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PubMed1992

Non-ocular clinical onchocerciasis in relation to skin microfilaria in the Taraba River Valley, Nigeria.

Examination of 2,876 persons in fourteen communities was carried out for clinical onchocerciasis on the Taraba river valley, Nigeria, where parasitological findings indicate unusually high endemicity. Forty-five percent of the population had at least one type of skin lesion or the other, the commonest of which was pruritus. Thirty-two percent had nodules. Some of the nodules were located in unusual sites such as the mammae, anus. Nodule carriage and nodule-load as well as lymphatic enlargement were higher than those recorded elsewhere in Nigeria and tended to increase with increase in age. When subjected to regression analysis, the relationship between skin lesion, nodule carrier rate, nodule load, scrotal enlargement and microfilaria rate (mf) on one hand and microfilaria density (mfd) on the other showed a near-perfect correlation. The findings of this study suggest that certain clinical manifestations of onchocerciasis may be a reliable and more rapid alternative to the parasitological approach in the assessment of the prevalence and severity of the disease in communities with similar socioecological characteristics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Multisystem involvement of microfilaria in a HIV positive patient.

A 35-year-old HIV positive male presented with dyspnoea and chest pain was diagnosed having acute pericardial and pleural effusion. Microfilaria was detected from blood as well as from the pericardial and pleural fluid and from urine. CD4 count was 123 cells microl. The patient was receiving treatment with antiretroviral therapy and Cotrimoxazole for last 4 months. The patient had no opportunistic infection and no symptoms suggestive of filarial infection in the past. This is for the first time we are reporting high microfilarial load (1000/ml) from blood in HIV positive patient, where microfilaria was also demonstrated from the pericardial and pleural fluid and from urine.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The first case of diagnosis of dirofilariasis from the microfilariae detected in the human subcutaneous tumor punctate].

The paper describes the first case of diagnosis of dirofilariasis from the microfilariae detected in the subcutaneous tumor punctate from a person who has the clinical manifestations of D. repens invasion and resides in the Saratov Region that is endemic in dirofilariasis. The fact of detection of microfilariae in the man undergone invasion is assessed not only as the first case in the lifetime diagnosis of the first case of diagnosis of subcutaneous dirofilariasis, but also as the first case of verification of that a female can achieve sexual maturity in the organism of an accidental host and its impregnation if there are even single specimens of both sexes, which is characteristic in human invasiveness. On this basis, the authors consider it wrong to refer this helminthiasis to as a group of diseases defined as "Larva migrans cutaneous" since this is inconsistent with the biology of a causative agent that accomplishes migration at the adult stage in the host's organism and does not orient a physician to establish a correct clinical and parasitological diagnosis.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Tolerability and efficacy of a three-age class dosage schedule of Diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) in the treatment of microfilaria carriers of Wuchereria bancrofti and its implications in mass drug administration (MDA) strategy for elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF).

A six-age class dosage schedule of Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) of 50mg (1-2 years), 100mg (3-4 years), 150mg (5-8 years), 200mg (9-11 years), 250mg (12-14 years) and 300mg for above 14 years is being adopted for annual single dose MDA for LF elimination treat Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaria carriers. In order to increase the community compliance as well as to make the distribution easier during MDA, a revised 3 age class dosage schedule of 100mg (2-4 years), 200mg (5-14 years) and 300mg for above 14 years was evaluated for its tolerability and efficacy. By this change, it was observed that the 4-8 years age class is receiving 50 mg higher and 11-14 years age class is receiving 50mg lesser dose compared to the earlier class schedule. Therefore, the safety aspect in the age class of 4-8 years and efficacy component in the age class of 11-14 years were assessed. Apparently "healthy" asymptomatic microfilaraemic volunteers between the age class of 4-8 and 11-14 years were recruited for the study. The incidence of side reaction in the 4-8 years age class was 50.0% with 150mg dose and 66.7% with 200mg (P>0.05). No life threatening adverse reactions was observed in any dosage schedule. Fever, headache and myalgia, the predominant adverse reactions were mild and similar in both schedules. The mean intensity of the three major specific adverse reactions (fever, headache and myalgia) also did not differ significantly (P>0.05). For the purpose of LF elimination, efficacy in terms of reduction in mean microfilaria load is important. In the 11-14 year age class considerable reduction in the geometric mean density (GMD) was observed by day 90 and 180 post-therapy in both groups (250mg group and 200mg group) compared to pre-therapy level. By day 360 post-therapy, the difference was statistically not significant (P>0.05) (reduction of 72.2% in 250mg and 69.6% reduction in 200mg). The reductions in GMD were statistically significant when compared to pre-therapy levels in both the old (250mg) and new (200mg) doses. Thus, three- age class dosage schedule is as safe and efficacious as the six- age class schedule.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Microfilariae in fine needle aspirates: a report of 22 cases.

The objective of the study is to document the value of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in the diagnosis of filariasis at all possible sites in both exfoliative cytologic material and fine needle aspirates. Both unguided and guided FNACs of all foci were studied over a period of two years between 1999 to 2000. Total 22 cases of filariasis were detected which included subcutaneous swellings(7), breast(3), thyroid(3), lymphnodes(3), effusions(3), cervical scrape(1), eyeball(1), sputum(1) and bronchial washing(1). In none of these cases was filariasis considered a diagnostic possibility. Cytologic smears showed eosinophils in 9 cases, oval ova and embryonated eggs in 2 cases. Microfilariae were associated with other diseases in 13 cases, including 6 cases of malignancy. Significant adherence of inflammatory cells and macrophages to microfilariae was present in 6 of the 22 cases. In endemic areas,filariasis should be considered one of the differential diagnosis of a swelling. Thus demonstration and identification of the parasite in cytologic smears played a significant role in the prompt recognition of the disease and institution of specific treatment, thus obviating the more severe manifestations of lymphatic frilariasis.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

The prevalence of markers for hepatitis B and human immunodeficiency viruses, malarial parasites and microfilaria in blood donors in a large hospital in south India.

Blood donors (35,395) were screened at the CMC Hospital, Vellore, in South India during the 2-year period from July 1986 to June 1988. They were either relatives of patients (referred to as replacement donors) or volunteers. Paid or professional donors were not accepted. Of the replacements 21.5% and of the voluntary donors 9.7% were rejected. Mean donor age was 32.2 years and the commonest blood group was O (39.46%), Rh positive (93.93%). Hepatitis B surface antigen was found in 1.37% and 2.96% of voluntary and replacement donors respectively. Anti-HIV antibodies were found in 1.9/1000 donors. This shows an increasing prevalence of HIV infection in the Indian donor population not reported earlier. The prevalences of malarial parasites and microfilaria in replacement donors were 0.02 and 1.62% respectively. In voluntary donors, malarial parasites were not found and microfilaria were found in only 0.15%. All rejection criteria except low haemoglobin were significantly more frequent among replacement donors than among voluntary donors. In the light of these results, screening of all donor blood for HBsAg and Anti-HIV by the most sensitive techniques and for malarial and filarial parasites in endemic areas is essential.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Further evidence of a skewed distribution of microfilariae in capillary blood.

Reported are results for 23 Haitian patients with capillary Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaremias greater than 30 mf/20 cmm blood. In capillary blood, the number of microfilariae was 0.9 to 7.8 times greater than expected when compared with that in venous blood. When the values for venous blood and capillary blood from these high count patients were plotted, the simple linear regression y = a + bx (r2 = .36) and the exponential function y = aebx (r2 = .34) both represented the relationship. However, when values for high and low count patients were plotted, the power function y = axb (r2 = 0.82) best described the relationship between the number of microfilariae in venous and capillary blood.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

[Wuchereria bancrofti: value of the diethylcarbamazine provocation test for the diurnal detection of microfilaria carriers].

Sixty-nine of 83 (83%) patients with circulating microfilariae of nocturnally periodic Wuchereria bancrofti were detected in daytime blood films following the one-time administration of diethylcarbamazine at a dose per patient of 1 +/- .25 mg/kg of body weight. This method of detecting microfilaria carriers in Haiti is recommended as a reasonably sensitive alternative when circumstances make it impossible to conduct a nighttime blood survey.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

The mechanisms which affect the periodic cycle of Pacific Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae.

1. Investigations were made of the effect of various procedures in raising or lowering the microfilaria count of Pacific type Wuchereria bancrofti in the peripheral blood. 2. Raising the body temperature in the early morning was followed by a moderate fall in the counts. Breathing increased oxygen, or reduced oxygen (hypoxia) or increased carbon dioxide, or the ingestion of sodium bicarbonate produced no consistent and significant change in the count. Ingestion of glucose (in one volunteer) was followed by a small rise in the count. Muscular exercise was followed by a fall in the count, which is interpreted as probably being a response to a lower concentration of oxygen in the venous blood returning to the lung. 3. It has not been possible to identify the physiological components on the circadian rhythm of the human body which entrain the cycle of these microfilariae. Attempts to obtain evidence incriminating the stimuli described above have been unsuccessful.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Brugia pahangi: serum-dependent cell-mediated reactions to sheathed and exsheathed microfilariae.

The immune mechanisms operating on the sheath and the cuticle of the Brugia pahangi microfilariae have been studied in vitro. The intact and exsheathed parasites were used for this purpose with serum from albino rats immunized with sonicated homogenates of the parasites as the source of antibodies. The IgG component of the serum was found to promote adherence of rat leucocytes and death of the sheathed and exsheathed parasites in presence of fresh normal serum. EDTA and EGTA abolished the adherence activity suggesting the involvement of complement components via the classical pathway. Both macrophages and neutrophils participate in this reaction. Eosinophils exhibit marginal activity only on exsheathed parasites. The intensity of adherence and killing by neutrophils in the presence of immune serum was greater with the exsheathed microfilariae than with the sheathed ones.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Antigen of Setaria digitata: cross-reaction with surface antigens of Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae and serum antibodies of W. bancrofti-infected subjects.

Extracts of Setaria digitata have been fractionated by DEAE-Sephadex A50 chromatography and the fractions obtained were used in the inhibition of indirect immunofluorescence of Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae. The fractions were also tested by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique for reactivity against antibodies in the serum of patients with W. bancrofti infections. The results indicate that S. digitata contains several antigenic fractions that show cross-reactivity against filariasis sera; two of these fractions cross-reacted with surface antigens of W. bancrofti microfilariae but, when tested by the ELISA technique, these antigens did not show the highest reactivity against serum antibodies.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Periodicity of Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae in south western Ethiopia.

As part of a clinical and epidemiological study of lymphatic filariasis in southwestern Ethiopia the microfilarial density in the blood of two male and two female volunteers from the village of Ketch (near the town of Gambella) was determined every four hours for a 24-hour period using the counting chamber technique. In the blood of the volunteers the majority of the microfilariae appeared between 20 and 04 hours with peak at 24 hours (range at peak time + 3060-3560 mf/ml blood) depicting a nocturnal periodicity of circulating Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae. This has important implications for the diagnosis, monitoring and transmission of lymphatic filariasis in the area.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Microfilariae in bronchial brushing cytology of symptomatic pulmonary lesions. A report of two cases.

Two cases of pulmonary filariasis with atypical clinical and radiologic features without significant eosinophilia are presented. A diagnosis of pulmonary filariasis could not have been made without bronchial brush cytology, which showed sheathed microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti. Both cases responded well to antifilarial treatment, indicating that the microfilariae were not an incidental finding but were responsible for the symptoms and radiologic lesions.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

[Studies on elements in Anopheles sinensis infected with Brugia malayi microfilariae].

Amounts of Certain elements in Anopheles sinensis, both normal ones (emerged mosquitoes, d0, d5, d8, d12 and d18 after taking blood meal) and those infected with Brugia malayi microfilaria (d5, d8, d12 and d18 after infection), were determined using IL-551 and PE-603 atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). The results showed that 9 kinds of trace elements including Fe, Zn, Cu, Cd, Al, Pb, Mn, Ni and Cr and 4 kinds of macro elements as K, Na, Ca, Mg were present in both the noninfected and infected mosquitoes. Comparing the contents of the elements between the noninfected and infected mosquitoes, the amounts of many kinds of elements reduced obviously in mosquitoes infected with microfilaria. The quantity and kinds of elements reduced in mosquitoes with the days of infection, for instance, 10 kinds of elements on the 5th day, 11 on the 8th day, 9 on the 12th day and 7 on the 18th day after infection (Tables 1, 2).

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Migration of the microfilariae in the hemocoel of the vector (author's transl)].

Two stochastic models try to assess the limitation phenomenon. The first one lets suppose that a limited number of crossing sites for microfilariae are present on stomach wall. The second one lets suppose that microfilariae are inactivated either by reinforcement of the vector physiological mechanism (blood coagulation, peritrophic membrane, etc...) or by microfilarian mutual inhibition. Datae on five filaria-vector sets have been analysed. The first model given by a single type of curve fits with the datae concerning three sets. The second model shows that different types of curves are optional. In this case five sets of datae can be ajusted, moreover this model allows for a given set.

Aedes↗
PubMed1986

Punctate keratitis induced by subconjunctivally injected microfilariae of Onchocerca lienalis.

An experimental model of human onchocercal keratitis was produced by injecting guinea pigs subconjunctivally with microfilariae (Mf) of Onchocerca lienalis. Actively motile O lienalis Mf spontaneously penetrated the central cornea and produced gray-white midstromal opacities, 0.2 to 0.4 mm in diameter, resembling those of human onchocercal punctate keratitis. Histologically, small foci of eosinophil and mononuclear cell infiltration associated with small pockets of interstitial edema were present in the central corneal stroma, with eosinophil infiltrates in the conjunctiva, episclera, limbus, and ciliary body. The severity of the punctate keratitis was increased by repeated subconjunctival inoculations of Mf. Punctate lesions were not seen following subconjunctival injection of Mf in animals previously hyperimmunized by three subcutaneous injections of Mf. Hyperimmunization may produce an immune response capable of destroying the subconjunctivally injected Mf and preventing their migration into the central cornea.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

A role for antibody and Fc receptor in the clearance of Brugia malayi microfilariae.

The roles of antibodies (Ab) and Fc receptors (FcR) in clearance of Brugia malayi microfilariae (Mf) in vivo have not been previously elucidated. Different background strainsof mice clear Mf at different rates and we established that there were no major differences in Ab production between three particular strains. However, genetic immunodeficiencies in B cell and Ab production on each of these background strains significantly enhanced Mf survival. B cell-deficient microMT (C57BL/6) mice injected with B. malayi Mf i.v. retained significant numbers of live Mf in comparison to wild-type mice. Treatment of microMT mice with hyperimmune whole sera in the first week of infection significantly reduced the number of Mf surviving in the cardiac blood at 135 days p.i. Mf survival in FcRgamma-deficient (Sv129xC57BL/6) mice was also dramatically increased in the cardiac blood compared to wild-type mice, indicating that Ab itself is involved in Mf clearance most likely via a mechanism involving ADCC. These data indicate that Ab plays an important role in vivo in Mf killing in mice and this role is mediated via the FcR.

Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase↗
PubMed1993

Wuchereria bancrofti: freeze-fracture study of the epicuticle of microfilariae.

The freeze-fracture technique was used to analyze the surface of microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti. The examination of thin sections showed that the epicuticle is formed by two closely apposed membrane-like structures, appearing as hepta-laminated structures. Freeze-fracture replicas revealed the presence of two fracture faces. The outer one is smooth but presents rosette-like structures. The inner face, which is in contact with the hypodermal cells, presents a large number of particles.

Animals↗