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At least 415 records · Page 23Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Content-based retrieval of historical Ottoman documents stored as textual images.

There is an accelerating demand to access the visual content of documents stored in historical and cultural archives. Availability of electronic imaging tools and effective image processing techniques makes it feasible to process the multimedia data in large databases. In this paper, a framework for content-based retrieval of historical documents in the Ottoman Empire archives is presented. The documents are stored as textual images, which are compressed by constructing a library of symbols occurring in a document, and the symbols in the original image are then replaced with pointers into the codebook to obtain a compressed representation of the image. The features in wavelet and spatial domain based on angular and distance span of shapes are used to extract the symbols. In order to make content-based retrieval in historical archives, a query is specified as a rectangular region in an input image and the same symbol-extraction process is applied to the query region. The queries are processed on the codebook of documents and the query images are identified in the resulting documents using the pointers in textual images. The querying process does not require decompression of images. The new content-based retrieval framework is also applicable to many other document archives using different scripts.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed1988

Right-brain techniques: a catalyst for creative thinking and internal focusing. A study of five writers and six psychotherapists.

Comparing the scientific reports of brain researchers such as Sperry, Bogen, Diamond, Geschwind, and Hoppe with the subjective reports of high achievers in various fields of the arts, sciences, and industry reveals that there is a correlation between creative thinking and right hemisphere specialization. Learning how to stimulate right hemisphere activity can be of great benefit to high achievers in fields that require one to be internally focused, to be sensitive to the intonations of voice and body-language, to comprehend symbols and metaphors, to think visually and holistically, to work constructively with affect, or to enhance imaginative thinking. This report is a subjective study of how five writers and six psychotherapists experienced one three-hour session of Inner Vision techniques, which I developed to stimulate creative thinking and inner focusing by enhancing right hemisphere activity. During the session, all of the psychotherapists and all but one of the writers reported that these mental imagery exercises produced a significant increase in the flow of creative ideas and enabled them to gain insights into important personal issues. One writer experienced resistance; two psychotherapists reported feelings of solace; two writers and two psychotherapists indicated that they have gained new perspectives on professional issues--one writer solved a major problem regarding the central character in his book; six psychotherapists and three writers gained new perceptions on important personal issues; five psychotherapists and four writers reported feelings of intense joy, even liberation, during the session. All eleven participants indicated that they had experienced vivid and imaginative imagery. The constructive use of imagination is essential for creative work and mental health. Writers who have the skill to program their imaginations to gain creative insights at times of their own choosing obviously will be more productive than writers who sit around waiting for the benevolent muse. Psychotherapists who use Inner Vision techniques in their own lives find that it is a valuable tool for interior focusing; those who use it with their patients have reported that this is a practical, effective technique for helping patients attain greater psychologic integration. An important way in which this program differs from other imagery techniques is that the vivid imagery of the right-hemisphere work is followed by left-brain analysis and evaluation. The ultimate goal is the transformational intercallosal process of symbollexia--the "magic synthesis" of right-brain and left-brain specialization for an enhanced ability to live and work creatively.

Affect↗
PubMed2000

Strains in experimental social psychology: a textual anaylsis of the development of experimentation in social psychology.

A textual analysis of post-World War II social psychology methodology manuals and handbook chapters on "methods" indicates that the introduction of the experimental method was enforced and gradually strengthened through the use of scientific rhetoric and the minimization of alternative research strategies. As a consequence, by the 1960s experimentation had become such an established identifying feature of psychological social psychology that the acceptability of ideas in the field came to depend largely on the ability of authors to couch them in the language of the experiment. Text writers continually shored up the defenses of scientific legitimacy and denigrated all other types of argument. We explore three sources of tension or strains evident as contradictions in these texts: (1) between a rational experimenter's carefully following prescribed, logic-generated scientific practices and the investigator's artfully or intuitively designing research; (2) between social psychologists' missionary activities of proselytizing the experiment as the primary research method and social psychologists' apologies and insecurities expressed about using experiments; and (3) between the treatment of participants as docile and submissive versus portraying them as underhanded and damaging to the outcome of the research. In addition, we briefly reexamine the strain (4) between sober scientific experimentation and a playful "fun and games" approach to experimentation (Lubek & Stam, 1995).

Historiography↗
PubMed1995

Military and government applications of human-machine communication by voice.

This paper describes a range of opportunities for military and government applications of human-machine communication by voice, based on visits and contacts with numerous user organizations in the United States. The applications include some that appear to be feasible by careful integration of current state-of-the-art technology and others that will require a varying mix of advances in speech technology and in integration of the technology into applications environments. Applications that are described include (1) speech recognition and synthesis for mobile command and control; (2) speech processing for a portable multifunction soldier's computer; (3) speech- and language-based technology for naval combat team tactical training; (4) speech technology for command and control on a carrier flight deck; (5) control of auxiliary systems, and alert and warning generation, in fighter aircraft and helicopters; and (6) voice check-in, report entry, and communication for law enforcement agents or special forces. A phased approach for transfer of the technology into applications is advocated, where integration of applications systems is pursued in parallel with advanced research to meet future needs.

Aircraft↗
PubMed1994

Geophysical variables and behavior: LXXVII. Increased geomagnetic activity and decreased pleasantness of spontaneous narratives for percipients but not agents.

A total of 48 adults were tested in 24 separate pairs either during the morning (10:00 A.M.) or evening (10:00 P.M.). One member of each pair was instructed to record (write) impressions and descriptions of 8 different art pieces (5 min. each). At the same time the other member of the pair sat in a comfortable chair within an acoustic chamber in another room and wrote an ongoing narrative. The evaluation and activity dimensions of the words that composed the narratives were scored by the Whissell Dictionary of Affect in Language. The increased global geomagnetic activity two days before the experiments was significantly associated (rhos about 0.60) with the use of more unpleasant words for people who sat in the quiet chamber only. Implications for the hypothesis of affective concordance between emotionally bonded human beings and its role in episodes of potentially veridical telepathic experiences are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[Chaucer and the language of science].

The study of the medieval sciences and their technical vocabulary has been considered essential to an adequate understanding of Chaucer's works ever since the nineteenth century. But any attempt of evaluating Chaucer's scientific vocabulary is confronted with several major difficulties. The well-known fact that the Norman Conquest caused the breakdown of an established literary standard and eventually led to the dominance of French and the suppression of the native vernacular as a means of instruction and formal education up to the middle of the fourteenth century is equally responsible for the comparative lateness of Middle English literature on the artes. This limitedness of comparative material also contributes to the difficulty in evaluating Chaucer's scientific lexicon and its use in fictional contexts. The still unsatisfactory state of scholarship in the field of Middle English prose enhances these problems. Concerning Chaucer, three separate possibilities are discussed: the poet follows an already established native tradition, he makes use of existing French or Latin terminology, or he coins a new word. Especially the third case poses intricate problems which are connected with the question of the status of words, since it is often impossible to draw precise limits between different categories.--In addition to that, Chaucer's use of the hermeneutic technique of etymology and the linguistic importance of variant readings are dealt with.

England↗
PubMed2005

Developing a corpus of clinical notes manually annotated for part-of-speech.

PURPOSE: This paper presents a project whose main goal is to construct a corpus of clinical text manually annotated for part-of-speech (POS) information. We describe and discuss the process of training three domain experts to perform linguistic annotation. METHODS: Three domain experts were trained to perform manual annotation of a corpus of clinical notes. A part of this corpus was combined with the Penn Treebank corpus of general purpose English text and another part was set aside for testing. The corpora were then used for training and testing statistical part-of-speech taggers. We list some of the challenges as well as encouraging results pertaining to inter-rater agreement and consistency of annotation. RESULTS: We used the Trigrams'n'Tags (TnT) [T. Brants, TnT-a statistical part-of-speech tagger, In: Proceedings of NAACL/ANLP-2000 Symposium, 2000] tagger trained on general English data to achieve 89.79% correctness. The same tagger trained on a portion of the medical data annotated for this project improved the performance to 94.69%. Furthermore, we find that discriminating between different types of discourse represented by different sections of clinical text may be very beneficial to improve correctness of POS tagging. CONCLUSION: Our preliminary experimental results indicate the necessity for adapting state-of-the-art POS taggers to the sublanguage domain of clinical text.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed1991

[The history of the book, "The family horse doctor, or the art of healing one's own horse," by Francis Clater].

Francis CLATER presumably was born in 1754 near Nottingham. He became farrier after years of apprenticeships at Newark and Retford. In 1783 the first edition of his book "Every man his own farrier" was published. Within 50 years at least 30 editions were printed. This book was translated by PRETOT into French (1822), by S. von TENNECKER (1823) and by LENTIN (1834) into German and by TURNE (1838) into Russian language. Contents of some editions are compared and valued.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Sonotubometry: eustachian tube ventilatory function test: a state-of-the-art review.

OBJECTIVE: Disturbance of any of the ET functions may contribute to the development of otitis media. Sonotubometry measures the ventilatory function using sound. The qualities of sonotubometry as a test for eustachian tube ventilatory function have been studied by various investigators. The development of the method is described in the review, and a summary of the study results is provided to make an estimate of the diagnostic potential of this eustachian tube function test. DATA SOURCES: The English-language literature on the topic was searched systematically by Medline and Pubmed using the following key words: ventilatory function, eustachian tube, sonotubometry, and function test. There were no limits for the year of publication. STUDY SELECTION: Articles that described the method itself (validity, reproducibility, diagnostic value) were studied in detail. DATA EXTRACTION: All the articles described in study selection were used for this review. CONCLUSIONS: The technique of sonotubometry has been improved gradually over the years. The results of sonotubometry are at least as good as those of other function tests. However, because the results still tend to be ambiguous in children and otitis media is most common in this population, the reproducibility and application of sonotubometry must be evaluated further. Sonotubometry has great advantages over other function tests, but it is not used routinely to assess eustachian tube ventilatory function because its value for clinical practice has not yet been adequately demonstrated. The review showed that sonotubometry can be improved further and that efforts to do so seem justified because it forms a particularly promising method to assess eustachian tube function in children with suspected eustachian tube disease.

Acoustic Impedance Tests↗
PubMed2006

GASAT: a genetic local search algorithm for the satisfiability problem.

This paper presents GASAT, a hybrid algorithm for the satisfiability problem (SAT). The main feature of GASAT is that it includes a recombination stage based on a specific crossover and a tabu search stage. We have conducted experiments to evaluate the different components of GASAT and to compare its overall performance with state-of-the-art SAT algorithms. These experiments show that GASAT provides very competitive results.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2003

Treatment of atopic dermatitis and impact on quality of life: a review with emphasis on topical non-corticosteroids.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic skin disease with increasing prevalence and rising costs. Stigmatisation and pruritus are only some aspects of potential quality-of-life (QOL) impairments. AD is not curable and repeated treatments are often necessary. At present, treatment with topically-applied corticosteroids is state-of-the-art for mild to moderate flare-ups. However, many patients are worried about the use of corticosteroids due to the widespread fear of adverse effects. In this review the present literature is analysed concerning impact on quality of life for topically-applicable alternatives to the state-of-the-art treatment. For comparison reasons, data from other treatment modalities are additionally given. Characteristics of studies were analysed using 'general' (year and mode of publication, type and aim of study, number of patients, and clinical measurement) and 'QOL specific' criteria (type and number of QOL measurements including relevance for study aim and age group, validation in used language, sensitivity to change, and improvement at end of study). QOL data are published only in the minority of studies evaluating treatment efficacy and do not cover the variety of possible therapies. Data are available for tacrolimus, pimecrolimus, UVA/UVB combination and UVB narrowband (topical non-corticosteroidal treatments), as well as for topical corticosteroids, cyclosporin, and inpatient treatment. All studies provided a marked improvement in quality of life after therapy. One study assessed quality of life after a treatment-free follow-up period obtaining a clear increase in impact on quality of life. Since studies used different QOL measurements and vary in inclusion criteria, treatment schedules and presentation of results, a comparison of QOL improvement is not recommended. A single randomised study compared topically applied non-corticosteroidal treatment (UVA/UVB combination) with another treatment modality (cyclosporin) and found no difference in QOL improvement. At present, there is a clear lack of controlled randomised studies evaluating different active treatment modalities and their impact on quality of life. Consensus meetings are desirable to formulate guidelines for the selection and correct use of QOL measurements. Patients' fear of side effects (e.g. concerning corticosteroids) should be integrated in QOL questionnaires for evaluation of possible compliance problems and real costs. Since relapse after treatment is frequent in AD, QOL measurements should also be performed after a treatment-free follow-up period. At present, we can not answer the question 'which treatment best improves quality of life in AD?'.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1987

Reference master: a microcomputer-based storage and retrieval system for bibliographic references.

A complete system for housekeeping and retrieval of bibliographic references managing individual reprint collections is described. By the use of special hardware and individual data base software even large reprint collections in the range up to 65,000 papers are handled economically. A fast 8-bit microprocessor (HD 64180) in combination with a Winchester hard disk drive serves as the basis for rapid access to the desired information. An efficient string search algorithm written in assembly language guarantees a fast operation with a search speed of more than 6,000 entries/minute. The system cannot only prepare reference lists and reference files, but also incorporates an editor and maintains the control whether reprints are already on file or requested. The implementation of back-up schemes assure against data losses. Using a state of the art design single board computer and the most recent mass storage device technology, the system is as well small and cost effective, and thus suitable for personal use. In addition, some general questions and pitfalls concerning the management of scientific literature collections are touched upon.

Bibliographies as Topic↗
PubMed1999

[Realm and goals of social epidemiology. A contribution to determining current status in relation to German language discussion].

A first approach to the word "social epidemiology" is provided by the two components social and epidemiology. They suggest that the social dimension of the distribution of morbidity and mortality should be analysed by means of epidemiological methods. The interest in this topic has risen considerably in recent years, but it is difficult to exactly specify the questions "social-epidemiologists" are analysing or should be analysing. That is why the "Social Epidemiology Working Group" is now reviewing the state of the art of social epidemiology discussions in the German-speaking countries. The overview shows the broad spectrum of social epidemiology topics, but also the difficulties in providing a clear definition. In a brief description of the Anglo-American discussion it is pointed out that social epidemiology have to deal with similar problems there, and that they classify their work as epidemiology rather than social epidemiology. The paper concludes with recommendations by the Working Group concerning the main topics and objectives of current socio-epidemiological research.

Epidemiologic Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Empirical studies assessing the quality of health information for consumers on the world wide web: a systematic review.

CONTEXT: The quality of consumer health information on the World Wide Web is an important issue for medicine, but to date no systematic and comprehensive synthesis of the methods and evidence has been performed. OBJECTIVES: To establish a methodological framework on how quality on the Web is evaluated in practice, to determine the heterogeneity of the results and conclusions, and to compare the methodological rigor of these studies, to determine to what extent the conclusions depend on the methodology used, and to suggest future directions for research. DATA SOURCES: We searched MEDLINE and PREMEDLINE (1966 through September 2001), Science Citation Index (1997 through September 2001), Social Sciences Citation Index (1997 through September 2001), Arts and Humanities Citation Index (1997 through September 2001), LISA (1969 through July 2001), CINAHL (1982 through July 2001), PsychINFO (1988 through September 2001), EMBASE (1988 through June 2001), and SIGLE (1980 through June 2001). We also conducted hand searches, general Internet searches, and a personal bibliographic database search. STUDY SELECTION: We included published and unpublished empirical studies in any language in which investigators searched the Web systematically for specific health information, evaluated the quality of Web sites or pages, and reported quantitative results. We screened 7830 citations and retrieved 170 potentially eligible full articles. A total of 79 distinct studies met the inclusion criteria, evaluating 5941 health Web sites and 1329 Web pages, and reporting 408 evaluation results for 86 different quality criteria. DATA EXTRACTION: Two reviewers independently extracted study characteristics, medical domains, search strategies used, methods and criteria of quality assessment, results (percentage of sites or pages rated as inadequate pertaining to a quality criterion), and quality and rigor of study methods and reporting. DATA SYNTHESIS: Most frequently used quality criteria used include accuracy, completeness, readability, design, disclosures, and references provided. Fifty-five studies (70%) concluded that quality is a problem on the Web, 17 (22%) remained neutral, and 7 studies (9%) came to a positive conclusion. Positive studies scored significantly lower in search (P =.02) and evaluation (P =.04) methods. CONCLUSIONS: Due to differences in study methods and rigor, quality criteria, study population, and topic chosen, study results and conclusions on health-related Web sites vary widely. Operational definitions of quality criteria are needed.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
PubMed2005

ABNER: an open source tool for automatically tagging genes, proteins and other entity names in text.

ABNER (A Biomedical Named Entity Recognizer) is an open source software tool for molecular biology text mining. At its core is a machine learning system using conditional random fields with a variety of orthographic and contextual features. The latest version is 1.5, which has an intuitive graphical interface and includes two modules for tagging entities (e.g. protein and cell line) trained on standard corpora, for which performance is roughly state of the art. It also includes a Java application programming interface allowing users to incorporate ABNER into their own systems and train models on new corpora.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1978

Gold award: mental health services for the deaf--St. Elizabeths Hospital, Washington, D.C.

The mental health program for the deaf at St. Elizabeths Hospital offers comprehensive services to adolescents and adults who were born deaf or who became deaf early in life. A staff of 49, six of whom have impaired hearing, provide services to about 33 inpatients and about 71 outpatients. Activity therapies that do not require oral communication, such as occupational therapy, art therapy, dance therapy, and psychodrama, play an important role in the program, as does group psychotherapy. The program provides training, field experience, and consultation for workers throughout the U.S. and from foreign countries. Some guidelines for communicating with the deaf are given.

Art Therapy↗