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Results for “Longitudinal analysis”

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PubMed1981

Intentions to use drugs among adolescents: a longitudinal analysis.

Data on the actual and intended use of psychoactive substances were used to predict substance use 1 year later for 1,177 adolescents. A confirmatory methodology tested whether the information contained in intentions to use drugs provided a sufficient increment over behavioral data in predicting future drug use. While the increment was statistically significant, the strength of the additional information was minimal. The results are interpreted as showing that little variance in adolescent substance use can be attributed to long-term cognitively purposeful behavior unique from previous drug-taking experience.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Career earnings and death: a longitudinal analysis of older Canadian men.

There is widespread interest in disparities in health status across income groups and other classifications of socioeconomic status. In Canada, as in many other countries, there is considerable evidence showing such disparities. This study reports an analysis of male mortality at ages 65 to 74 in relation to socioeconomic characteristics, specifically employment and self-employment earnings histories during the 10 to 20 years prior to age 65, marital status, disability, and age at retirement. The analysis is based on administrative data from the Canada Pension Plan covering more than 500,000 individuals. Significant mortality gradients are found throughout the earnings spectrum. These gradients are also clearly evident in a multivariate context. The results illustrate the major potential of administrative data for research. Substantively, the results cast doubt on the primacy of causal explanations such as "reverse causality" and "health selection" and raise important questions regarding pension and health policy.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Longitudinal analysis of internal migration to La Paz, Bolivia.

"This study examines the migration patterns of Bolivians who have moved from other provinces to La Paz. In order to better understand these patterns, the capital city was divided into eight similar socio-economic regions and the migration patterns analyzed for selected regions. In addition, the study compares the migrant flows for two time periods: location at the time of birth, and the migrant's residence in 1971. The research analyzes statistically the differences between migration fields for a representative area."

Americas↗
PubMed2006

CNS tuberculosis: a longitudinal analysis of epidemiological and clinical features.

In a prospective Canadian cohort of 82 764 patients with tuberculosis (TB), the risk of developing central nervous system manifestations of TB (CNS-TB) (1%) was higher among younger, female, Aboriginal and foreign-born persons (P < 0.005), together with an elevated mortality risk (RR 4.23), compared to controls with only pulmonary TB. TB detection was lower in the CNS-TB group (P < 0.005), while the likelihood of being cured was also reduced (P < 0.005). CNS-TB remains a serious complication of TB in the industrialised world.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Recovery O2 and blood lactic acid: longitudinal analysis in boys aged 11 to 15 years.

Nineteen boys were tested annually from age 11 to 15 years. Recovery O2 (or O2 debt in l and ml X kg-1) and blood lactate ([La], mmol X l-1) were measured following supramaximal treadmill tests (20% grade) designed to stress the anaerobic energy systems maximally. The purpose was to describe the rate of development of anaerobic capacity (AnC) from pre-puberty to adolescence. AnC improved from age 11 to 15 years, as indicated by a tripling of recovery O2 (l), 80% increase in recovery O2 per kg and 45% in [La]. Changes were similar from year to year with average yearly increments in recovery O2 of 0.8 l or 9 ml X kg-1 and in [La] of 0.9 mmol X l-1. Individual data also were plotted in relation to age of peak height velocity (PHV, 12.9 +/- 1.2 years). Changes in the measures of AnC were not significantly different when related to biological rather than chronological age. Development of AnC did not show a growth function curve and was not closely correlated with size, nor was the development of AnC enhanced immediately following maturation. Thus, in this longitudinal study, recovery O2 and [La] as measures of AnC showed large increases from age 11 to 15 years, but the gains were similar year to year rather than related to size growth, per se, or hormonal influences at maturation postulated to induce qualitative changes in glycolytic potential of muscle.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Longitudinal analysis of communication deviance in the families of schizophrenic patients.

Considerable research on the family's contribution to the psychopathology and coping of mentally ill offspring has focused on disturbed parental communication patterns, in which parents are unable to share a common focus of attention and meaning with their children. This style of communication has been referred to as communication deviance (CD - Wynne and Singer 1963). Specifically, CD refers to instances in which speakers leave ideas incomplete, use language in an odd manner, use unclear referents, contradict previously made statements with little explanation, or make unintelligible or tangential statements.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[A longitudinal analysis of dysfunctional pathology of the TMJ: an assessment of a sample of patients not undergoing therapy].

Concerning the different interpretation on the pathological and clinical evolution of the TMJ dysfunctions, the most common of these pathology is the condyle-disk incoordination. This study analyzed the evolution of TMJ dysfunctions examined at the maxillo-facial department of the University of Rome "La Sapienza". The non therapeutic approach does not consider an addition al control-sample of the non treated being itself a control-sample of a parallel work whose aim was to analyze patients who had undergone a complete therapeutic cycle.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Longitudinal analysis of histologic high-grade disease after negative cervical cytology according to endocervical status.

BACKGROUND: There is concern that Papanicolaou (Pap) smears without an endocervical component may be associated with the incomplete detection of abnormalities. METHODS: Four cohorts of women with initial negative Pap smear reports and an additional Pap smear obtained within 36 months were established from a statewide database. The endocervical status of the entry smear and subsequent smears, respectively, among the cohort women was as follows: Cohort A: present and present; Cohort B: absent and present; Cohort C: present and absent; and Cohort D: absent and absent. The subsequent incidence of histologic high-grade disease was calculated for each cohort. RESULTS: No significant differences were evident in the incidence of histologic high-grade disease between Cohorts A and B (standardized incidence ratio for Cohort B compared with Cohort A = 0.89; 95% confidence interval, 0.67-1.12). Cohorts C and D had significantly less high-grade disease compared with Cohorts A and B. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the current study indicate that early repeat testing of women whose Pap smears are negative but lack an endocervical component is not justified because no higher rate of histologic high-grade abnormality was evident on longitudinal follow-up even when later smears included an endocervical component.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1988

Completed suicides and traffic accidents: longitudinal analysis in France.

In order to assess the relationship between suicidal behavior and traffic accidents, we analyzed the seasonal patterns of completed suicides and deaths related to traffic accidents in France over a period of 8 years. We found a clear seasonal rhythm of completed suicides with a peak in May, and an additional peak in September. The traffic accident rate also underwent seasonal variations with maximum values occurring in the fall. No positive covariation between the seasonal patterns of suicide and traffic accidents was detected. The lack of temporal relationship between suicide and traffic accident is consistent with recent epidemiological studies, and suggests that fatal traffic accidents and suicidal behavior may not be related.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2004

Malpractice experience and the incidence of cesarean delivery: a physician-level longitudinal analysis.

This study examines the influence of malpractice claims on the practice behavior of a panel of obstetricians in Florida during the period 1992-1995 to determine whether physicians respond to malpractice events by performing more cesareans, consistent with the notion that cesarean sections are employed as "defensive medicine." Findings indicate that clinical events resulting in claims that lead to substantial indemnity payments have a significant, modest effect on physician practice behavior: physicians experiencing those claims increase their risk-adjusted cesarean rates by about one percentage point. Malpractice experience does not appear to affect patient mix, but claims with large payouts may affect patient volume.

Cesarean Section↗
PubMed2001

Need for annual surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States: 2-year longitudinal analysis.

Although changing patterns in antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae have prompted several surveillance initiatives in recent years, the frequency with which these studies are needed has not been addressed. To approach this issue, the extent to which resistance patterns change over a 1-year period was examined. In this study we analyzed S. pneumoniae antimicrobial susceptibility results produced in our laboratory with isolates obtained over 2 consecutive years (1997-1998 and 1998-1999) from the same 96 institutions distributed throughout the United States. Comparison of results revealed increases in resistant percentages for all antimicrobial agents studied except vancomycin. For four of the agents tested (penicillin, cefuroxime, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and levofloxacin), the increases were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Resistance to the fluoroquinolone remained low in both years (0.1 and 0.6%, respectively); in contrast, resistance to macrolides was consistently greater than 20%, and resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole increased from 13.3 to 27.3%. Multidrug resistance, concurrent resistance to three or more antimicrobials of different chemical classes, also increased significantly between years, from 5.9 to 11%. The most prevalent phenotype was resistance to penicillin, azithromycin (representative macrolide), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Multidrug-resistant phenotypes that included fluoroquinolone resistance were uncommon; however, two phenotypes that included fluoroquinolone resistance not found in 1997-1998 were encountered in 1998-1999. This longitudinal surveillance study of resistance in S. pneumoniae revealed that significant changes do occur in just a single year and supports the need for surveillance at least on an annual basis, if not continuously.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1998

A longitudinal analysis of eye tracking dysfunction and attention in recent-onset schizophrenia.

The effect of an attentional manipulation on eye tracking dysfunction (ETD) in the early stages of schizophrenia was examined in 34 recent-onset schizophrenic patients and 24 demographically matched normal subjects over a 1-year period. An attentional enhancement manipulation improved eye tracking performance of recent-onset schizophrenic patients more than that of normal subjects. Eye tracking level also was moderately stable for both groups over the course of 1 year. The possible role of attentional allocation in ETD highlights the need for further examination of the interface between attentional and eye tracking measures of vulnerability to schizophrenia.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Negative consequences of hearing impairment in old age: a longitudinal analysis.

To determine whether functional and psychosocial outcomes associated with hearing impairment are a direct result or stem from prevalent comorbidity, we analyzed the impact of two levels of reported hearing impairment on health and psychosocial functioning one year later with adjustments for baseline chronic conditions. Physical functioning, mental health, and social functioning decreased in a dose-response pattern for those with progressive levels of hearing impairment compared with those reporting no impairment. Our results demonstrate an independent impact of hearing impairment on functional outcomes, reveal increasing problems with higher levels of impairment, and support the importance of preventing and treating this highly prevalent condition.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2005

Caregiver assessment of patients' depression in Alzheimer disease: longitudinal analysis in a drug treatment study.

OBJECTIVE: Caregiver input is important in the assessment of depression in Alzheimer disease (AD), but depression and subjective burden can bias this input. METHODS: In a 12-week, controlled, clinical trial of sertraline in depressed AD patients, authors correlated caregiver mood and subjective burden on several patient mood measures, incorporating varied degrees of caregiver input. RESULTS: Caregiver variables accounted for up to 33% of the variance in patient mood ratings. Caregiver depression and burden decreased regardless of treatment assignment. CONCLUSION: Caregiver depression and burden affect their rating of AD patients' mood, but the majority of variance is due to patient characteristics.

Affect↗
PubMed2001

Stressors, resources, and distress among homeless persons: a longitudinal analysis.

Relations among stressors, resources, and psychological distress were examined using two waves of data obtained from a probability sample of homeless persons (N = 430) residing in a large, demographically diverse county in North California. The focus of research was to examine whether and how social resources and housing resources directly affect distress and mediate the impact of stress factors on depressive symptoms. Path analysis results revealed that levels of psychological distress were responsive to change in objective housing circumstances, with the attainment of domicile status being associated with fewer distress symptoms. Our findings, however, indicated only modest effects of social resources on psychological distress through direct effects and mediating effects of life stressors on distress. Overall, the study suggests that the relationships among stressors, resources, and distress for homeless persons may be understood within the same analytical framework for the general population.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cognitive status and development in the oldest old: a longitudinal analysis from the Heidelberg Centenarian Study.

In the present study, we investigated cognitive status, cognitive development and the effect of mortality on cognitive changes in very old age. Analyzing data from the population-based Heidelberg Centenarian Study, results revealed that centenarians differed quite strongly in their cognitive capacities. While about half of the population showed moderate to severe cognitive impairment, one quarter was found to be cognitively intact. Moreover, analyzing cognitive change over a period of 1.5 years, centenarians' cognitive performance was revealed to be rather stable. Finally, only a small effect of mortality on cognitive status and changes was detected, supporting a recent hypothesis that the terminal decline or drop in cognitive functioning decreases in very old age.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Physical aggression and marital dysfunction: a longitudinal analysis.

Shortly after marriage, 56 couples provided data on physical aggression and other predictors of marital adjustment. At 6-month intervals over the next 4 years, spouses reported on their marital quality and stability. Results indicated that marital dysfunction was more common among aggressive than among nonaggressive couples (70% vs. 38%) and among severely aggressive than among moderately aggressive couples (93% vs. 46%). Aggression remained a reliable predictor of marital outcomes after the authors controlled for stressful events and negative communication. These findings help to refine developmental models of marital dysfunction, which often overlook the role of aggression, and can provide information for prevention programs for marital distress, which typically do not distinguish between aggressive and nonaggressive couples.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

The role of personal work goals in newcomers' job satisfaction and organizational commitment: a longitudinal analysis.

This study examined the importance of 3 characteristics of personal work goals (i.e., commitment, attainability, and progress) in accounting for changes in newcomers' affective job attitudes (i.e., job satisfaction and organizational commitment) during the 1st months of employment. Twenty weeks after organizational entry, 81 newcomers provided a list of their personal work goals. Goal attributes and job attitudes were assessed at 3 testing periods covering 8 months. Goal commitment was found to moderate the extent to which differences in the attainability of personal goals at the workplace accounted for changes in job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Goal progress mediated the interactive effect of goal commitment and attainability on newcomers' job attitudes. Findings are discussed with respect to their relevance for proactive approaches to organizational socialization.

Adult↗