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PubMed1995

Analysis of associations between major histocompatibility complex (BoLA) class I haplotypes and subclinical mastitis of dairy cows.

The associations between BoLA class I haplotypes and subclinical mastitis were investigated using information on 333 cows from three different breeds and crossbreeds from 14 dairy herds in Denmark. Somatic cell count and bacteriological status were used as markers for subclinical mastitis. Associations between BoLA class I haplotypes and IMI status were also determined. The association between BoLA class I haplotypes and subclinical mastitis was weak. The A10(W50), A11, A12(A30), A16, A19(A6), A21, A26, and A31(A30) alleles were associated with different markers of subclinical mastitis. Susceptibility or resistance to the two bacteria categories was associated with different alleles. This study indicated that BoLA antigens may be involved in resistance to mastitis and that resistance may be specific for a particular pathogen.

Alleles↗
PubMed1995

Influence of mastitis on D-amino acid content of milk.

The California Mastitis Test was used as an indicator of mastitis in this study. Five cows were chosen for each of the five test scores (from 0 = healthy to 4 = severe mastitis). Milk samples were analyzed for free AA and free D-AA. The contents of free AA, free D-AA, and the ratio of free D-AA to free AA increased significantly as the California Mastitis Test score increased. The free D-AA content of foremilk (first milk jets) from healthy cows (test score = 0) was approximately five times that in samples drawn later from the same udders. Contents of free AA and free D-AA were highly associated with test score and udder inflammation. Very low concentrations of free D-AA are normal for raw milk. Higher concentrations of free D-AA could be attributed to inclusion of foremilk and milk from cows having subclinical mastitis in the bulk tank milk.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1997

The effects of early antibiotic treatment following diagnosis of mastitis detected by a change in the electrical conductivity of milk.

Mastitis was induced experimentally by infusion of Streptococcus uberis or Staphylococcus aureus into the mammary glands of lactating dairy cows. Clinical mastitis was identified when clots appeared in foremilk (conventional diagnosis) or was predicted by changes in the electrical conductivity of foremilk (early diagnosis). The responses to intramammary antibiotic treatment that was initiated after early diagnosis of mastitis and after conventional diagnosis were compared. Early treatment significantly limited the severity of the disease and, in many cases, prevented the appearance of any visible signs of infection. Milk yield was less depressed, and the somatic cell count (SCC) was lower, when treatment was initiated earlier. The SCC of the quarter at the time mastitis was predicted was approximately 2 x 10(6) cells/ml for both pathogens, which was significantly less than when clots appeared at conventional diagnosis, approximately 4 x 10(6) and 12 x 10(6) cells/ml for Staph. aureus and Strep. uberis, respectively. The time required for SCC to recover to < 4 x 10(5) cells/ml was significantly less, approximately half, for both pathogens following early detection and early initiation of treatment. When treatment was administered in response to early detection, the bacteriological and clinical cure was almost complete, and the amount of antibiotic used was < or = 50% less. Obvious benefits for milk yield and quality and the health of the cow would result when changes in the electrical conductivity of milk are used to predict clinical mastitis and when treatment is initiated early.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Risk factors for clinical mastitis in a random sample of dairy herds from the southern part of The Netherlands.

The incidence of clinical mastitis in dairy cows was estimated in 171 randomly selected dairy herds from the southern part of The Netherlands. A total of 1103 quarter cases was reported. The mean annual incidence rate was 12.7 quarter cases/yr per 100 cows. The modeling incidence rate of clinical mastitis at the herd level indicated that a number of risk factors were associated with a higher rate of clinical mastitis: one or more cows that were leaking milk, one or more cows with trampled teats, no disinfection of the maternity area after calving, consistent use of post-milking teat disinfection, Red and White cattle (Meuse-Rhine-Yssel) as the predominant breed, and an annual bulk milk somatic cell count < 150,000 cells/ml. The following risk factors were associated with a higher rate of clinical mastitis caused by Escherichia coli: cows with trampled teats, no disinfection of the maternity area after calving, consistent use of post-milking teat disinfection, use of a thick layer of bedding in the stall, and the stripping of foremilk before cluster attachment. The following risk factors were associated with a higher rate of clinical mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus: Red and White cattle (Meuse-Rhine-Yssel) as the predominant breed, cows with trampled teats, the stripping of foremilk before cluster attachment, no regular disinfection of the stall, no regular replacement of stall bedding, and an annual bulk milk somatic cell count < 150,000 cells/ml.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Comparison of seven antibiotic treatments with no treatment for bacteriological efficacy against bovine mastitis pathogens.

Milk culture results were retrospectively reviewed from 9007 cases of subclinical mastitis affecting cows housed in dairy herds located in New York and northern Pennsylvania. Cases included in this analysis had at least one mastitis pathogen isolated from the initial milk sample, were recultured within 1 mo, had permanent cow identification, and had records of whether mastitis was treated with an antibiotic or no treatment at all. Overall bacteriological cure rate for 21 mastitis pathogens was 68% (6097 of 9007). Antibiotic treated cases had a higher cure rate (75%) than did untreated cases (65%). Antibiotic treatments that significantly differed from the untreated cure rate of 65% were amoxicillin (82%), erythromycin (76%), cloxacillin (73%), and pirlimycin (44%). Cure rates for antibiotic treatments with cephapirin, hetacillin, or penicillin did not differ from the untreated cure rate. Agents for which some antibiotics were associated with increased cure rates compared with no treatment were Streptococcus agalactiae, streptococci other than Strep. agalactiae, and coagulase-negative staphylococci. The antibiotic most commonly associated with higher cure rates was amoxicillin. Most of the 21 mastitis agents showed no difference in bacteriologic cure rates between any of the 7 antibiotic treatments and no treatment.

Amoxicillin↗
PubMed1999

Clinical mastitis associated with abortion in dairy cows.

The objective of this study was to assess the association between clinical mastitis and abortion during early gestation in lactating dairy cows. During the study period, there were 2087 cows diagnosed pregnant, 60 cases of clinical mastitis, and 127 cases of abortion. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between the occurrence of mastitis and subsequent abortion. This study found that cows that had clinical mastitis during the first 45 d of gestation were at 2.7 (95% confidence interval = 1.3 to 5.6) times higher risk of abortion within the next 90 d than were cows without mastitis. Cows with a calving to conception interval > 174 d were at lower risk (43%) of abortion compared with cows with a calving to conception interval < 79 d (odds ratio = 0.6; 95% confidence interval = 0.3 to 0.9). Conception on a breeding detected by secondary signs of estrus was also significantly associated with increased risk of abortion (odds ratio = 1.7; 95% confidence interval = 1.1 to 2.8). No significant association was found between parity, breeding season, or milk production or use of prostaglandin F2 to induce successful estrus and subsequent abortion.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1999

Nitric oxide production during endotoxin-induced mastitis in the cow.

Nitric oxide production was measured during endotoxin-induced mastitis. One hour after morning milking, the right hind quarters of 15 cows were infused with saline containing Escherichia coli endotoxin. Left hind control quarters were infused with saline only. At varying intervals before and after infusion, diagnostic markers of mastitis were recorded and nitric oxide production was evaluated by measuring nitrite plus nitrate levels in milk. In endotoxin-infused quarters, a significant increase in nitrite plus nitrate concentrations was observed 3 h postinfusion; concentrations decreased to preinfusion levels within 48 h. This change indicates that significant amounts of nitric oxide are released during endotoxin-induced mastitis. At 3 different time points, somatic cells were harvested from milk samples, plated, and maintained in culture for 24 h. The concentration of nitrite plus nitrate in medium from cells harvested 12 h postinfusion was increased, suggesting that nitric oxide is released, at least in part, by milk somatic cells. In a second set of experiments, we evaluated nitric oxide production when animals were infused with endotoxin and aminoguanidine, a specific inhibitor of the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase. In cows treated with aminoguanidine, the increase in nitrite plus nitrate observed after endotoxin infusion was prevented. These results suggest that nitric oxide production during endotoxin-induced mastitis resulted from the activity of the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase. They also support a possible involvement for nitric oxide in the inflammatory reaction observed during mastitis.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Effect of mastitis on macro-minerals of bovine milk and blood serum in Sudan.

Milk and blood serum from clinically mastitis infected, subclinically mastitis infected and healthy Friesian cows (15 samples from each of 3 groups) were evaluated for macrominerals (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus). The milk from cows infected with subclinical mastitis revealed a significant decrease in potassium (P < 0.001) and a significant increase in sodium and phosphorus content (P < 0.01). Similarly, the milk from cows with the clinical form of the disease showed a significant increase in sodium (P < 0.001) and a significant decrease in potassium, magnesium (P < 0.001) and calcium (P < 0.01). Comparison of healthy cow's milk with that from cows with subclinical mastitis revealed a highly significant increase in sodium (P < 0.001). Comparison of healthy cow's milk with that of clinically mastitic milk showed a highly significant decrease in levels of calcium, magnesium (P < 0.001) and potassium (P < 0.01). However, sodium increased highly significantly (P < 0.001). Comparison of macro-minerals in milk from cows with subclinical and clinical mastitis revealed a significant decrease in potassium contents (P < 0.05) compared with that of healthy cows. Potassium levels were found to decrease significantly (P < 0.05) in subclinically infected cow's blood serum. However, calcium and phosphorus showed a significant decrease (P < 0.01) in blood serum samples from the clinically infected cows.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Characterization of staphylococcal bovine mastitis isolates using the polymerase chain reaction.

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was adapted to detect toxin genes of staphylococcal isolates from cases of bovine mastitis. Samples were obtained from three geographical areas: Korea and Idaho and Washington in the northwest United States. Samples from Korea and Washington were randomly chosen. Idaho samples were from a prospective study of mastitis etiology. Forty-one milk samples from 25 commercial farms in south-central Idaho were collected from cows with symptoms of mastitis. Although Staphylococcus aureus constituted 37.5% of mastitis isolates, these isolates lacked genes for staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs), toxic shock syndrome toxin, and exfoliative toxins. In contrast, 4 of 13 isolates from Washington and 6 of 20 isolates from South Korea expressed SEs. These results suggest that PCR may be an effective means of screening bovine isolates for toxins. They also emphasize the potential for significant geographic differences in mastitis etiology.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Acute phase response in dairy cows with experimentally induced Escherichia coli mastitis.

Six Finnish Ayrshire cows were challenged intramammarily with 1500 CFU of Escherichia coli (E. coli) into single udder quarters, and the challenge was repeated into contralateral quarters 3 weeks later. All cows received flunixine meglumine once, and 3 of them were also treated with enrofloxacin. At the 2nd challenge, treatments were changed vice versa. The development of mastitis was followed by monitoring of systemic and local clinical signs, and with serial milk and serum samples. Intramammary challenge with E. coli produced clinical mastitis in all cows, the severity of the disease varying greatly between the animals. No significant changes between the 2 treatment regimens or sequent challenges were found for any of the clinical parameters. The response of each cow followed the same pattern after both challenges; three of the cows became mildly and the other 3 either moderately or severely affected. Two severely affected cows had to be euthanized because of severe mastitis. Serum haptoglobin and amyloid-A concentrations peaked 2-3 days after bacterial challenge. Serum haptoglobin did not correlate with the severity of the disease. Serum amyloid-A rose gradually in the severely affected cows, and significant differences were found between severely versus moderately or mildly affected cows at day 4. Serum tumor necrosis factor alpha concentrations increased only in the severely affected cows. Serum cortisol response was prolonged in the severely diseased animals, and was significantly lower after the second challenge. Serum nitrite/nitrate concentration increased in the severely affected cows. This indicated excess nitric oxide production during acute E. coli mastitis. Strongly decreased milk production, and high bacterial growth in the infected quarters were best predictors for the outcome from acute E. coli mastitis.

Acute-Phase Reaction↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Isolation of Mycoplasma bovis during an outbreak of bovine mastitis at a dairy farm in the province of Buenos Aires. 1st report in the Republic of Argentina].

Several mycoplasma species produce various diseases in different animal species. M. bovis has been described as the cause of mastitis, arthritis, pneumonia and infertility in cattle. Furthermore, this species has been the most frequently isolated agent producing bovine mastitis. The objective of this study was to isolate and typify mycoplasma strains from a clinical mastitis outbreak in a dairy farm of Buenos Aires Province. A total of 279 samples were studied (276 from pooled quarter milk of cows with clinical mastitis that did not respond to antibiotic therapy, 1 from bulk tank milk and 2 preputial swabs from bulls). The isolated mycoplasma strains (n = 12) were further characterized by biochemical analysis, serological studies and electrophoretic analysis of the protein profiles (SDS-PAGE). Based upon these studies, the isolated strains were identified as Mycoplasma bovis. This is the first report of isolation of this microorganism in Argentina. Therefore the results described here could be very useful to improve mastitis control in dairy farms.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Mastitis in lactating women: physiology or pathology?

Mastitis is a significant problem amongst lactating women yet there remains a paucity of scientific research into the anatomical, physiological and pathological determinants for mastitis. There is also scant knowledge regarding the physiological changes occurring within the breast as a result of mastitis. This paper examines the available research and current clinical and scientific opinion concerning the breast's response to inflammation and infection and the numerous influences that may impact upon the development of mastitis. In particular, the difficulties associated with differentiating between infective and non-infective mastitis are discussed.

Breast↗
PubMed2002

[The role of virus infections in bovine mastitis].

Mastitis is an often occurring disease in dairy cattle with an enormous economic impact for milk producers worldwide. Despite intensive research, which is historically based on the detection of bacterial udder pathogens, still around 20-35% of clinical cases of bovine mastitis have an unknown aetiology. Due to the high number of unknown causes of clinical mastitis, studies were undertaken to gain more insight into the role of viruses in this important disease. This review deals with the role of viruses in the aetiology of bovine mastitis, including the results of the recently performed study on the role of bovine herpesvirus 4 (BHV4) in this aetiology. We conclude that viral infections can play a direct or indirect role in the aetiology of bovine mastitis; therefore their importance and their economic impact needs further attention.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[The relationship between bovine clinical mastitis at the time of parturition and retained placenta].

868 parturitions were examined to determine the relation between the clinical mastitis around partition and the loosening process of the placenta in the bovine. The occurrence of mastitis in heifers and cows around parturition was 18.7%. The frequency of retained placenta in animals with mastitis was significantly higher (p less than 0.01) than that in animals without mastitis influenced the loosening process of the afterbirth. The results support an hypothesis, that mastitis and retentio secundinarum can regard as signs of the decrease in the activity of the immune system.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Tramped teats--clinical mastitis disease complex in tied cows. Environmental risk factors and interrelationships with other diseases.

The effects of stall length, manure system, type of bedding and calving disorders on incidence rates of tramped teats, udder injuries, and clinical mastitis in Swedish Red and White tied cows, as well as interrelationships between these 3 disorders were investigated. Data used consisted of 370 herds, for a total of 45,133 cow records. Cows in herds with liquid manure system were at higher risk of udder injuries and mastitis than in herds with solid system. Lower risk of both udder injuries and mastitis was found for cows in herds with short stall size (less than 180 cm) compared to herds with stalls of 205-219 cm length. It was suggested that other factors, such as slipperiness of the stall floor and presence and type of feeding barrier, must be considered when the effect of stall characteristics on tramped teats is investigated. In farms with solid manure system cut straw or sawdust bedding increased the risk of tramped teats and mastitis relative to uncut straw. Parity and calving disorders were important risk factors for udder health and their effect was greater in herds with liquid manure system. Tramped teats and udder injuries were the most serious risk factors for clinical mastitis.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1990

[Nocardia mastitis in cattle. 1. Clinical observations and diagnosis in 7 particular cases].

Lately reports of nocardial mastitis have been increasing. Therefore the clinical aspects of 7 individual cases were investigated. Pathologic-anatomical changes of the udder were registered and bacteriological examination of tissue and milk probes were performed. All of the cows had a mastitis during previous lactation periods which had to be treated with antibiotics. The infected quarters recovered in no cases. Shortly after parturition 6 cows had a severe acute mastitis. The cows were treated intramammarily and parenterally with various antibiotics during several days. The infected quarter became indurated and strongly enlarged. These changes were not influenced by therapy, and the cows lost weight. 14 days after the outbreak of the illness, all 6 cows were culled. One cow had a chronic Nocardia mastitis with involution of the affected quarter. Though treated several times, this cow did not recover either. The histopathological examination of the affected quarters revealed an acute to chronic, necrotic to granulomatous mastitis. Nocardia asteroides was histologically and bacteriologically proven to be the causative agent. The reason for the frequent infections with Nocardia and the way of infection is not clear yet. Therapy with antibiotics brought no recovery in any cases. The infected cows should be removed from the herd or culled.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Nonpuerperal mastitis. 3 possible causes including mammography correlates].

We present three cases of non-puerperal mastitis including the corresponding mammographies to illustrate three possible causes: mastitis with abscess, artificial mastitis and breast carcinoma. The clinic picture did not reveal the cause of mastitis. Ultrasonography and mammography should be performed early in the evaluation of non-puerperal mastitis.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Studies on microaerophilic cocci (Stuart-Schwan cocci) isolated from summer mastitis and other pyogenic infections of cattle.

Forty-nine strains of microaerophilic gram-positive cocci (Stuart-Schwan cocci) isolated from summer mastitis, "pyogenes"-mastitis, other pyogenic conditions of Danish cattle and swine, and from the sheep headfly Hydrotaea irritans were biochemically characterized with the API 50 CH and API ZYM test kit systems, and screened for production of a variety of extracellular enzymes by agar plate methods. For comparison 4 strains isolated from Swedish cases of heifer and dry cow mastitis were included in the study. Similarity calculations indicated a high degree of homogeneity within the strains studied (similarity level 92%; group mean similarity 87%). The strains probably represent one species, although the taxonomic position of the organism remains unclear. The biochemical feature of the strains studied were very similar for strains isolated from cases of summer mastitis and strains from other sources of origin. It is suggested that the Stuart-Schwan coccus occurs as a natural cohabitant to Actinomyces pyogenes, Peptostreptococcus indolicus and the anaerobic organism characteristic of the bacterial complex isolated from summer mastitis and similar pyogenic conditions in ruminants and swine.

Animals↗