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PubMed1979

[Kinetic differences in induction of the killers and producers of the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in primary and secondary mixed murine leukocyte culture test].

Conditions are selected for the killer induction during primary and secondary responses in the one-way MLC, stimulated by x-irradiated or killed allogenic lymphocytes. MIF is found in the MLC culture medium as a sharp peak on the 2nd or the 3rd day of the primary reaction, or as a plato from the 1st day of the secondary reaction. In contrast, the killers are shown to be induced much later reaching their maximum on the 5th and the 4th days, respectively. If heated, instead of irradiated, allogenic lymphocytes were used for stimulation of the primary MLC reaction, the MIF-producer kinetics was not changed, but the killer induction was found to be delayed.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Social recognition in male rats: age differences and modulation by MIF-I and Alaptide.

Social investigatory behaviour was used as a measure of olfactory recognition in two experiments to assess social memory in adult male rats. In Experiment 1, time spent in social investigation of juvenile males by 3-month-old adults was significantly higher than time spent by 7- and 11-month-old animals. Furthermore, a reexposure to the same juvenile male 30 min after the initial exposure elicited significantly less social investigation in adult males aged 7 and 11 months but not in those aged 3 months. If the reexposure occurs 2 h later, the same juvenile is thoroughly investigated by adult males irrespective of the age. The age-related differences in social recognition are discussed in terms of the internal readiness of adult males. While the social recognition was confirmed in older adult males, it is suggested that an ability to recognize the same juvenile may be masked in young animals by a high sexual arousal. Behavioural phenomenon of the social recognition was used in Experiment 2. An administration of hypothalamic MIF-I or its synthetic derivative Alaptide to adult males 7 or 11 months old immediately after their 1st exposure to a juvenile male resulted in decreasing the time spent in social investigation of the same juvenile during a reexposure performed 120 min later. Both drugs were ineffective if adult males were reexposed to a novel juvenile. The results suggest that both MIF-I and Alaptide improved an animal's capacity to store information received through olfactory cues.

Aging↗
PubMed1986

Modulation of the carrier-mediated transport of the Tyr-MIF-1 across the blood-brain barrier by essential amino acids.

There is evidence that the carrier-mediated system capable of transporting small, N-tyrosinated peptides [e.g., Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 (N-Tyr-MIF-1) and enkephalins] across the blood-brain barrier is modulated by intraventricularly administered leucine. This raises the possibility that the toxicity of amino acids on the central nervous system may be mediated in part by alterations in blood-brain barrier function. We further examined this action of leucine and extended the investigation to include other essential amino acids. High doses of leucine (30 nM and 100 nM/mouse intraventricularly) were found to inhibit significantly transport of iodinated Tyr-MIF-1 out of the brain. Less consistently, a low dose of leucine (1.0 nM/mouse) stimulated transport. Kinetic analysis indicated that leucine produced an uncompetitive type of modulation, probably interacting with the carrier-ligand complex. Among the other amino acids studied, D-leucine inhibited transport at both 1 nM and 100 nM/mouse, but stimulated transport at 0.1 nM/mouse. The only other significant changes occurred at the high (100 nM) dose of arginine, which stimulated, and methionine, which inhibited, transport. The possibility is proposed that derangements in amino acid metabolism might produce some of their effects on the central nervous system by modulating the blood-brain barrier transport systems for peptides and possibly other substances.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1977

New evidence that demonstrates that L-pro-L-leu-L-gly-NH2 might be the natural MIF.

A wide range of doses was used to study the effect of Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 (MIF) on the MSH release in rat pituitaries incubated in vitro. The Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 was added to one half of the gland, and the other was used as control. The MSH released into the medium was measured by a bioassay and the activity of the samples referred to a standard of synthetic alpha-MSH. Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 in doses of 10 to 30 ng/ml inhibited the MSH release in about 60%. Doses between 10(3) to 10(4) ng/ml induced neither release nor inhibition of the release of MSH. Dose of 10(5) ng/ml clearly induced release of MSH. The results of the additional experiments presented, although they represent no proof, are in line with the contention that Pro-Ley-Gly-NH2 in the natural MIF.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Disorders of the lymphatic homing and MIF production by the lymphocytes of thymus, spleen and lymph nodes after liver injury caused by portocaval shunt in rats.

This paper presents the quantitative changes and disorders in migratory inhibition factor (MIF) production by thymus, lymph node and spleen cells after liver injury provoked by the porto-caval shunt (PCS) in rats. The great depopulation of the lymphatic organs, particularly the thymus, was demonstrated. The reduction of MIF generation after PCS was also noticed. The severe liver injury reflected by high activity of GOT and GPT was observed on the second day after surgical procedure. Our investigations bring into light the multifold interrelationships between the functionally efficient liver and lymphatic organs in rat.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Macrophage requirement for production of guinea pig migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in vitro.

Methods devised for generation and assay of migration inhibitory factor (MIF) on a reduced scale have permitted the performance of experiments which demonstrate that glass bead column-purified guinea pig lymph node lymphocytes do not produce MIF or proliferate in response to antigen. Evidence that the macrophage is the essential cellular element eliminated by the purification procedure is demonstrated by the restoration of both lymphocyte responses upon addition of 5% macrophages to the purified lymphocytes. Autologous, immune and syngeneic, non-immune peritoneal exudate macrophages were equally effective in restoring MF production by purified lymphocytes. Supernatants which inhibited the migration of peritoneal exudate macrophages had only minimal or no effect on the migration of alveolar macrophages, confirming that the inhibitory effects studied were attributable to MF and not cytophilic antibody.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Possible aminergic mediation of MSH release and of the CNS effects of MSH and MIF-I.

It is well known that the release of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) from the pituitary gland is mainly controlled by an inhibitory influence from the hypothalamus. In addition to this inhibitory control, there may also be a stimulatory influence. Most, but by no means all, of the evidence is compatible with the possibility that inhibition is mediated by dopaminergic and/or alpha-adrenergic receptors. Gamma-aminobutyric acid also has been shown to have an inhibitory role in some studies. beta-Adrenergic receptors, serotonin, and acetylcholine may be involved in the stimulation of MSH release. Interaction of hypothalamic peptides like Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2(MIF-I) with biogenic amines, however, has not been excluded as a factor in the control of the release of MSH from the pituitary. Just as the evidence for the involvement of amines in the control of MSH release is somewhat puzzling and contradictory, conflicting evidence concerning their involvement in mediating the specific effects of MSH and MIF-I on the CNS remains unresolved.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1983

Culture conditions for selective and enhanced release of various murine lymphokines (CSF, IL-2, MCF, MIF and TRF).

The production of the lymphokines colony stimulating factor (CSF), interleukin-2 (IL-2), macrophage cytotoxicity factor (MCF), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and T cell replacing factor (TRF) was optimized from mouse spleen cell cultures stimulated with concanavalin A (Con A). The cultivation was performed in bioreactors which allow regulation of dissolved oxygen concentration. The oxygen supply influenced the yields of individual lymphokines in different ways. High oxygen concentration was beneficial for high release of IL-2 and MCF, whereas MIF and TRF were better produced at low oxygen concentrations. CSF release did not depend on oxygen supply. Upon stimulation with Con A, lymphokine activities in the culture supernatant reached an optimum or plateau after 24 h Lymphocytes continued with lymphokine release, when they were restimulated for further 24 h. in fresh medium and mitogen. CSF could be induced for at least 4 times. MCF was released during the first 3 inductions, whereas IL-2 and TRF were only produced during the first and second induction. These findings led to specific culture conditions for selective and enhanced production of individual lymphokines.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Change in the cross reactivity of MIF producers during the course of the immune response in the H-2 system].

Lymphocytes B10D2 anti-B10 (anti-KbIbDb) produce MIF when incubated with spleen cells of the recombinant KbIb-bearing R107 and Db-bearing R101 lines, possessing either public or private H-2 specificities of the immunizing complex. Cross reactivity revealed in the reaction with "unrelated" lines one week after immunization by allogeneic tumour disappeared during the second week; simultaneously the intensity of the reaction to KbIb and Db region products changes. The cross reaction of anti-Kb MIF producers obtained one week after immunization with cells of Kba and Kbd mutants disappeared two weeks after immunization: the migration inhibition which occurred one week after immunization turns to stimulation during the second week, while the degree of inhibition in the reaction with B10 cells remains unchanged.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Improvement of the merthiolate-iodine-formalin (MIF) fecal technique for hookworm, Trichuris trichiura, and Ascaris lumbricoides eggs.

The merthiolate-iodine-formalin (MIF) technique to detect human intestinal parasites in feces was inefficient for the detection of hookworm and Trichuris trichiura eggs. Addition of a saturated-brine flotation step increased recovery of hookworm eggs by 77% and Trichuris trichiura eggs by 87%. Recovery of Ascaris lumbricoides also was increased by 71%. This was a significant improvement in the sensitivity of the MIF technique for these 3 kinds of human parasite.

Ancylostomatoidea↗
PubMed1978

Cell migration from clotted plasma droplets in vitro: development of a new method for MIF assay.

A new in vitro method for MIF assay has been developed using cells contained in clotted plasma droplets. It gives results concordant with the capillary tube method for H37 Ra Mycobacteria sensitized mice and PPD sensitized healthy persons. The technique is applicable to any migratory cell population and requires only a small number of cells for performance. It is technically simple, not time consuming and practicable both in patients and experimental animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Technical improvements in the clotted plasma droplet MIF assay in vitro.

The migration inhibitory activity of culture supernatants of rat and human lymphocytes stimulated with PHA and Con A-Sepharose was tested on cell migration from clotted plasma droplets. This technique was improved by using homologous as well as heterologous plasma and fibrinogen solutions for suspending the migratory cells, automatic micropipettes for performing the technique and purified cell populations as target. The effects of calcium chloride and of the cell concentration in the plasma droplets on the migration indices obtained in the MIF assay were tested.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Demonstration of migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in a murine system using myelomonocytic leukemia cells (WEHI-3).

Cells of the myelomonocytic tumor cell line, WEHI-3, were used as indicator cells in the indirect capillary test for the detection of migration inhibitory factor (MIF). A migration inhibition of about 50% was found and the results were highly reproducible. The indicator cells can be obtained in large quantities, as the myelomonocytic cells grow as an ascitic tumor in the peritoneal cavity of BALB/c mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Existence of antiopiate systems as illustrated by MIF-1/Tyr-MIF-1.

Evidence is presented that the small peptides MIF-1/Tyr-MIF-1 are part of an endogenous antiopiate system that may function to balance the opiate system. We review the biological activity, behavioral activity, and functional effects of this proposed opiate antagonist system. In addition, we suggest, based on antinociceptive mechanisms, that the individual components of the antiopiate system might function differently from naloxone.

Analgesia↗
PubMed1988

Analgesia and the blood-brain barrier transport system for Tyr-MIF-1/enkephalins: evidence for a dissociation.

The blood-brain barrier is capable of transporting peptides with anti-opiate (Tyr-MIF-1) and opiate (enkephalins) activity out of the central nervous system. The relationship of this transport system to the various actions of opiates remains unexplored. This study examined the relationship between the rate of transport and opiate-induced analgesia. Both restraint, a stress that provokes an opiate-mediated analgesia, and the administration of morphine (12 mg/kg, i.p.) each induced an inhibition in the rate of transport. Such inhibition exhibited specificity, since the saturable, brain to blood transport of iodide remained unaltered. However, it was possible to dissociate analgesia and inhibition of transport. The onset and peak of analgesia, as measured by tail-flick latency induced by morphine, preceded the onset and peak of the inhibition of transport. Naltrexone, which blocks opiate-mediated analgesia, also induced inhibition of transport without any significant effect on tail-flick latency. (-) Naloxone but not (+) naloxone also weakly inhibited transport. Deprivation of food and water, associated with analgesia possibly mediated by the opiate, beta-endorphin, which is not transported out of the brain by this system, did not alter transport. These results suggest that while inhibition of transport and analgesia may occur together, these events probably represent two separate aspects of the action of opiates, that may even be mediated by separate receptor sites or peptides in the opiate family.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Effects of Pavlovian conditioning and MIF-I on the development of morphine tolerance in rats.

Thirty male Sprague-Dawley-derived rats were given daily IP injections of morphine (5.0 mg/kg) in the presence of a specific set of environmental cues for eleven consecutive days. Twelve hours after each morphine session, a control injection was given in a different environment. On Day 12 through 14 the environmental cues associated with each session were reversed. On Day 15 environmental cues associated with each session were the same as on Days 1-11. Analgesia was assessed by the tail-flick method 30 minutes after each morphine and control injection. Four independent groups (n=6) received either a lower (0.1 mg/kg) or a higher (5.0 mg/kg) dose of MIF-I either 10 minutes before or immediately after each morphine and control session. A control group received an injection of a diluent vehicle both before and after each session. None of these peptide-treatments significantly affected either acute action of morphine or the development of tolerance across days. Tail-flick latencies from both morphine and control sessions significantly decreased across days. On Day 12, when morphine was administered in the presence of cues not previously associated with its administration, tail-flick latencies were significantly longer than on the previous day. Tail-flick latencies did not change from Day 11 to Day 15 during control sessions. Morphine-session latencies did not change from Day 14 to Day 15, although they did decrease from Day 12 to Day 14. The significant morphine-induced analgesia on Day 15 of the experiment increases a remarkable resistance to the development of tolerance to morphine. The results partially support the hypothesis proposed by Siegel [115-18] that principles of Pavlovian conditioning exert an important influence on the development of tolerance to morphine.

Animals↗