic mechanisms in olfactory learning and GABAergic mechanisms in odor discrimination.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1997

Neuronal cAMP-dependent protein kinase type II is concentrated in mushroom bodies of Drosophila melanogaster and the honeybee Apis mellifera.

In both Drosophila melanogaster and the honeybee Apis mellifera, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent processes have been implicated in mechanisms of learning. This study characterizes the type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKAII), the major target of cAMP in adult animals. In both species, PKAII is restricted to neuronal tissue, in which it accounts for more than 90% of total PKA activity. Although the intensity of PKAII immunoreactivity differs between distinct brain regions, labeling is detectable in all neuropiles and most somata. While the visual neuropiles, the antennal lobes, and structures of the central brain exhibit intermediate immunostaining, the mushroom bodies show high labeling and contain a three- to fourfold higher PKA activity compared to other neuropiles. Since the mushroom bodies are central sites of olfactory learning mediated via cAMP-dependent signaling, the modulatory functions of transmitters on PKA activity in Kenyon cells from the honeybee were tested. Agents which elevate cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels have no effects on PKA activity in cultured Kenyon cells. Dopamine, serotonin, and octopamine, however, cause an increase in PKA activity in Kenyon cells. The modulation of PKA activity by octopamine, the putative transmitter of the unconditioned stimulus in associative olfactory learning in the honeybee, together with the findings on the central role of the cAMP cascade in Drosophila mushroom bodies, suggests a major implication of PKAII-mediated phosphorylation in learning and memory in both Drosophila and Apis.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Infrared analysis of Macedonian mushroom dietary fibre.

The existing confusion in the terminology and composition of the mushroom dietary fibre literature data induced us to analyze simultaneously the chemical constitution of various dietary fibre isolates obtained from numerous mushroom samples. For that purpose, in 53 kinds of edible Macedonian mushrooms total dietary fibre was isolated by two parallel methods intended for material of plant and animal origin. With the aid of infrared spectroscopy the chemical constitution of the both isolated components was also investigated. The infrared spectra of the total dietary fibre isolates, obtained according to both applied methods, were similar and close to chitin. In all spectra cellulose is missing.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2002

Alternative method of inoculum and spawn production for the cultivation of the edible brazilian mushroom Pleurotus ostreatoroseus SING.

Efficiency of solid and liquid inocula and their use for spawn production were compared so that improved cultivation conditions for the edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatoroseus could be tested. Solid and liquid inocula were prepared respectively with Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and Liquid Potato Dextrose (LPD). Wheat grains and cotton residues were used as substrates for spawn preparation. Inoculum types did not affect the development of P. ostreatoroseus, and LPD spawns were cheaper, more homogenous, less contaminated. Decomposition activity of mushroom growth, as a percentage of organic matter loss (OML), was higher in the wheat grain spawn and was not influenced by the inoculum type. Advantages in the use of cotton residue for spawn production were longer storage time, lower contamination and reduced costs. The cotton residue substrate may be also used for the production of mushroom fruiting bodies.

Crops, Agricultural↗
PubMed2002

Mushroom stem cells.

Contrary to the rarity of totipotent cells in animals, almost every cell formed by a fungus can function as a "stem cell". The multicellular fruiting bodies of basidiomycete fungi consist of the same kind of filamentous hyphae that form the feeding phase, or mycelium, of the organism, and visible cellular differentiation is almost nonexistent. Mushroom primordia develop from masses of converging hyphae, and the stipe (or stem), cap, and gills are clearly demarcated within the embryonic fruiting body long before the organ expands and unfolds through water uptake and cell wall loosening. Though frequent references are made to gilled mushrooms in this article, the totipotent nature of fruiting body cells and lack of meristems is also applicable to basidiomycetes that spread their spore-producing tissues inside tubes (e.g., boletes), over spines and rippled surfaces, or form spores in cavities within the fruiting body. Even in the mature mushroom, every hypha retains its totipotency. Among animals, only sponges exhibit a similar degree of developmental flexibility, which is interesting, because these simple metazoans may be relatively close relatives of fungi.

Agaricales↗
PubMed1983

Synthesis and analysis of 1-octen-3-ol, the main flavour component of mushrooms.

The most abundant volatile occurring in mushrooms and responsible for the mushroom odour is 1-octen-3-ol. To meet the demand for a flavour compound yielding a mushroom odour a study was carried out on the possibility of obtaining 1-octen-3-ol synthetically. On the basis of literature data and experiments performed, the synthesis of this compound was carried out by two methods, i.e. by Grignard reaction between acrolein and amyl iodide and by selective reduction of 1-octen-3-on. The purity of the 1-octen-3-ol obtained was determined by GLC chromatography and by spectroscopic methods. The compound obtained by Grignard reaction had its IR, 13C NMR spectra and GLC chromatogram identical with those of the standard. The yield of 1-octen-3-ol by Grignard reaction was 65%, while the reduction of the ketone to the alcohol gave a yield of 90%.

Basidiomycota↗